Effect of chlorsulfuron and 1, 8 naphthalic anhydride on uptake of 45Ca in maize

The effect of chlorsulfuron on uptake of ⁴⁵Ca was studied in maize (Zea mays L. cv. Earliking) plants grown from seeds dusted with 1, 8 naphthalic anhydride (NA). ⁴⁵Ca absorption in sand-grown maize was significantly decreased when chlorsulfuron was applied to the foliage but this was not so when seeds had been dusted with NA. Uptake of ⁴⁵Ca was also reduced when either root or shoot soil zones were separately exposed to chlorsulfuron. When seeds had been dusted with NA, uptake of ⁴⁵Ca from main roots was similar to that of untreated plants, but only when chlorsulfuron was localized in the shoot zone. NA did not counteract the severe reduction in ⁴⁵Ca absorption when chlorsulfuron was localized in the root zone.     

Interactions between soil-applied herbicides in the roots of some legume species

The effects on plant growth of applying trifluralin or nitralin combination with simazine, atrazine, prometryne and linuron to the upper 5-cm root region of vetch (Vicia sativa L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean (Glycine max) were investigated. Foliar injury due to herbicides of the second group was markedly reduced in each species by simultaneous treatment with trifluralin or nitralin both of which inhibited lateral root growth without affecting aerial plant growth or tap root extension growth. This inhibition of lateral root growth in roots treated with trifluralin or nitralin was associated with reduced uptake and subsequent transport to the foliage of ¹⁴C-labelled simazine in vetch and pea and ¹⁴C-labelled atrazine in soybean. This probably accounted for the reduction in simazine and atrazine phytotoxicity. In the presence of trifluralin or nitralin comparatively higher amounts of radioactivity were retained in the roots of pea and soybean and this reduced the amount of ¹⁴C available for transport to the foliage. This was not evident in vetch.     

Effect of benzoylprop-ethyl on uptake, transport and metabolism of 32P in Avena fatua L. and Triticum aestivum L.

The effect of benzoylprop-ethyl on plant weight, root uptake, transport and metabolism of ³²P in wild oat and wheat plants was examined 4 h, 1,3 and 9 days after treatment. The fresh weight of wild oat plants was significantly reduced, due to herbicide action only, by day 9 after treatment. By day 3, shoot weight was decreased while root weight was significantly increased by 47%. No significant changes in plant weight were caused by benzoylprop-ethyl in wheat plants. Uptake of ³²P by treated wild oat plants decreased by 39% compared with the control, by day 9, after an initial increase; uptake of ³²P was not significantly influenced in wheat plants. By day 1 transport of ³²P to the shoots was significantly reduced in wild oat plants by 34%, whereas in wheat plants it was significantly increased by 35%. Metabolism of ³²P was already hampered in wild oat plants 4 h after treatment. The content of ³²P was reduced on the first two sampling dates in both the roots and shoots of treated plants in all fractions except in DNA in the shoots. On day 3, this decrease was apparent especially in organic, lipidic and nucleic acid fractions in the shoots; incorporation of ³²P into lipidic and RNA fractions was significantly inhibited on day 9 in both the roots and shoots of treated wild oat plants. Wheat plants responded most strongly to benzyoylprop-ethyl on day 1 after treatment, when ³²P incorporation into all fractions except DNA was hampered. Differences between treated and control wheat plants gradually levelled off on days 3 and 9 after treatment.     

