菜豆苗期抗锈性鉴定方法及种质资源的抗性筛选

多种环境因素影响病原菌的致病性和寄主的抗病性,从而对抗病性鉴定和筛选的准确性产生影响。苗期人工接种温度超过28℃,保湿时间少于6h,接种时连续光照等都影响菜豆锈病菌的萌发和侵入。接种浓度过低(<10~3个孢子/ml)或过高(>10~5个孢子/ml)、接种的苗龄过大(超过叶片展平期)及接种的不同部位(叶正、背面)也都对菜豆的抗性表现产生严重影响。菜豆锈病菌虽为专性寄生菌,但其保存方式简单(夏孢子保存于4℃冰箱内),且可较长时间保存(至少9个月)。作者根据这些影响因素提出了菜豆苗期抗锈性鉴定方法,并对我国260份菜豆种质资源进行了抗锈性筛选。结果表明,我国菜豆种质资源的抗锈性类型丰富,这一结果为菜豆的生产和抗病育种研究提供了可利用的品种或材料。     

小麦种质资源抗叶锈性鉴定初步研究

七五期间,我们对中国农科院品资所和国内25个省、市、自治区农科院提供的国内外小麦品种资源21509份进行了田间成株期抗叶锈性鉴定,表现抗病的共2518份,其中国内材料290份,国外材料2142份,稀有种86份。     

人工合成小麦新种质抗条锈性鉴定与Yr18基因检测

对97份来自CIMMYT的人工合成小麦新种质进行了主要农艺性状考察、Yr18分子检测和成株期田间抗锈性接种鉴定。结果表明:参鉴种质间主要农艺性状变异程度较大,尤其千粒重普遍偏高,有30份材料千粒重达50 g以上、占30.9%;利用csLV34标记检测到合成20和合成43携带Yr18,占2.1%;鉴选出成株期呈抗性反应的材料30份、占30.9%,高度慢条锈材料19份、占19.6%,其中合成2、5、14、60、75、76、78、82、83、84计10个合成种同时表现高抗和高度慢锈。这些大粒、抗条锈或慢条锈合成小麦种质的鉴定筛选,为选育小麦新品种提供了优异资源。     

蚕豆抗除草剂咪唑乙烟酸种质资源鉴定

基于对甘肃冷凉高海拔河西灌区春播蚕豆田间杂草优势群落的调查,以68份蚕豆种质资源为试材,开展蚕豆对苗后除草剂咪唑乙烟酸抗性鉴定。结果表明,蚕豆3叶1心期施用5%咪唑乙烟酸水剂2 500 mL/hm2,药后40 d调查发现蚕豆均表现不同程度的药害,初步鉴定了耐咪唑乙烟酸蚕豆种质8份,占参试材料的11.76%;中耐种质23份,占参试材料的33.82%;中敏材料32份,占参试材料的47.06%;敏感材料5份,占参试材料的7.35%。结合蚕豆农艺性状及抗除草剂等级相关性分析,表明株高、结荚数、产量等性状可以作为评价蚕豆对除草剂咪唑乙烟酸耐受性的指标。     

茶树种质资源抗茶云纹叶枯病鉴定

 茶云纹叶枯病(Guignardia camelliae,无性时代为Colletotrichum camelliae)在我国各产茶省(区)均有发生和为害。对该病的发生规律及防治研究有过报导,但对茶树种质资源的抗病性研究报导甚少,本文简要报道30份茶种质资源抗茶云纹叶枯病的鉴定试验研究结果。     

美国小麦种质资源IR35抗条锈性评价及遗传分析

2006-2011年对美国小麦种质资源材料‘IR35’进行了抗条锈病评价及遗传分析。结果发现,‘IR35’在苗期、成株期均表现中度抗病,苗期基因推导分析发现该品种含有未知抗条锈病基因;遗传分析表明‘IR35’对条锈菌条中32号的抗病性由1对显性基因控制,对条中33号的抗病性由1对隐性基因控制。‘IR35’可作为小麦抗条锈病资源材料进一步研究利用。     

玉米种质资源抗玉米矮花叶病鉴定

１９９２～１９９５年采取玉米矮花叶病人工接毒和自然感染相结合的方法鉴定玉米种质资源２５３８份。按高抗、中抗和感病划分４级抗病类型。其中表现高抗的有广优５、Ｆ０９－２和白１９７等３３份；抗病的有Ｄ７２９、白米苞谷和糯苞谷等３１份；中度抗病的有白总１８、小玉米和大黄玉米等３９份；感病的有２４３５份。     

四川省小麦品种抗条锈现状及对策措施

近年来小麦条锈病在四川连年大发生。究其原因,最主要是大面积生产小麦品种抗锈性的丧失。分析本省小麦品种抗锈性现状,是新审定品种区试抗性水平有较大提高,但新品种一经大面积推广后抗锈性衰退现象十分严重。目前本省已采取多种有效措施,包括提高品种审定时的抗锈性指标,实行老品种"退役"制,加大品种更换的力度和合理品种布局,以及建立科学的抗锈性评价体系等。但要进一步提高本省小麦品种的整体抗锈性水平以控制小麦条锈病的发生和为害,还需要加强品种抗源及其抗性遗传背景的研究,加强学科间协作和对外交流,加大良种补贴面等。     

