丘塘景观植被恢复与土壤养分空间分异规律研究

丘塘景观是一种生态经济结构较为优化的人工复合生态系统。根据在丘塘景观内不同斑块的土壤调查，研究土壤养分的分异规律，为退化丘塘景观的恢复提供理论依据，并且对于水肥的调配和植被的恢复都有重要的意义。结果表明：土壤有机质含量的变化是随着土壤深度增加而减少的，全氮的变化趋势同有机质一样，随土壤深度增加而递减。土壤全磷并没有遵循此规律，基本上各个不同斑块土层10～20 cm含量都大于其他土层。不同斑块表层变异系数最小，往生层基本呈现上升趋势。土壤养分水平空间变异为0～10 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮平均含量分布为：林带>果园>草地>鱼塘，全磷平均含量分布是果园>林带>草地>鱼塘。通过比较造林前(1986年)和造林后(2002年)的土壤养分结果表明马占相思林对下层土壤有显著的影响，土壤有机碳和全氮含量大大提高。     

丘塘景观植被恢复与土壤养分空间分异规律研究

丘塘景观是一种生态经济结构较为优化的人工复合生态系统.根据在丘塘景观内不同斑块的土壤调查,研究土壤养分的分异规律,为退化丘塘景观的恢复提供理论依据,并且对于水肥的调配和植被的恢复都有重要的意义.结果表明土壤有机质含量的变化是随着土壤深度增加而减少的,全氮的变化趋势同有机质一样,随土壤深度增加而递减.土壤全磷并没有遵循此规律,基本上各个不同斑块土层10～20 cm含量都大于其他土层.不同斑块表层变异系数最小,往生层基本呈现上升趋势.土壤养分水平空间变异为0～10 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮平均含量分布为林带>果园>草地>鱼塘,全磷平均含量分布是果园>林带>草地>鱼塘.通过比较造林前(1986年)和造林后(2002年)的土壤养分结果表明马占相思林对下层土壤有显著的影响,土壤有机碳和全氮含量大大提高.     

考虑地表粗糙度改进水云模型反演西班牙农田地表土壤含水率

土壤含水率是农业、环境、气象等领域进行建模的重要参数。该研究将微波遥感与光学遥感相结合,利用Sentinel-1数据交叉极化比及变换土壤调节植被指数对地表粗糙度进行估计,构建了一种改进的水云模型(modifiedwatercloud model, MWCM)。分析将NDVI、NDWI和NDWI1725,2200等植被指数作为植被冠层含水率时,水云模型(water cloud model,WCM)及MWCM农田地表土壤含水率的反演精度。结果表明:从总体精度上来看,MWCM的反演精度优于WCM。在不同植被覆盖度情况下:当植被覆盖度为中、低程度(NDVI0.5),MWCM具有较高的反演精度;在较高的植被覆盖度情况下(NDVI≥0.5),WCM与MWCM的反演精度较为接近。MWCM可有效的建立微波后向散射系数与地表土壤水分的关系,提高土壤含水率反演精度,为各种地表覆盖类型的土壤含水率反演提供研究思路及理论支持。     

Spatial estimation of surface soil texture using remote sensing data

Understanding the spatial distribution and variability of soil texture is essential for land use planning and other activities related to agricultural management and environmental protection. This study was conducted to evaluate Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) remote sensing data as auxiliary variables for spatial estimation of surface soil texture using a limited number of soil samples taken from a site located in the city of PingduShandong ProvinceChina. Three methods of evaluating variability in surface soil texture were evaluated: (1) multiple stepwise regression (MSR) based on the relationship between surface soil sandsilt and clay contents and remote sensing data; (2) kriging of surface soil sandsilt and clay contents; (3) cokriging with remote sensing data. Correlation analysis showed that surface soil sandsilt and clay contents were significantly correlated with Landsat ETM digital number (DN) of six bands (Bands 1–5 and Band 7)and the DN of Band 7 explained most of the variability in soil sandsilt and clay contents. The DN of Band 7 was selected as auxiliary data for the estimation of surface soil texture. The cross-validation results indicated that both MSR and kriged estimates had low reliability due to the variations in landscape and the low-density sampling in the study area. Cokriging with remote sensing data significantly improves estimates of surface soil texture compared with MSR and kriging.     