Uptake and phytotoxicity of chlorsulfuron in Zea mays L. in the presence of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride

The sites of uptake of chlorsulfuron in maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated at three different growth stages. Exposure of seedling roots, or shoots separately, to herbicide-treated sand over 4 days resulted in inhibition of both roots and shoots. Exposure of seedling roots to chlorsulfuron-treated soil over 21 days severely inhibited both roots and foliage, while separate shoot exposure also reduced both foliage and root growth. After plant emergence, exposure of the crown root node, growing point and lower stem to treated soil reduced foliage and root growth, but exposure of the shoot above the growing point caused only slight inhibition of foliage and had no effect on roots. The herbicide safener 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (NA) applied as a dust (10 g kg^?1 seed weight), or as a 50 mg 1^?1 suspension in water to maize seeds, reduced the root inhibition by chlorsulfuron in 4-day-old seedlings. NA completely prevented both foliage and root injury when chlorsulfuron was placed in soil in the shoot zone before emergence, or in the shoot zone below the soil surface after plant emergence. NA slightly decreased injury to foliage, but not to roots when chlorsulfuron was placed in soil in the root zone before emergence. NA seed treatment protected both roots and foliage against injury from foliarly applied chlorsulfuron. Plants were also protected when a suspension of NA in water was sprayed on the foliage seven days before chlorsulfuron. When a mixture of NA and chlorsulfuron was applied to foliage, root injury was reduced more than foliage injury.     

SHOOT ZONE UPTAKE OF SOIL-APPLIED HERBICIDES*

Summary. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of herbicide placement at different zones of maize (Zea mays L.) and pea (Pisum sativwm L.) shoots below the soil surface after emergence. Soil was removed from around the shoots and replaced with herbicide-treated soil. A wax barrier ensured separate exposure of the zones to treated soil. EPTC, chlorpropham, propham and sulfallate did not affect pea shoot growth, but in maize the shoot zone adjacent to the crown root node was extremely sensitive. Treatment in this area markedly reduced growth and severely inhibited the crown roots. The difference in susceptibility between these species may he due to the location of the growing point relative to the treated soil. Shoots of maize and pea were sensitive to diuron. In maize the shoot adjacent to the crown root node and the tissue of the first internode were the most susceptible. In pea the- uppermost shoot (beneath the soil surface) was the most sensitive. Trifluralin did not affect growth of maize and pea when placed in the shoot zone after emergence, although the crown roots of maize were severely inhibited. Naptalam, dalapon and 2,4-D did not affect growth of maize under similar conditions, and of these only 2,4-D reduced growth of pea. Zone d'abiorption des tiges pour les herbicides appliqués sur h sol     

Shoot zone uptake of soil-applied herbicides in some legume species

Localized placement of prometryne, linuron and diuron in the soil at the first or second shoot internodes of dwarf broad bean (Vicia faba L.) equally reduced aerial plant growth, whereas simazine and atrazine had no effect. Growth reduction also occurred when the first shoot internode of scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus multiflorus L.) in the soil was treated with all five herbicides, especially with diuron. Localized placement of these herbicides at the first or second shoot internodes of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in the soil equally reduced aerial plant growth. Foliar injury to vetch due to placement of these herbicides in the shoot zone of the soil was markedly reduced by simultaneous treatment with trifluraiin or nitralin which prevented adventitious root development on the shoot without otherwise affecting plant growth. This lack of root development on the shoots treated with trifluraiin was associated with a marked decrease in ¹⁴C-labelled atrazine uptake, which probably accounted for the reduction in atrazine phytotoxicity. A similar explanation may account for the reduced phytotoxicity of the other herbicides in the presence of trifluraiin or nitralin.     

STUDIEN ZUR VERTEILUNG VON 14C-MARKIERTEM 2,4-D IN VERSCHIEDEN EMPFINDLICHEN UNKRÄUTERN

Studies of the absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-2,4-D in Chenopodium album L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Datura stramonium L. and Galium aparine L. in relation to their susceptibility gave the following results: In G aparine (resistant) there was little transport of 2,4-D applied to the leaves, and a probable relationship between resistance and the immediate binding of the 2,4-D in the treated leaf. D. stramonium (relatively resistant) transported 2,4-D in considerable amounts alter uptake through the leaf, while C. album (very susceptible) and G. parviflora (susceptible) were intermediate in respect of 2,4-D translocation. No relationship between susceptibility of these four species and 2,4-D uptake and translocation from the leaves could be established. After application to the root systems of the four species, 2,4-D was taken up and translocated in the shoot to varying extents. In G. aparine much 2,4-D was taken up and translocated. In contrast to leaf application, the herbicide was not immediately converted into a strongly-held immobile form. In C. album, G. parviflora and D. stramonium, however, no 2,4-D was translocated in the shoot. There was thus no correlation between susceptibility and shoot transport of 2,4-D in the four species studied. Distribution du 2,4-D marqué au ¹⁴C dans des espèces de mauvaises herbes présentant des sensibilités diverses     

UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER AUFNAHME UND TRANSLOKATION VON 14C-MARKIERTEN HERBIZIDEN IN AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO L. UND TUSSILAGO FARFARA L.

Studies of the uptake and translocation of ¹⁴C-labelled 2, 4-D, MCPA and aminotriazole in Agrostemma githago L. and Tussilago farfara L. clarified the behaviour of the herbicides in both species. In A. githago, MCPA was more freely mobile than 2,4-D after application to the leaf; it was distributed in the plant more rapidly and in greater quantity. Similarly, following root uptake MCPA was transported in the shoot in greater amounts than was 2,4-D. There is a clear relationship between the susceptibility of A. githago to MCPA and the mobility of the herbicide in the plant. In T. farfara, 2,4-D and aminotriazole applied to the leaves were equally well absorbed and relatively rapidly translocated. During the period up to 72 h the amounts of herbicide in the plant increased to similar levels; after that, ¹⁴C activity in plants treated with 2,4-D fell slightly whereas there was further accumulation of aminotriazole. Following uptake through the roots, translocation and accumulation in the leaves were considerably greater with aminotriazole than with 2,4-D. The lack of accumulation of 2,4-D could be a factor in the resistance of T. farfara to this herbicidie. Recherches sur l'absorption et la migration d'herbicides marqués au ¹⁴ C dans Agrostemma githago L. et Tussilago farfara L.     

The effect of chlorffenprop-methyl on 32P uptake, transport and metabolism in Avena fatua L. and Hordeum vulgare L.

The eflect of chlorfenprop-methyl on plant weight, root uptake, transport and metabolism of ³²P in wild oat and barley plants was examined 4 h. 1, 3 and 9 days after treatment. The fresh weight of treated wild oat plants became significantly less than that of the controls by day 9. There was no significant effect on the weight of barley plants during this period. Uptake of ³²P by treated wild oat planus progressively decreased during the experiment and by day 9 was significantly 70% less yhan that in the control: uptake by barley plants showed a significant 30% increase by day 9. Transport of ³²P to the shoots followed a similar pattern. In wild oat plants, transport was significantly inhibited at all sampling dales by 44–91%. In barley plants. ³²P transport to the shoots tended to be enhanced by day 9 after herbicide treatment. Metabolism of ³²P in wild oat plants was affected 4 h after treatment. The content of ³²-P in individual fractions (inorganic, organic, lipidic, and nucleic acid P) was lower in treated plants, especially in the shools. In barley plants. ³²P incorporation into the individual fractions was initially inhibited 4 h after treatment, but later corresponded to that found in the control.     

Growth of seedling Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) in association with pea (Pisum sativum L.)

When Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) seedlings were grown in the field in association with a pea (Pisum sativum L.) crop vegetative growth of yarrow was significantly reduced by 6 weeks after emergence. Flowering was totally suppressed while the pure stand of yarrow developed flower clusters at 13 weeks after seedling emergence. Rhizome development occurred at 8 weeks after seedling emergence in the pure stand, but not until 15 weeks when grown with pea. The early suppression of seedling yarrow in a glasshouse experiment was associated with root interference, although by 5 weeks shoot interference by pea plants was important in reducing yarrow growth. The greatest suppression of yarrow occurred when both roots and shoots of the two species were allowed to interfere. Yarrow had low aggressivity against pea when grown in various combinations in a replacement series experiment in the glasshouse.     

