Dynamics of dry matter and nitrogen distribution in transplanted rice on mollisols

We studied the dynamics of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) distribution in different plant parts (leaf, stem, and panicle) and grain yield of transplanted rice due to N management practices through neem coated urea (NCU). The results indicated that application of NCU at 125% recommended dose of N (RDN) with 50:25:25 split schedule at basal (B), active tillering (AT), and panicle initiation (PI) stages resulted in higher DM and N distribution to leaf, stem, and panicle at 60 and 90 days after transplanting and harvest than the application of prilled urea at 100% RDN with the same split schedule (existing practice). Further, the increment in grain yield was 10.95% than the existing practice. Hence, we suggest the application of NCU at 125% RDN with 50:25:25 split schedule at B, AT, and PI stages for achieving higher DM and grain yield on Mollisols.     

GROWTH AND LEAF YIELD DYNAMICS OF COOL SEASON CORIANDER AS INFLUENCED BY CUTTING AND FOLIAR NITROGEN APPLICATION

An experiment was conducted to study regrowth and yield of coriander influenced by nitrogen (N) with five different urea doses (0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0% by volume) as foliar spray. Spraying of urea has a significant impact on growth and yield in the second cut. Leaf emergence rate (LER) was higher during initial growth phase and then drastically reduced until first cutting, whereas the stem elongation rate (SER) recorded its peak value during 75-105 DAS. Impact of foliar spray was conspicuous during the later phase of regrowth with the treatment of 2.5% urea achieving the highest SER. Additional return due to spraying was positive up to a dose of 2.5% urea and decreased thereafter. Hence, the study indicated that a foliar spray of nitrogen (2.5% urea) may be beneficial for coriander leaf production under multicut system and the crop is sensitive to rainfall, phototemperature, and morning humidity.     

控释尿素与常规尿素配施比例对甜玉米产量和氮肥利用的影响

【目的】研究在不同施氮水平下,控释尿素与普通尿素不同组配比例施用对甜玉米生长、产量及氮肥利用率的影响,为控释尿素在甜玉米生产上的推广应用提供参考。 【方法】2015 年在广东省博罗县和惠阳县以当地主栽品种华珍和粤甜 9 号开展田间试验。试验共设 7 个处理:不施氮 (CK);施尿素 N 360 kg /hm2 (U1);减施尿素 30% (252 kg/hm2,U2);40% 控释尿素,减氮 30% (252 kg/hm2,40% CRU1);40% 控释尿素,减氮 50% (180 kg/hm2,40% CRU2);60% 控释尿素,减氮 30% (252 kg/hm2,60% CRU1);60% 控释尿素,减氮 50% (N 180 kg /hm2,60% CRU2)。乳熟期采集甜玉米植株样品进行养分分析,每小区单独采收后记录产量和产量构成要素。 【结果】施氮显著提高甜玉米鲜苞产量 (P < 0.05)。且随着施氮量的增加,甜玉米鲜苞产量逐渐提高。U1 处理的鲜苞产量最高,其次是 60% CRU1 处理,40% CRU2 处理的鲜苞产量显著降低。60% CRU1 处理的甜玉米鲜苞产量与 U1 基本持平。在等氮条件下,甜玉米鲜苞产量表现为 60%CRU > 40% CRU > U,两地结果一致。施氮主要提高甜玉米穗长、穗粗和行粒数,显著提高甜玉米物质累积量和氮素吸收累积量 (P < 0.05),秸秆和籽粒的平均增幅分别为 55.1% 和 24.2%,95.0% 和 43.4%,秸秆增幅更大。甜玉米物质累积量和氮素吸收累积量随着施氮量的增加而提高;在等氮条件下,甜玉米物质累积量和氮素吸收累积量均表现为 60%CRU > 40% CRU > U,以 60%CRU 处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥吸收利用率最高,其次是 40%CRU 处理,U 处理最低。不同施肥处理对氮肥生理利用率和氮收获指数没有影响。不同施肥处理对甜玉米维生素C和可溶糖含量没有影响。 【结论】控释尿素与普通尿素配施处理的甜玉米产量、物质累积量和氮素吸收累积量均优于常规施肥处理,且随着控释尿素配施比例的增加而增加。在甜玉米生产中,控释尿素与普通尿素配施可显著提高氮肥利用效率,是甜玉米化肥减施增效的有效途径。     