我国西南岩溶区土壤侵蚀强度分级标准研究

中国西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩成土物质先天不足,沿用水利部颁布的SL190--1996《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》,显然与岩溶区的实际情况不适应。在分析影响西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩风化成土因素的基础上,收集相关的资料、数据和图层,估算西南岩溶区碳酸盐岩的风化成土速率,并将成土速率作为土壤允许流失量,厘定西南岩溶区土壤侵蚀强度的分级标准,结果表明,微度、轻度、中度、强度、极强度和剧烈侵蚀标准分别为〈30、30—100、100～200、200～500、500～l000、〉1000t／（km2·a）。根据西南岩溶区土壤侵蚀过程的基本特点,对该地区以后的水土保持工作提出以下建议：1）抓住土壤侵蚀过程关键环节重点防治,2）不同岩溶石漠化区采取不同水土保持对策,3）积极推进生物篱技术,4）加强岩溶区土壤改良技术研究,提高基本农田的生产效率。     

Restoration of surface soil fertility of an eroded red soil in southern China

To ameliorate degraded red soils and restore their productivity, it is necessary to quantitatively assess the effects of different land uses on soil fertility. In this study, surface soil samples (0–20 cm) under different land uses were collected from an 18-year ameliorative experiment site of a eroded red soil in Lanxi county, Zhejiang province of southern China. The status of surface soil fertility was quantified with a ryegrass growth test in the greenhouse and by numerical analysis of twelve important fertility indexes. The soil fertility indexes were grouped into three major factors using a factor analysis, i.e., organic matter-nitrogen-structure, acidity and phosphate. By means of principal component analysis and cluster analysis of these fertility factors, the fertility of the eroded red soil as a function of land use patterns had the following decreased order: vegetable land>paddy field, cropping arable land and ryegrass land>tea garden>citrus garden>forestland>wasteland. The result suggested that organic matter, total N, available N, and water-stable aggregates were the main characteristics for fertility restoration of the eroded red soil. Soil fertility was most rapidly restored where the soil had been used as vegetable land, and least restored when left as wasteland. The results indicated that land use strongly affected the fertility restoration of eroded red soils because of its effect on the input of nutrients and energy, thus determining the speed and direction of soil fertility evolution.     

黑土土壤中全氮含量的高光谱预测分析

为实现快速、准确估测土壤氮素含量水平,推动土壤信息化管理进程,该研究利用ASD2500高光谱仪在室内条件下测定了风干土壤样品的可见—近红外光谱。结果表明,通过不同的变换,光谱反射率对数的一阶导数与土壤全氮含量相关性得到增强,以400～600 nm波段范围内相关性最好。该文确定了以反射率对数的一阶导数光谱预测黑土全氮（TN）含量的最佳回归模型,模型所用的波段为可见光波段的556 nm、近红外的1 642和2 491 nm。同时,也确定了利用由可见光波段550和450 nm组成的归一化光谱指数预测黑土TN含量的最佳预测模型。模型通过验证达到较好的效果：利用反射率对数的一阶导数、归一化光谱指数对土壤TN的预测R2分别为0.863、0.829,均方根误差RMSE分别为0.122、0.152。     

中国土壤氮含量、空间格局及其环境控制

Soil holds the largest nitrogen （N） pool in terrestrial ecosystems, but estimates of soil N stock remain controversial. Storage and spatial distribution of soil N in China were estimated and the relationships between soil N density and environmental factors were explored using data from China＇s Second National Soil Survey and field investigation in northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau. China＇s soil N storage at a depth of one meter was estimated at 7.4 Pg, with an average density of 0.84 kg m^-2. Soil N density appeared to be high in southwest and northeast China and low in the middle areas of the country. Soil N density increased from the arid to semi-arid zone in northern China, and decreased from cold-temperate to tropical zone in the eastern part of the country. An analysis of general linear model suggested that climate and vegetation determined the spatial pattern of soil N density for natural vegetation, which explained 75.4% of the total variance.     