Soil persistence studies with [14C]MCPA in combination with other herbicides and pesticides

The persistence of [¹⁴C]MCPA at a rate equivalent to 1 kg ha^?1 was studied under laboratory conditions in a clay loam, heavy clay and sandy loam at 85% of field capacity moisture and 20±1°C both alone and in the presence of tri-allate, trifluralin, tri-allate and trifluralin, malathion, Vitaflow DB, malathion and Vitaflow DB, bromoxynil, bromoxynil and asulam, bromoxynil and difenzoquat, dicamba, dicamba and mecoprop, linuron, MCPB, metribuzin, propanil, TCA, benzoylprop-ethyl, diclofop-methyl, and flamprop-methyl. Except in the soils treated with asulam, the half-lives of [¹⁴C]MCPA in all three soil types were similar, being approximately 13±1 days, thus indicating that none of the other chemicals studied adversely affected the soil degradation of MCPA. In the asulam treated soils, the half-lives of the MCPA were about 3 days longer than in non-asulam treated soils; the effect was most marked in the clay loam.     

Absorption and translocation of 14C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid in Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Experiments were conducted in a growth cabinet to investigate the absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-3, 6-dichloropicolinic acid by Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, creeping thistle), a sensitive species. Applications were made, either to the middle four leaves of 12-cm-tall vegetative plants grown under low (40%) and/or high (>95%) relative humidity (r.h.), or to four upper or lower leaves of 30-cm-tall flowering plants grown under low r.h. Following application to vegetative plants, absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was rapid and was approximately doubled by high r.h. High r.h. increased the amount of radioactivity retained by the treated leaves or translocated to the shoots but did not affect greatly the amount retained in the roots. The herbicide was highly mobile, with over half of that absorbed, translocated out of the treated leaves after two days. The apex accumulated most of the radioactivity, while approximately 8% was recovered from the roots. The absorption and translocation patterns were similar to those reported in the literature for picloram in C. arvense. Absorption of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was greater in vegetative than in flowering C. arvense plants, and placement of herbicide on lower leaves tended to decrease the amount of radioactivity recovered from shoot apex and increase the amount recovered from the roots. Approximately 15% of the applied radioactivity could not be recovered from treated plants by 2 days after treatment.     

A TECHNIQUE FOR STUDYING THE RATE OF ROOT GROWTH OF INTACT SEEDLINGS IN A HERBICIDE MEDIUM

Summary. Time-lapse cine photography was used to record intact seedling root growth of pea and barley during separate exposure of root, shoot + seed, or entire needling to herbicides. The shoot + seed and the root zones were isolated in two square Petri dishes fixed edge to edge, and separately treated with moistened herbicide-treated sand. The seated dishes were placed at an angle of 30° in a photographic chamber. Photographs of roots were automatically recorded at 10-min intervals on 16 mm high speed reversal film over 72 h. Root length images on film were measured using an ocular micrometer. Root growth of pea and barley seedlings was normal when the shoot + seed zone was treated with 2,4-D at 1 and 10 ppm, respectively. In similar treatment of roots growth inhibition occurred after approximately 20 h in both plants, and root growth ceased alter 32 h in peas, and 57 h in barley. These results indicate the inherent tolerance of barley roots to 2,4-D.
Technique pour l'étude du taux de croissance des racines intactes de plantules dans un milieu herbicide     

The uptake and translocation of 14C-SAN-6706 and 14C-SAN-9789 in Vaccinium macrocarpon cv. Early Black