Effects of Urea Foliar Application on Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat

The effects of urea foliar application rates at different growth stages of wheat on protein and yield of winter wheat were evaluated in a factorial experiment. Time of application and amounts of urea foliar application rates were the treatments. Urea was applied at four stages including tillering, jointing, anthesis, and grain filling, and urea foliar application rates were 22.5, 45, 67.5, and 90 kg ha^?1 (12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50% of total urea application). Our data demonstrated that urea application time had significant effects on grain weight, number of seeds per spike, plant height, and protein content. Furthermore, total dry weight, grain weight, harvest index, 1000-seed weight, plant height, and protein content were significantly affected by amounts of urea foliar application. The effects of time?×?rate of urea foliar application on grain yield, 1000-seed weight, and plant height were significant.     

Dry Matter,Nitrogen, Phosphorous,and Potassium Partitioning,Accumulation, and Use Efficiency in Transgenic Cotton-Based Cropping Systems

A better understanding of the fate of nutrients in transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields will improve nutrient efficiencies, will optimize crop growth and development, and may help to enhance soil quality. A study was made to evaluate and quantify the effect of cropping system [sole cotton and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropping with transgenic cotton] and nitrogen (N) management [control (0N), 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea, substitution of 25% RDN through farmyard manure (FYM), and substitution of 50% RDN through FYM] on dry matter (DM) and nutrient partitioning and accumulation by transgenic cotton and groundnut at New Delhi during 2006–2007. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed at 60, 90, and 120 days after sowing and at harvest. Results revealed that intercropping of groundnut with cotton did not significantly affect DM and nutrient partitioning in cotton, but residual soil fertility in terms of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) N showed an improvement in contrast to Olsen's P and ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc)–exchangeable K over sole cotton. At harvest, of total DM assimilated, leaves constituted 10–20%, stem 50%, and reproductive parts of cotton accounted for the rest. For each kilogram of seed cotton produced, the crop assimilated 61 g of N, of which 23 g was partitioned to harvested seed cotton. Substitution of 25% RDN through FYM, being on par with 100% RDN through urea, recorded greater DM, nutrient uptake in different parts of cotton, agronomic N-use efficiency (9.5 kg seed cotton kg N^?1), and apparent N recovery (83.3%) over 50% RDN substitution through FYM and control. The control, being on par with 50% RDN substitution through FYM, recorded significantly greater DM and nutrient uptake by intercropped groundnut over other treatments. Apparent N and potassium (K) balance at the end of study was negative in all treatments; however, the actual change in KMnO₄ N was positive in all the treatments except control. Our study suggests that intercropping of groundnut with transgenic cotton and substitution of 25% dose of N through FYM is sustainable in tropical countries.     

Foliar nutrition of baby corn (Zea mays L.)

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted during late Rabi (January to March) and Kharif (June to September) seasons of 2002, to study the influence of foliar spraying of nutrients on growth and yield of baby corn (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three nutrients (phosphorous [P], potassium [K] and boron [B]) each at three concentrations along with control (water spray) and absolute control (no spray). Di-ammonium phosphate, Muriate of Potash and Borax are the sources of P, K and B nutrients respectively. Results showed that spraying of P favorably influenced the growth parameters, yield attributes and green cob and fodder yields of baby corn. Application of P at 0.75% concentration at 25 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) gave significantly higher growth parameters with thicker cobs and corns, increasing the individual cob weight, which in turn increased the green cob yield of baby corn. Increased growth parameters resulted in increased green fodder yield. Application of B and K with different concentrations and P (0.25 and 0.50%) failed to influence the growth and yield of baby corn.     