内蒙古典型草原区退耕方式对植物群落特征与土壤特性的影响

退耕后不恰当的植被建设会严重影响植物群落演替及土壤性质.本文以内蒙古太仆寺旗境内典型草原为研究区,以天然草地为对照,研究退耕后自然恢复与人工种草2种退耕方式对植物群落特征及土壤性状的影响,揭示不同退耕方式的生态恢复效应.通过样方法调查不同退耕方式草地的盖度、生物量和多样性特征,并对土壤密度、机械组成及养分含量等进行了室内测定分析.结果表明:1)植物群落多样性、盖度、地上及地下生物量均表现为人工种草＜自然恢复＜天然草地,且相比于人工种草,自然恢复草地的物种组成与天然草地更为相似;2)不同退耕方式影响下土壤性质的差异主要集中在表层0～10 cm;3)在表层0～ 10 cm,土壤密度及砂粒含量表现为人工种草＞自然恢复＞天然草地,而土壤黏粒、有机质(SOM)及全氮(TN)含量则表现为人工种草＜自然恢复＜天然草地.以上结果说明,在内蒙太仆寺旗退耕后采用自然恢复方式比人工种草更有助于改善土壤理化性质、建立稳定的植被系统.经过12年的恢复,退耕草地(人工种草与自然恢复草地)仍未恢复到天然草地的水平.     

Compatible measurements of volumetric soil water content using a neutron probe and Diviner 2000 after field calibration

Field calibrations for a neutron probe and a capacitance sensor (Diviner 2000) for measuring the soil water content of a shrinking–swelling clay soil were substantially different from commonly used default values. Using our field calibrations, the two instruments estimated similar changes in the cumulative water content of a soil profile (0–1 m depth) over one growing season.     

湘西南不同石漠化程度土壤理化性质及相关性分析

以湖南省邵阳县郦家坪镇轻度、中度和重度石漠化程度的土壤为研究对象,分别在3种不同石漠化程度的样地采集土壤(0—15cm,15—30cm,30—45cm 3个土层)样品,并对土壤物理性质、养分含量特征及其之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:随着石漠化程度的加深,土壤呈现明显的沙化现象;土壤容重逐渐增大,孔隙度、毛管持水量减小。土壤偏弱酸性;有机质、全N与全P含量变化均表现为中度(弃耕地)轻度重度,Ca、Mg含量随着石漠化程度加深逐渐增加。土壤有机质、全N含量、土壤机械组成、土壤容重、孔隙度等理化因子之间相关性显著(p0.05),其中有机质含量、全N含量与土壤容重之间的相关性极显著(p0.01),Ca含量与pH之间相关性极显著(p0.01)等。随着石漠化程度加深,土壤理化性质逐渐恶化,但整体差异并不显著,表明该地区近年来退化并不强烈。通过施肥和合理的植被恢复模式能够有效的改善石漠化土壤养分含量,间接改善土壤的理化性质,从而提高生产力。     

Prediction of soil saturated water content using evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR)

The measurement of saturated water content (SWC) is necessary in the estimation of soil water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves. In several studies, pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were developed to predict SWC. Among them, evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR) is one that can operate on large quantities of data in order to capture nonlinear and complex interactions between the variables of the system. In this study, the evolutionary data-mining technique was used to derive new PTFs and different methods were evaluated, such as the soil porosity method, Rosetta method, and others, for the estimation of SWC. For this purpose, 270 soil samples (3:1 ratio for development and validation) from three data sets were used. Among 190 PTFs provided by EPR, one equation with the highest accuracy and the least number of inputs was selected. The EPR predictions were compared with the experimental results as well as the PTFs proposed in previous studies. Comparison of the statistical indicators showed that the ‘proposed PTF’ and ‘porosity method’ are the best and worst methods for the prediction of SWC, respectively. Also, good predictions were achieved from the proposed approaches by the groups of Scheinost, Vereecken, and Williams.     