The uptake and translocation of ¹⁴C-labelled 4-chloro-5-(dimethytamino)-2-(α,α,α,-trifluoro-m-lolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone (SAN-6706) and 4-chloro-5-(melhylamino)-2-(α,α,α,-trifluoro-m-tolyt)-3(2H)-pyridazinone (SAN-9789) were studied in cranberry plants (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cv. EarlyBlack). The plants were treated in water solution and sampled at 1,3,8 and 15 days. Other plants were treated for these times, washed free from extraneous herbicide, grown for 3 weeks longer in nutrient with no herbicide and then sampled to determine the fate of the herbicide. Both compounds were readily translocated and the amount of label present in the shoot increased with time. In plants grown for 3 more weeks after treatment there was translocation of the label from the root to the shoot. No radioactive label was detected in the cranberry fruit. Absorption et migration du ¹⁴C-SAN-6706 et du ¹⁴C-SAN-9789 chezVaccinium macrocarpon cv. Early Black L'absorption et la migration de la 4-chloro-5-(dimeAthyiamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone (SAN-6706) et de la 4-chloro-5-(méthylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H) pyridazinone (SAN 9789), marquées au ¹⁴C, ont été eAtudiées chez la canneberge (Vaccinium macrocarponAit, cv. Early Black). Les plantes ont été traitées en solution aqueuse et échantillonnfées aprés 1, 3, 8 et 15 jours. D'autres plantes ont éteA traitées pour ces mêmes durées, Iavées pour éliminer les traces externes d'herbicide, et cultivées pendant 3 semaines de plus en milieu nutritif sans herbicide, et enfin échantillonnées pour determiner le devenir de L'herbicide. Les deux composes migrerent rapldement et la quantité de produit marqué présente dans la partie adrienne augmenta avec le temps. Dans les plantes cultivées 3 semaines supplémentaires aprés le traitement, il y eut migration du produit marque des racines vers les tiges. Aucun élément radioactif n'a été décelé dans les fruits de canneberge. Die Aufnahme und Translokatlon von ¹⁴C-SAN-6706 und¹⁴CSAN-9789 bei Vaccinium macrocarpon Sorte Early Black Es wurde die Aufnahme und Translokation von ¹⁴C-markiertem 4-Chlor-5-(dlmcthylamino)-2-(α,α,α;-trifluor-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinon (SAN-6706) und 4-Chlor-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluor-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinon (SAN-9789) bei Preiselbeerpflanzen (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Sorte Early Black) untersucht. Die Pflanzen wurden in Wasserkultur behandelt und nach 1, 3, 8 und 15 Tagen Proben genommen. Bei anderen Pflanzen, die auch über diese Perioden behandelt worden waren, wurde anschliessend das äuβerlich anhaftende Herbizid abgewaschen, für 3 weitere Wochen in NaUhrlösung ohnc Herbizid gehalten und dann Proben gezogen, um die Verteilung des Herbizids zu bestimmen. Beide Verbindungen wurden rasch transloziert und der Gehait an markierter Substanz im Spross nahm mit der Zeit zu, in den Pflanzen die für 3 weitere Wochen nach der Behandlung gewachsen waren, wurde Translokation voti der Wurzel in den Spross festgestellt. In der Preiselbeerfrucht konnte keine Radioaktivität festgestellt werden.     

Uptake and fate of triticonazole applied as seed treatment to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Following seed treatment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with ¹⁴C-labelled triticonazole at a dose of 1·8 g kg^-1 seed, the uptake of radioactivity by shoots and roots was investigated from the two- to three-leaf stage up to the beginning of the booting phase, 80 days after sowing. Triticonazole equivalents taken up by wheat plants reached 5·7% and 14·6% of the applied dose in the shoots and the roots, respectively. Between the two- to three-leaf stage and the beginning of the booting phase, the concentration of triticonazole equivalents in the shoots decreased from 2·5 to 0·15 μg g^-1 fresh weight. This was attributed to uptake of triticonazole by roots not keeping pace with shoot growth and increased retention in the roots of triticonazole taken up. The main factor limiting the uptake of triticonazole by the roots may be the rapid growth of the uptake-active apical root parts out of the dressing zone which had formed in the soil. Distribution of triticonazole equivalents taken up by the main shoot showed a decreasing concentration gradient from the oldest to the youngest leaf. An increase in the seed treatment dose was investigated as a way to increase the concentration of triticonazole in the shoots, but its influence remained limited. © 1998 SCI     

Untersuchungen über Sonchus arvensis L. II Transiokation von 14C-MCPA unter verschiedenen Bedingungen