EFFECT OF FOLIAR SPRAY OF SOLUBLE SILICIC ACID ON GROWTH AND YIELD PARAMETERS OF WETLAND RICE IN HILLY AND COASTAL ZONE SOILS OF KARNATAKA,SOUTH INDIA

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar spray of soluble silicic acid on growth and yield parameters of wetland rice. The results revealed a significant effect on achieving higher grain and straw yield with foliar silicic acid over control. Foliar spray of silicic acid at 2 and 4 ml L^?1 increased the grain and straw yield and application of 8 ml L^?1 decreased the yield. Foliar spray of silicic acid at 4 ml L^?1 along with half dose of recommended pesticide effectively increased the yields over all other treatments. The content and uptake of silicon in grain and straw was recorded higher with the foliar spray of silicic acid over control. This investigation concludes that application of silicic acid at 4 ml L^?1 along with half dose of recommended pesticide as foliar spray increased the grain and straw yield, besides Si content and its uptake over control.     

氮肥基施深度对夏玉米产量、 氮素利用及氮残留的影响

【目的】研究华北平原区底施氮肥深度对夏玉米产量、 氮素吸收量、 氮肥利用率以及氮素在土壤中残留的影响,以期为夏玉米的氮肥施用提供依据。【方法】采用小区试验和15N示踪试验的方法。小区试验设对照(CK),常规垄侧施氮(T-side),垄内8 cm深(T-8)、 16 cm深(T-16)、 24 cm深(T-24)施氮和垄内3层施氮(T-all)6个处理,养分施用量为N 180 kg/hm2,P2O5 120 kg/hm2,K2O 150 kg/hm2。示踪试验采用原位原状土柱法,设3个处理: 15N尿素施在8 cm深,另两层16 cm、 24 cm施用普通尿素(N8); 15N尿素施在16 cm深,另两层8 cm、 24 cm施用普通尿素(N16); 15N尿素施在24 cm深,另两层8 cm、 16 cm施用普通尿素(N24); 养分用量与小区试验相同。【结果】大田试验结果表明,T-all处理的玉米产量最高,比T-24提高了8.45%,达显著水平; T-all、 T-8、 T-16处理的夏玉米产量均高于T-side,分别比T-side提高了6.65%、 3.29%和5.43%,所有施肥处理中以T-24的玉米产量最低。玉米各生育期的氮素吸收量也以T-24处理最低; 与T-side处理相比,T-all处理的玉米氮吸收量在吐丝以前偏低,收获时稍高。夏玉米带状施肥主要影响垄内(施肥部位)土壤碱解氮含量,对垄间(非施肥带)土壤碱解氮含量影响不大; 与T-16、 T-24深层施氮相比,T-side、 T-8浅层施氮处理显著提高了玉米生育前期垄内表层土壤的碱解氮含量。示踪试验结果表明,施于8 cm、 16 cm、 24 cm的氮素利用率分别为37.24%、 31.33%、 18.75%。玉米收获后0100 cm土层N24处理的氮素残留量显著高于N8和N16处理,并且N24处理的氮素残留主要分布在4080 cm土层。【结论】本区域夏玉米底施尿素的适宜深度为816 cm。     

Agronomic evaluation of mulching and iron nutrition on productivity,nutrient uptake,iron use efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system

Field experiments were carried out during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons (June–April) of 2008–2010 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, to study the productivity, nutrients uptake, iron (Fe) use-efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system as influenced by mulching and Fe nutrition. The highest yield attributes, grain and straw yields (5.41 tonnes ha^?1 and 6.56 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in rice was recorded with transplanted and puddled rice (TPR) followed by aerobic rice with Sesbania aculeata mulch. However, residual effect of aerobic rice with wheat straw mulch was more pronounced on yield attributes, grain and straw yields (4.20 and 6.70 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in succeeding wheat and remained at par with aerobic rice with Sesbania mulch. Application of iron sulfate (FeSO₄) at 50 kg ha^?1 + 2 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄ was found to be the best in terms of all the yield attributes, grain and straw yield (5.09 and 6.17 tonnes ha^?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake and remained at par with 3 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄. Although residual effect of iron application failed to increase the yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) except Fe. The highest system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B: C ratio and lowest cost of cultivation were recorded with aerobic rice with wheat straw and Sesbania aculeata mulch. Application of FeSO₄ at 50 kg ha^?1 + two foliar sprays of 2% FeSO₄ was found better in respect of system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B:C ratio and cost of cultivation in aerobic rice-wheat cropping system. The Fe use efficiency values viz. partial factor productivity (kg grain kg^?1 Fe), agronomic efficiency (kg grain increased kg^?1 Fe applied), agrophysiological efficiency (kg grain kg^?1 Fe uptake), physiological efficiency (kg biomass kg^?1 Fe uptake), apparent recovery (%) utilization efficiency and harvest index (%) of applied Fe were significantly affected due to methods of rice production and various Fe nutrition treatments in aerobic rice and aerobic rice-wheat cropping system.     