一种测定土壤水分迁移率的方法研究

A new laboratory method was proposed to establish an easily performed standard for the determination of mobile soil water close to real conditions during the infiltration and redistribution of water in a soil. It consisted of applying a water volume with a tracer ion on top of an undisturbed ring sample on a pressure plate under a known suction or pressure head. Afterwards, soil water mobility was determined by analyzing the tracer-ion concentration in the soil sample. Soil water mobility showed to be a function of the applied water volume. No relation between soil water mobility and applied pressure head could be established with data from the present cxperiment. A simple one- or two-parameter equation can be fitted to the experimental data to parameterize soil water mobility as a function of applied solute volume. Sandy soils showed higher mobility than loamy＂ soils at low values of applied solute volumes, and both sandy and loamy soils showed an almost complete mobility at high applied solute volumes.     

喀斯特坡耕地块石出露对土壤水分入渗的影响

块石出露是喀斯特石漠化地区典型的地貌景观特征之一。为探索喀斯特坡耕地中块石出露对土壤水分入渗的影响,通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究3个坡度（15°、20°、25°）、3个面积（小、中、大）、5种形状（斜条形、横条形、近圆形、三角形、竖条形）块石出露下的土壤水分入渗特征。结果表明：1）3种坡度下,各形状块石出露下和裸露坡的入渗率均随着坡度增加而减少。总体上,块石面积越小坡度越缓,入渗过程变化越平稳且入渗率高,块石面积越大坡度越陡,入渗过程变化波动大且入渗率低。2）初始、稳定、平均入渗率的最大值均出现在15°坡面,最小值均出现在25°坡面。总体上坡度和块石面积越大,土壤的稳定入渗率越高。3）与裸露坡面相比,块石出露下,15°、20°、25°坡度对入渗增量的贡献率为2.63%、20.88%、76.49%。小、中、大面积块石对入渗增量的贡献率为46.39%、32.88%、20.73%。形状对入渗增量的贡献率为31.50%（斜条形）>27.66%（横条形）>27.08%（近圆形）>10.81%（三角形）>4.36%（竖条形）。4）3种模型的拟合结果,裸露坡拟合度最高,均大于0.89,而斜条形块石拟合度都最低,均为0.60左右。Horton模型的拟合度最好,Kostiakov模型的拟合度良好,Philip模型的拟合度一般,故Horton模型更适用于喀斯特坡耕地不同块石出露下土壤水分入渗过程的拟合。研究结果有助于了解喀斯特坡耕地块石出露下的土壤水分入渗特征,促进农业水土资源的管理保护和利用,为该区水土流失和石漠化工程治理提供借鉴。     

不同植被恢复模式对黄土丘陵区土壤抗蚀性的影响

提高土壤抗蚀性是防治土壤侵蚀、促进生态恢复的有效途径之一。以退耕1a撂荒地作为对照,该研究通过对恢复30a的刺槐、柠条、油松与刺槐-紫穗槐、油松-紫穗槐5种不同植被恢复模式进行土壤抗蚀性的探索研究,结果表明,与对照相比,不同植被恢复模式的土壤抗蚀性均明显增强,土壤有机质含量、土壤黏粒含量以及土壤颗粒间团聚程度显著提高。采用土壤有机质含量、水稳性团聚体含量、水稳性团粒平均质量直径、团聚度和分散系数等指标计算该区土壤抗蚀性,进行抗蚀性等量评价。不同植被恢复模式土壤抗蚀性大小顺序为:油松(PC16)、刺槐(RP21)、柠条(AK18)、油松-紫穗槐(PA17)和刺槐-紫穗槐(RA20),纯林土壤抗蚀性强于混交林。该区采用油松、刺槐和柠条纯林恢复模式效果要优于油松-紫穗槐和刺槐-紫穗槐混交模式。     