Es wird über Untersuchungen zur Transiokation von ¹⁴C-MCPA unter verschiedenen Bedingungen in Sonchus arvensis L. berichtet. Die Pflanzen wurden von Wurzetausläufern bestimmter Längen angezogen und nur ein Blatt je Pflanze mit markiertem MCPA behandelt. Die Versuche wurden im Gewächaus und im Freiland durchgeführt. Bereits bei kleinen Pflanzen (Rosettenblätter nicht uber 3 cm) wurde ¹⁴C-MCPA innerhalb von 24 h aus dem behandelten Blätt in die anderen Blätter der Rosette transloziert. In die Wurzein wurde dagegen nur wenig Aktivität eingelagert. Die grössten Mengen an ¹⁴C-MCPA in der Wurzelzone wurden am Ende einer fünftägigen Versuchsperiode bei Pflanzen gefunden, die zur Zeit der Behandlung 5–7 bzw. 12–15 cm lange Rosettenblätter entwickelt hatten. Bei einer Sprosshöhe von 15–20 cm wurde ¹⁴C-MCPA aus einem Rosettenblatt und einem nahe dem Blutenstande inserierten Blatt in ungefahr gleichen Mengen in die Wurzein geleitet. Kurz vor der Blüte war dagegen die basipetale Transiokation aus diesem Blatt erheblich reduziert. Vom Rosettenblatt wurde noch ¹⁴C-MCPA in die Wurzein geleitet. Pflanzen im Rosettenstadium, die nach der Ernte in der Stoppel stehen geblieben waren, zeigten eine erhebliche Transiokation von ¹⁴C-MCPA in den Wurzelauslaufer, von dem sie ausgetrieben waren. Die Verlagerung von markiertem MCPA wurde durch Spritzen mit 1 kg/ha nichtradioaktivem MCPA gehemmt—im Gewachshaus mehr als im Feld. Die Kontaktherbizide Dinoseb, Ioxynil und Bromoxynil hemmten in praxisublichen Aufwandmengen die Transiokation des ¹⁴C-MCPA noch starker. Geringe Mengen dieser Herbizide beeinflussten jedoch die Transiokation weniger, forderten sie aber nie. Im Freiland waren gegen Ioxynil und Bromoxynil kleine Pflanzen weniger empflndlich als grossere. Im Gewachshaus aber verhielten sich die Pflanzen umgekehrt. ¹⁴C-MCPA wurde viel langsamer als Assimilate in S. arvensis transloziert und im Laufe von 10 Tagen nahm die Menge an ¹⁴C-MCPA in den Wurzein ständig zu. Ahnlich wie die Assimilate vermochte auch ¹⁴C-MCPA die Insertionsstellen von Nebensprossen an der Mutterwurzel nur in geringem Ausmass zu durchdringen. Research on Sonchus arvensis. L. II. Translocation of¹⁴C-MCPA under various conditions Trials are reported on the translocation of ¹⁴C-MCPA in Sonchus arvensis under various conditions. Plants were grown from creeping root pieces of a prescribed length and only one leaf on each plant was treated with labelled MCPA. Experiments were conducted in the glasshouse and in the open. Even in small plants (rosette leaves not more than 3 cm) ¹⁴C-MCPA was translocated within 24 h from the treated leaf into other leaves in the rosette. In the roots, on the other hand, only slight activity was observed. The largest quantities of ¹⁴C-MCPA in the root zone were found at the end of a 5-day experimental period in plants, which had developed rosette leaves 5–7 and 12–15 cm long respectively at the time of treatment. When shoots were 15–20 cm tall, ¹⁴C-MCPA was carried to the roots in almost equal quantities from a rosette leaf and from a leaf near the flower head. Plants at the rosette stage which had been left in stubble after the