不同施氮水平对南方甜玉米氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】探明南方鲜食玉米区高产条件下施氮量对甜玉米产量、氮素利用及其转运规律的影响。【方法】于2015年和2016年,选用国审甜玉米品种粤甜16为供试材料,设置N (0、100、150、200、250、300、450 kg/hm2) 7个施氮量处理进行连续2年的大田试验。在拔节期 (8片展开叶)、大喇叭口期 (12片展开叶)、雄穗开花期和乳熟收获期测定甜玉米植株及各器官干重、氮养分含量,研究分次施肥条件下,不同施氮量对甜玉米乳熟收获期植株体内的氮养分吸收积累与分配比例、氮收获指数和效率,以及对不同生育时期植株、叶片、茎鞘氮素积累的影响。【结果】在2个生长季,施氮量均显著影响甜玉米鲜穗产量、植株总氮素积累量、氮素收获指数、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力。随着施氮量 (0～450 kg/hm2) 的增加,鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量呈现先增加后保持上下小幅波动的趋势;氮肥农学效率先增加后下降;氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力持续下降。在施氮量为N 250 kg/hm2时,粤甜16的鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量达到或接近最高,两年平均值分别为17544 kg/hm2和145.6 kg/hm2;而氮肥农学效率达到最高值,两年平均值为48.4 kg/kg;氮素利用率和偏生产力两年平均值分别为28.5%、70.2 kg/kg,处于中间水平;鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量和氮肥农学效率均达到最大。施N 250 kg/hm2提高了茎鞘、叶片的氮素转运量和花后氮素同化量,氮素茎鞘转运、叶片转运和氮素花后同化对鲜穗的贡献率两年平均值分别为48.8%、10.2%、41.0%。甜玉米整株氮素积累随生育进程持续增加,乳熟期最高,日均最高积累速率在8展叶至12展叶期;叶片和茎鞘的氮素积累进程呈单峰曲线,在雄穗开花期达到峰值,日均最快积累速率分别在8展叶至12展叶、12展叶至雄穗开花期。施氮能提高各器官在各生育时期的氮素积累量和积累速率,但不改变氮素积累变化趋势。【结论】在本试验条件下,采用多次施肥,施N 250 kg/hm2可提高氮肥农学效率,有效调控开花前氮素转运及花后吸收同化,促进鲜穗氮素积累,实现甜玉米高产高效。     

控释氮肥对大白菜产量和品质的影响及其机理研究

田间试验研究了控释氮肥不同品种及不同用量对大白菜产量和品质的影响,并从养分释放、包膜特性等方面探讨其作用机理。结果表明,控释氮肥能显著提高大白菜产量和品质。与同期追施等氮量尿素相比,施用控释氮肥可使大白菜产量提高8.2%～16.8%;莲座末期功能叶和收获期球叶NO-3-N含量分别降低14.3%～39.9%和12.1%～21.4%,收获期球叶Vc含量平均提高24.8%。控释氮肥用量减半后,大白菜产量及叶片NO3--N与Vc含量都未受到显著影响。研究证实,由于控释氮肥中的氮素是缓慢地释放出来,在大白菜生育前期施用,仍能较充分满足生育中后期株体对氮素的需求,控释期不同的两个氮肥品种混合施用较单一施用的效果更好。不同控释氮肥品种氮素释放特征的差异与肥料包膜的厚度、膜断面及表面孔隙状况不同有关。     