青海春小麦品种‘青春38’成株期抗条锈性遗传解析

为明确青海春小麦品种‘青春38’成株期抗条锈性的遗传基础,以‘青春38’为父本与感病春小麦品种‘Taichung 29’(T29)杂交构建F2∶3代分离群体。在青海西宁和互助两地田间病圃进行了抗条锈性鉴定,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型单个分离世代分析方法,解析‘青春38’的抗条锈性遗传特点。结果表明,‘青春38’/‘T29’F2∶3群体单株的病害严重度和反应型在两个试验点均未呈现连续性分布,也不符合正态分布,初步推测‘青春38’对小麦条锈病的成株期抗性具有质量性状特征;以严重度或反应型数据进行遗传分析,‘青春38’在两个试验点对小麦条锈病的成株期抗性表现的最优遗传模型均属2对主基因遗传,只是主基因的作用方式(C-1:2MG-ADI加性-显性-上位性,C-4:2MG-EA等加性,C-6:2MG-EEAD等显性)有所不同。     

81份春小麦种质资源抗条锈病评价

本研究结合苗期分小种接种和大田成株期自然诱发条件下对供试的81份春小麦资源进行抗条锈病鉴定,分析其抗条锈病情况、抗病类型及抗病性关系,结果表明:具全生育期抗条锈病类型的资源有7份,具成株期抗条锈病类型的资源有39份,有30份资源为含有成株期和对部分小种失去抗性的全生育期抗病性的抗性类型;苗期分别接种7个小种后,表现抗病的资源数为9~25份不等,表现中抗的资源为2~6份不等,表现感病的有50~69份不等,成株期表现抗病的73份,表现中抗的3份,感病的5份,即供试种质资源大部分表现为苗期感病,而成株期具有抗病性。聚类分析结果表明,该81份种质资源抗性聚类相对分散,遗传多样性水平较高。研究结果为小麦育种提供优良的抗条锈性资源。     

青稞微座孢根腐病病原鉴定

Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Nudum Hook.f.) is a specific food and forage crop of Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China. In June and August 2016, a root rot was found on naked barley in Qinghai Province, China. The pathogen was isolated and purified, and the four isolated strains were identified as Microdochium bolleyi by morphological and molecular methods and pathogenicity determination. As far as we know, this is the first report of M. bolleyi causing root rot on naked barley in China. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent this di-sease from spreading over a large area by adopting disease management practices so as to maintain the ecosystem.     

青稞微座孢根腐病病原鉴定

<正>青稞(Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook.f.)是大麦的一个变种,在马其顿、澳大利亚、加拿大西部和美国北部大平原等国家均有分布。国内主要分布在西藏、甘肃、青海、云南、四川等省的高海拔地区,粮饲兼用~([1])。青稞富含多种氨基酸、膳食纤维、维生素、β-葡聚糖以及钙、镁、磷、锌、锰、硒等矿质元素,在降低血脂、增加胃动力、防治高原     

春小麦品种墨波成株期抗条锈基因遗传解析

为明确春小麦品种墨波成株期抗条锈性遗传基础,以墨波与感病品种Taichung29(T29)杂交创建F_(2∶3)分离群体,通过青海西宁市和海东市2个试验点2年田间病圃鉴定,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型单个分离世代分析方法对墨波/T29 F2群体的抗性遗传效应进行了分析。结果发现群体单株/家系的病害严重度和反应型在2个试验点均未呈现连续性分布,但是在不同区段内,群体株系间又表现出较明显的连续性变异,初步推测,墨波成株期对小麦条锈病抗性具有由主效基因和微效基因共同控制的特征;遗传分析结果表明,墨波的成株期抗条锈性最优遗传模型均为2对主基因遗传,并受微效基因影响,在海东市试验点用反应型数据分析得到的最优遗传模型为C-6模型2MG-EEAD,即2对等显性主基因遗传,在海东市及西宁市试验点用严重度数据分析得到的最优遗传模型均为C-1模型2MG-ADI,即2对主基因加性-显性-上位性遗传。     

Tolerance of four spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties to weed harrowing

We investigated the tolerance to weed harrowing of four spring barley varieties and examined the possible interactions between varietal weed suppressive ability and two nutrient levels. Tolerance was defined as the combined effect of crop resistance (ability to resist soil covering) and crop recovery (the ability to recover in terms of yield). The weed harrowing strategy was a combination of one pre‐ and one post‐emergence weed harrowing. In terms of yield, the four varieties responded significantly differently to weed harrowing and the response depended on nutrient level. At the lower nutrient level, weed harrowing caused an increase in yield of 4.4 hkg ha⁻¹ for a strong competitor (cv. Otira), while there was no effect on yield at the higher nutrient level. For a weaker competitor (cv. Brazil), weed harrowing caused no change in yield at the lower nutrient level, whereas yield decreased by 6.0 hkg ha⁻¹ at the higher nutrient level. There were marked differences between the weed suppressive ability of the four varieties when not harrowed, with less pronounced but significant differences when harrowed. Weed harrowing did not change the weed suppressive ability of a variety. Varieties that are tall at post‐emergence harrowing and have increased density after pre‐emergence harrowing, are the ones that benefit most from weed harrowing.     