harvest showed a considerable translocation of ¹⁴C-MCPA into the creeping roots from which they had grown. The displacement of labelled MCPA was checked by spraying with non-radioactive MCPA at 1kg/ha—this was more marked in the glasshouse than in the open. Contact herbicides dinoseb, ioxynil and bromoxynil at normal rates checked the translocation of ¹⁴C-MCPA to an even greater extent. Low rates of these herbicides had less effect on translocation but they never accelerated it. In the open, small plants were less sensitive to ioxynil and bromoxynil than larger ones, but in the glasshouse the opposite was true. ¹⁴C-MCPA was translocated much more slowly than assimilates in Sonchus arvensis, and in the course of 10 days the quantity of ¹⁴C-MCPA in the roots steadily increased. Like the assimilates, ¹⁴C-MCPA was able to penetrate beyond the insertion of an additional shoot on the main root to only a slight extent. Reeherches sur Sonchus arvensis. II. Migration du¹⁴C-MCPA dans diverses conditions L'auteur expose les essais efl'ectués sur la migration du ¹⁴C-MCPA chez Sonchus arvensis dans diverses conditions. Les plantes ont été obtenues à partir de stolons d'ume longueur fixée à l'avance et une seule feuille de chaque plante a été traitée avee le MCPA marqué. Les expériences ont été réalisées en serre et en plein air. Même chez de petites plantes (dont les feuilles dela rosette n'avaient pas plus de 3 cm), le¹⁴C-MCPA a migré dans les 24 heures depuis la feuille traitée jusque dans les autres feuilles de la rosette. En revanche, une faible activity seulement a été induite dans les racines. Les plus grandes quantités de ¹⁴C-MCPA dans Ia zone des racines, ont été trouves à la fin d'une pèriode experimental de 5 jours, dans les plantes qui avaient développé des feuilles de rosette de 5 à 7 cm et de 12 à 15 cm de haut. Lonsque les pousses élàient hautes de 15 à 20 cm, le ¹⁴C-MCPA a été transporté dans les racines en quantités presque égales à celles qui ont migré d'une feuille de la rosette à une fleur voisine du bouton floral. Dans les plantes au stade rosette qui ont subsisté dans les chaumes après la moisson, la migration du ¹⁴C-MCPA a été considérable dans le stolon à partir duquel elles s'étaient développées. Le déplacement du MCPA marqué a été empêché par une pulvérisation avec du MCPA non radio-actif à 1 kg/ha; cet effet a été plus marqué en serre qu'en plein air. Les herbicides de contact: dinosèbe, ioxynil et bromoxynil aux doses nor-males d'utilisation ont, dans une large mesure, arrêté la migration du ¹⁴C-MCPA. A doses faibles, ces herbicides ont eu moins d'effet sur la migration, mais ils ne l'ont jamais accél-érée. En plein air, les petites plantes ont été moins sensibles que les grandes à l'ioxynil et au bromoxynil, mais en serre, ce fut l'inverse. Le ¹⁴C-MCPA a migré beaucoup plus lentement que les métabolites dans le Sonchus arvensis et pendant une période de 10 jours la quantité de ¹⁴C-MCPA dans les racines a augmenté régulierement. Comme les metabolites, le ¹⁴C-MCPA n'a été capable de pénétrer dans les noeuds des racines adventices sur la tige principale que dans une faible mesure.     