氮肥运筹对水稻氮素吸收和稻田渗漏液氮素浓度影响

通过大田试验,设计3个不同氮肥水平（0、150、240kgN·hm^-2）和两种不同施肥比例（基肥：分蘖肥：穗粒肥：40％：30％：30％、基肥：分蘖肥：穗粒肥=30％：20％：50％）,研究了氮肥运筹对水稻氮素吸收和稻田渗漏液氮素浓度的影响。结果表明,稻田渗漏液中NH4＋-N、NO3--N和总N浓度在施肥后第3d达到最大、随后降低,在施氮后的第7d,分别降为峰值的5．6％～16．9％、13．8％～22．5％、22．5％～34．5％。施氮水平处于0—240kgN·hm^-2时,水稻产量、氮素积累总量（totalNaccumulation,TNA）和稻田渗漏液Nm—N、N0i—N和总N浓度随着氮素水平的提高而显著增加;在较高氮肥水平（240kgN·hm^-2）下,与氮肥前移相比（基肥：分蘖HE：穗粒肥=40％：30％：30％）,采用氮肥后移（基肥：分蘖肥：穗粒肥=30％：20％：50％）的施肥比例,水稻产量和成熟期TNA分别增加6．2％和16．4％,稻田渗漏液NO3--N及总N浓度分别降低8．9％和4．8％,而对NHZ—N浓度影响不显著,说明适宜的氮肥运筹可以增加水稻的产量和氮素吸收,减少氮素渗漏损失。     

地下水埋深与控肥对夏玉米氮素吸收和产量的影响

为探明地下水埋深与减施氮肥对夏玉米氮素吸收利用及产量的影响,基于大型地中渗透仪,研究了地下水埋深和施氮量对夏玉米氮素利用效率、植株氮素积累量、产量及其形成要素的影响,其中地下水埋深设2 m(G1),3 m(G2)和4 m(G3)3个水平,施氮量设减氮20%处理(240 kg/hm²,N1)、常规施氮处理(300 kg/hm²,N2)2个水平,不控水不施氮处理(G0N0)作为对照,共计7个处理。结果表明:(1)减氮20%条件下,夏玉米产量随地下水埋深增加呈减小趋势,氮素收获指数在埋深2 m下显著高于埋深3,4 m,分别增加5.71%,7.22%;(2)常规施氮条件下,埋深2 m处理茎、叶吸氮量显著高于埋深3~4 m处理,增幅为19.52%~50.31%,但产量、籽粒吸氮量和氮素收获指数埋深2 m处理显著低于埋深3~4 m处理,降幅为17.28%~29.28%;(3)地下水埋深2 m下,产量、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率、籽粒氮肥吸收利用率和氮素收获指数减氮20%处理均显著高于常规施氮处理,增幅为22.18%~115.35%。地下水埋深2 m条件下,施氮240 kg/hm²显著提升氮肥的增产效果,以及施氮后氮素转化为产量和干物质的效率,同时还增强氮素向籽粒的转移率,从而保持产量不致降低,因此埋深2 m条件下减氮20%有一定可行性。研究结果可为地下水浅埋地区控施氮肥提供理论参考依据。     

油菜不同生长期稻田土壤无机氮形态及氮肥利用率对控释氮肥施用的响应

通过盆栽土培试验研究了尿素、控释氮肥对南方稻田冬油菜生长、产量、土壤肥效和氮肥利用效率的影响,为控释氮肥在油菜生产上的推广应用提供参考。试验选用油菜品种"湘油15",参考油菜大田种植施氮量,共设4个处理,以不施氮肥(CK)为对照,在施氮量均为200kg/hm^2的水平下,设置了3种氮肥处理:尿素(Urea)、控释氮肥1(CRNF1)和控释氮肥2(CRNF2)。对油菜生物量和产量、不同生育期下土壤无机氮、油菜氮素吸收、油菜生理特性、土壤微生物氮以及土壤酶活性等相关指标进行测定及分析。结果表明:较常规Urea处理相比,控释氮肥处理显著提高了油菜花期、收获期生物量,增产11.2%～20.1%;CRNF1处理显著提高了油菜花期、收获期土壤NO3--N含量,相比尿素处理分别提高43.2%和61.8%,CRNF2处理显著提高了油菜花期、收获期土壤NH4+-N含量,相比尿素处理分别提高18.7%和64.1%,保证了油菜生育后期土壤氮素供应;与Urea处理相比,控释氮肥显著提高了油菜薹期及生殖生长期油菜总氮吸收,最终氮肥利用率(NUE)提高23.1%～60.2%,氮肥农学利用率(NAE)提高19.1%～30.5%;CRNF1处理显著提高了油菜生长后期SPDA值和总叶绿素含量,相比尿素处理分别提高6.5%,10.1%;CRNF1处理极显著提高了油菜生长后期土壤微生物氮,较尿素处理提高142.5%;此外,控释氮肥显著提高了油菜生长后期土壤脲酶、FDA水解酶活性,相比尿素处理分别提高8.4%～12.9%,24.5%～32.4%。在总氮施用量不变的前提下,施用控释氮肥可提高油菜生殖生长期土壤有效氮含量,改善光合作用,增强土壤微生物量和微生物活性,促进氮素的吸收,提高氮肥的利用效率,进而增加油菜干物质累积,最终提高产量。     