气候与社会经济因素对土壤有机质影响的空间异质性分析--以黑龙江省中部地区为例

为探讨土壤性质对外部因素的响应机制及空间规律,本文以黑龙江省中部为例,利用地统计学理论、GIS空间分析与地理加权回归模型(geographically weighted regression,GWR),从空间分异角度分析了气候和社会经济因素对土壤有机质的影响程度。结果表明,有机质含量分布在研究区域西部呈现出东高西低的特征,在研究区域东部则表现为中部高南北低;气候变量(均在0.01水平上显著)中,降水和年均温对有机质含量以负影响为主;年日照时数对除嫩江平原西南部和松江平原南部外的多数区域有机质含量产生正影响。社会经济因素(均在0.01水平上显著)中机械化耕作水平对嫩江平原北部、西部和克拜丘陵部分区域有机质含量产生正影响;灌溉面积对有机质含量的正影响范围较广;施肥量对嫩江平原南部、松江平原西北部和三江低平原东北部等有机质含量主要产生负影响,其他区域则主要为正效应;地膜用量对有机质含量的正影响范围较广;农药用量对研究区域西部以正影响为主,对东部以负影响为主。因此,反映自然条件差异的气候因素与反映农业投入的社会经济因素对土壤有机质的影响均具有空间异质性,采用允许局部估计的GWR模型是适合的。     

Using sequential Gaussian simulation to assess the field-scale spatial uncertainty of soil water content

Soil water content (SWC) has a vital role in a variety of hydrological processes such as infiltration, runoff and erosion. Mapping the spatial pattern of SWC is then essential for appropriate addressing of these processes. Geostatistics is often used to characterize the spatial variability of SWC. This information may be used for estimating SWC e.g., by ordinary kriging (OK) or modeling location-specific uncertainty (local uncertainty) of the estimates by indicator kriging (IK). Kriging-based algorithms however smooth out the details and are incapable of detecting multi-location uncertainty (spatial uncertainty) of SWC estimates. Sequential Gaussian simulation (sGs) can model the spatial uncertainty through generation of several equally probable stochastic realizations. In this study sGs is used to map SWC spatial distribution and to provide a quantitative measure of its spatial uncertainty in particular. The SWC measurements were performed on 157 soil samples taken from an 18 ha erosion experiment field in Lower Austria. The results show that the spatial pattern of SWC is well recognized using the sGs as the simulated models reproduce the sample statistics including histogram and semivariogram model reasonably well. The difference among realizations is used to provide a quantitative measure of spatial uncertainty of SWC estimates. Knowledge of spatial uncertainty is helpful to evaluate the delineation of vulnerable areas to erosion.     

Errors in repeated measurements of soil water content in pots using a ThetaProbe

Abstract. The accuracy of a ThetaProbe (Delta-T Devices Ltd, UK) to obtain repeated measures of soil water content in pot plants was tested. This alternative to balance determinations led to a large underestimation of water content, varying from 12.2 to 21.8% of the total water content, depending on soil type.     

Estimation of soil organic carbon stock and its spatial distribution in the Republic of Ireland

Data scarcity often prevents the estimate of regional (or national) scale soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and its spatial distribution. This study attempts to overcome the data limitations by combining two existing Irish soil databases [SoilC and national soil database (NSD)] at the national scale, to create an improved estimate of the national SOC stock. Representative regression models between the near‐surface SOC concentration and those of deeper depths, and between SOC concentration and bulk density (BD) were developed based on the SoilC database. These regression models were then applied to the NSD derived SOC concentration map, resulting in an improved SOC stock and spatial distribution map for the top 10 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm depths. Western Ireland, particularly coastal areas, was found to have higher SOC densities than eastern Ireland, corresponding to the spatial distribution of peatland. We estimated the national SOC stock at 383 ± 38 Tg for the near‐surface of 0–10 cm depth; 1016 ± 118 Tg for 0–30 cm depth; and 1474 ± 181 Tg for 0–50 cm depth.     

张家口地区水土保持措施空间配置效应评价

该文以张家口各个地貌类型区水土流失监测站实测数据为基础,研究了该区水土保持措施的空间配置的适宜性。结果表明：不论何种地貌类型区,总体的趋势是坡耕地组中水平梯田的水土保持效益最好,蓄水拦沙效益均达到90%以上,其次是经济林,再者是人工种草;荒坡地组中植被措施结合水平沟、鱼鳞坑整地形式的水土保持效益最好,基本在75%以上,自然封禁和人工种草的水土保持效益次之,且空间和年际之间差异较大,造成这种现象的主要原因可能是由于降雨条件的差异影响到植被生长的质量,其次是土壤本身的特征的差异。因此,采取封禁措施治理的初期不能简单依靠生态自身的修复,必须辅助以工程措施为植被的恢复创造条件。