SITE OF UPTAKE OF SOIL-APPLIED HERBICIDES*

Summary. We conducted studies to determine the effects on corn (Zea mays L, var. Indiana 654) and pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Alaska) of localizing various herbicides in the soil, using a double plastic pot technique which ensured separate exposure of the root and shoot zones of the plants to treated soil. Effects on corn and pea were similar in relation to site of uptake. 2,4-D-amine, naptalam, simazine, diuron and dalapon-sodium entered primarily through the roots. Some shoot entry and also severe inhibition of roots occurred in soil treated with 2,4-D and naptalam; these were noticed only to a slight extent with the other three herbicides. EPTC, chlorpropham and trifluraiin were most effective when applied to the shoot zone. Little effect on foliage growth was evident when the root zone alone was treated. However, roots in treated soil were severely inhibited by these three herbicides. Dinoseb displayed a contact type of action, injuring both shoots and roots. Treatment of both zones had an additive effect. Entry of chlorthal-methyl which was tested on a susceptible species, sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) was mainly through the shoot, with only a slight effect on top growth when roots alone were treated. Roots in treated soil were slightly inhibited. Localisation de l'absorption des herbicides appliqués sur le sol     

Pathogenicity and reproductive fitness of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pratylenchus coffeae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Radopholus arabocoffeae</Emphasis> on Arabica coffee seedlings (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea arabica</Emphasis> cv. Catimor) in Vietnam

The pathogenicity and reproductive fitness of Pratylenchus coffeae and Radopholus arabocoffeae from Vietnam on coffee (Coffea arabica) seedlings cv. Catimor were evaluated in greenhouse experiments. The effect of initial population densities (Pi = 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 nematodes per cm³ soil) was studied for both species at different days after inoculation (dai). The data were adjusted to the Seinhorst damage model Y = m + (1-m).z^Pi-T. Tolerance limit (T) for P. coffeae was zero for the height and the diameter of the coffee plants. For the diameter, the T-value for R. arabocoffeae was 25.6 for 30 and 60 dai and 12.8 for 90 and 120 dai. After 4 months T was zero. The low tolerance limits indicate that Arabica coffee is highly intolerant to both nematode species. At the end of the experiment (180 dai), all plants were infected and most were dead when inoculated with R. arabocoffeae at initial densities of 32, 64, 128 and 256 nematodes/cm³ soil. For P. coffeae plant death was already observed at the lowest inoculation densities. Growth of coffee was reduced at all inoculation levels for both species. Pratylenchus coffeae and R. arabocoffeae caused intense darkening of the roots, leaf chlorosis and a strong reduction of root and shoot growth. It was observed that P. coffeae mainly destroyed lateral roots rather than tap roots, whereas R. arabocoffeae reduced tap root length rather than the lateral roots. At the lowest inoculum densities, the reproduction factor of P. coffeae was 2.38 and 2.01 for R. arabocoffeae, indicating that arabica coffee is a host for both species. Plant growth as expressed by shoot height and shoot and root weight measured 60 dai was negatively correlated with nematode (both species) density as expressed by the geometric mean of nematode numbers at 30 and 60 dai.     

Root growth inhibition of rice by bensulfuron

Bensulfuron inhibited root growth of waterseeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants in a solution culture system. Rice root growth was more sensitive to bensulfuron than was shoot growth. A1 2.5 × 10^-9 M bensulfuron, plant height, number of leaves and number of roots were not significantly affected, while root growth was reduced, Seedlings treated 3 or 4 days after emergence showed a significant reduction of total root length by the second day after treatmeni. Root growth inhibition was proportional to duration of treatment; however, treatment for 2 days was necessary to affect root growth, Bensulfuron decreased the mitotic index and the mitotic height in root tips. At 5 days after treatment, only 0.7% of the cells were dividing and mitotic height was 68% of control     

The basis of field tolerance of field bean and pea to dimefuron*

Ficld bean (Vicia fab a L. cv. Maris Bead) was susceptible both to simazine and dimefuron applied to the root system in culture solution at concentrations of 0–5 and above. Pea (Pisum satirum L. cv. Kelvedon Wonder). however, exhibited significantly greater tolerance them field bean to dimefuron between concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0. The Hill activity of isolated chloroplasts from pea was more sensitive to dimefuron than that from field bean qualitative (autoradiography) and quantitative experiments dcmonstrated that root-applied ¹⁴C dimefuron was more readily transported to the shoot system in bean than in pea. A double-pot experiment revealed that the effective site of uptake by the field bean is the root system: foliar uptake of ¹⁴C-dimefuron was shown, but little movement of label from the treated leaf oceurred. Adsorption of dimefuron on a calcareous loam soil was relatively low. It is concluded that fieltolerance exhibited by field bean to pre-emergence applications of dimefuron is due principally to depth protection: in pea. retention in the root provides an additional basis iS for tolerance.