Zinc bioavailability and nitrogen concentration in grains of wheat crop sprayed with zinc sulfate,ammonium sulfate,ammonium chloride,and urea

Abstract

It is still unclear if different sources of nitrogen (N) can variably influence grain accumulation of zinc (Zn), N, and phytate. We tested foliar treatments of 0 or 0.25% Zn as zinc sulfate in combination with 0 or 1% N as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate or urea sprayed on field-grown-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) foliage at anthesis and 10 days later. Leaf burning caused by ammonium chloride significantly decreased grain yield. Grain N concentration was the highest in the urea +0.25% Zn treatment. Foliar N application influenced grain Zn concentration only if Zn was included in the spray. Grain phytate concentration was significantly decreased by both N and Zn sprays. Estimated Zn bioavailability in grains was the highest at 0.25% Zn and was not influenced by the N sources. Based on grain yield, grain N concentration, and Zn bioavailability in grains, foliar application of Zn?+?urea is an optimal strategy.     

Effects of Transgenic Cotton-Based Cropping Systems and Their Fertility Levels on Succeeding Wheat Crop

Cotton–wheat is the second most important cropping system after rice–wheat in India and Pakistan, and is practiced on about 4.02 mha. By 2010, more than 6 million Indian farmers had adopted transgenic Bt cotton on 9.4 mha—almost 90% of the country’s total cotton area. There is a paucity of information on the effects of intercropping and integrated nitrogen (N)–management practices in transgenic Bt cotton on productivity, nutrient availability, and soil biological properties in the succeeding wheat crop in a cotton–wheat system. A study was made to evaluate and quantify the residual effect of two-tiered intercropping of cotton and groundnut with substitution of 25–50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) of cotton by farmyard manure (FYM) on productivity and soil fertility in a cotton–wheat system at New Delhi during 2006–2008. Wheat following groundnut-intercropped cotton receiving 50% RDN substitution through FYM had significantly 5% greater grain yield than that after sole cotton. Residual soil fertility in terms of organic carbon (C), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄)-N, and dehydrogenase activity (14%) showed an improvement under cotton + groundnut–wheat system with substitution of 50% RDN of cotton by FYM. Apparent N balance as well as actual change in KMnO₄-N at wheat harvest was negative in most of the treatments, with greater loss (–58.1) noticed under pure stand of the cotton–wheat system with 100% RDN of cotton through urea. The study suggested that inclusion of legume and organic manure in transgenic Bt-cotton–wheat system is a sustainable practice for combating escalating prices of N fertilizers with environmental issues and instability of transgenic hybrids in south Asian countries.     

缓释尿素与普通尿素不同配比对玉米氮代谢酶和氮素利用的影响

为解决我国西南地区玉米氮肥一次性施用问题,以普通尿素和包膜缓释尿素为供试材料,设置5种普通尿素与缓释尿素配比试验处理,分别为100%缓释尿素(CRU100),75%缓释尿素+25%普通尿素(CRU75),50%缓释尿素+50%普通尿素(CRU50),25%缓释尿素+75%普通尿素(CRU25)和100%普通尿素(CRU0),以不施氮肥(CK1)和常规施肥(CK2,普通尿素60%基施+40%大喇叭口期追施)为对照,研究氮肥一次底施下缓释尿素与普通尿素不同配比对玉米氮代谢关键酶、干物质积累、氮积累及氮素利用的影响。结果表明:(1)施氮显著提高了玉米叶片氮代谢关键酶(谷氨酸合成酶GOGAT和谷氨酰胺合成酶GS)活性,与常规施肥相比,普通尿素与缓释尿素配施可提高叶片GOGAT和GS活性,其中以CRU50和CRU75的缓释尿素比例处理最好。(2)CRU50和CRU75的缓释尿素比例可改善吐丝前、后物质积累和氮素积累,显著提高成熟期物质积累量和氮素积累量。(3)随缓释尿素比例增加,玉米穗粒数、千粒重和产量及氮收获指数均呈先升后降的趋势;掺施缓释尿素处理产量较常规施肥处理平均增产4.46%,其中CRU50和CRU75处理产量最高,收获指数和氮肥表观利用率显著高于其它处理。因此,普通尿素掺混50%~75%比例的缓释尿素进行一次底施,既能增加玉米产量,又可实现氮素的高效利用。     