宁夏春小麦抗旱性的遗传多样性分析

以宁夏春小麦育成品种、地方品种以及引进种质等共91份春小麦为材料,在干旱胁迫(雨养)和正常灌溉两种水分处理下,调查了11个农艺性状及其耐旱指数,计算其遗传多样性指数并进行聚类分析。结果表明:不孕小穗数的变异系数最高,干旱胁迫与正常灌溉条件下分别为63.5%和51.5%,穗叶距次之,干旱胁迫和正常灌溉条件下分别为36.9%和36.3%;产量的耐旱指数与株高、穗下节长、穗叶距的耐旱指数呈极显著负相关;不同性状的多样性指数差异较大,变化范围从0.99到2.48,平均为1.73,其中,不实小穗数的多样性指数最高,为2.48。根据表型性状将参试材料分为5个类群,其中第IV类群材料表现为对水分条件不敏感,适于在干旱条件下种植。总体来看,宁夏春小麦种质的遗传基础较狭窄,育种家应广泛搜集利用国内外小麦种质及小麦近缘物种,以拓宽现有种质资源的遗传基础,为选育突破性小麦品种奠定基础。     

棉花品种资源花铃期抗旱性鉴定与评价

以272份国内外棉花品种资源为试验材料,设置干旱胁迫与正常灌水2个处理,于花铃期测定不同处理各品种资源的株高、果枝数、有效结铃数等15个农艺性状及叶绿素含量(Chl)、丙二醛含量(MDA)、脯氨酸含量(PRO)等4个生理指标,以抗旱指数(DI)为基本评价指标,利用综合抗旱指数(CDI)、抗旱综合度量值(D)、加权抗旱指...     

402份国内外春小麦种质资源抗条锈性评价及分析

正小麦条锈病是影响小麦生产最重要的世界性病害之一,而青海省是我国小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici主要越夏流行区(姚强等,2014),每年拥有大量的小麦条锈病越夏菌源,且该省种植的春小麦主要为感病品种阿勃,给我国小麦条锈病越夏菌源区的治理带来了困难。国内学者在寻找春小麦优良抗条锈病基因方面做了大量的工作,然而     

Sources and genetics of crown rust resistance in barley

ABSTRACT Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata var. hordei, is a new disease threat to barley in the Great Plains region of the United States. Deployment of resistant cultivars is the only economically viable option for the control of this disease. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the sources and genetics of crown rust resistance in barley. A geographically diverse sample of barley germ plasm collected around the world (526 accessions total) was evaluated at the seedling stage to P. coronata var. hordei, and only 10 accessions (1.9% of the total) were found resistant. These 10 accessions were also resistant at the adult plant stage in a greenhouse test. Three F(2) populations (Bowman x Hor2596, MR x Hor2596, and MD x Hor2596) were developed to study the inheritance of crown rust resistance in the resistant line Hor2596 (CIho 1243). A close fit to a 3:1 ratio of resistant/susceptible plants was observed in all three populations and is consistent with the segregation of a single resistance gene. F(1) plants from the Bowman x Hor2596 population exhibited slightly higher infection types than the resistant parent, indicating incomplete dominance. The locus symbol Rpc1 and allele symbol Rpc1.a were recommended for the crown rust resistance gene in Hor2596. An attempt was made to associate the Rpc1 locus with one of the seven barley chromosomes by analyzing linkage data with previously mapped morphological markers in crosses with multiple recessive (MR) and multiple dominant (MD) morphological marker stocks. However, no close linkages were detected between Rpc1 and the 20 morphological markers present in the marker stocks. The resistant accessions identified in this study should be useful to breeders for developing barley germ plasm with crown rust resistance.     

土壤水分下限调控灌溉对春青稞生长、产量和水分利用的影响

为探究林芝河谷地区利于春青稞生长发育和产量提高的大田调控灌溉模式,以喜马拉22号为试材,在全生育期分别设置了80%～85%θ_f(W₁)、75%～80%θ_f(W₂)、65%～70%θ_f(W₃)、55%～60%θ_f(W₄)和45%～50%θ_f(W₅)5个土壤水分下限调控水平和1个旱作处理(CK),研究了不同土壤水分调控下限对春青稞生长、耗水、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:灌水处理对春青稞中后期株高生长影响显著,抽穗期、乳熟期株高较CK分别提高了37.28%和44.33%;W₁、W₂及CK处理的春青稞单株叶面积在抽穗期后率先降低,平均衰减速率为-0.20 cm²·cm^-2·d^-1,且乳熟期后各处理的叶面积相对生长率呈显著负增长;春青稞生育期总耗水量随水分调控下限的...