包膜尿素对夏玉米产量、吸氮量和氮分配的影响

以施氮量调控氮代谢,提高氮肥利用率为目标,利用15 N研究了包膜尿素（CU100、150和225kg/hm2）和普通尿素（150和225kg/hm2）对夏玉米产量、生物量、氮肥利用率以及各器官氮分配的影响。结果表明：包膜尿素比普通尿素显著增加玉米从肥料中的吸氮量,显著增加地上部生物量;15N包膜尿素肥料利用率（15NU...     

腐植酸氮肥对玉米产量、氮肥利用及氮肥损失的影响

【目的】 通过研究新型腐植酸氮肥对玉米产量、氮肥吸收利用和分配及氮肥在土壤中分布以及损失的影响,为促进新型肥料的应用,减少环境污染,提高作物产量提供理论依据。 【方法】 采用固定装置,应用同位素示踪技术进行田间试验。试验共设 4 个处理:CK1 (不施氮肥)、CK2 (普通尿素 N 225 kg/hm2)、HA1 (脲基活化腐植酸氮肥 N 225 kg/hm2)、HA2 (常规掺混腐植酸氮肥 N 225 kg/hm2)。采集玉米播种前、施肥前和收获后 0—20 cm、20—40 cm、40—60 cm 土壤样品,采用静态箱体内置硼酸吸收池法测定氨挥发,氧化亚氮通过静态箱体收集、真空瓶贮存后气相色谱仪测定。玉米成熟后采集地上部植株样品,将营养器官与籽粒分离,计产并测定产量构成指标。 【结果】 籽粒中氮素 34.6%～36.2% 来自肥料,营养器官中氮素 14.6%～17.4% 来自肥料。CK2、HA1 和 HA2 处理的氮肥利用率分别为 25.1%、30.9%、28.5%,氮肥损失率分别为 38.1%、19.8%、27.2%。与 CK2 相比:1) 施用 HA1 能提高玉米产量;2) HA1 和 HA2 处理的氮素吸收总量分别增加 25.8 和 16.3 kg/hm2,氮肥利用率分别提高 5.8 个百分点和 3.4 个百分点,氮肥损失率分别减少 18.3 个百分点和 10.9 个百分点;3) HA1 和 HA2 处理 0—60 cm 土壤氮素残留率分别增加 12.5 个百分点和 7.5 个百分点;4) 施用腐植酸氮肥明显提高 0—20、20—40 cm 土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量。 【结论】 腐植酸氮肥能显著提高玉米产量和氮肥利用率,促进玉米对土壤氮素的吸收利用,显著增加 0—20 cm 土壤氮素残留量和 0—40 cm 土壤无机态氮含量,减缓氮素向深层土壤迁移,从而减少淋溶损失。腐植酸氮肥能改善氮素在土壤中的分布,满足作物根系需肥特性;腐植酸氮肥能显著降低氧化亚氮产生量和其它途径的氮素损失,从而减少氮素损失量。其中,脲基活化腐植酸氮肥作用效果更加明显。      

减氮配施控释尿素对水稻产量和氮肥利用的影响

以释放期为60~90 d的控释尿素为试验材料,2015年在广东省台山市和翁源县开展大田试验,研究在全量施氮[195 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]、减氮20%[156 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]和减氮40%[117 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]条件下,常规分次施肥(CF)、配施控释尿素氮占25%一次性施用(25%CRU)和配施控释尿素氮占50%一次性施用(50%CRU)对水稻生长、产量及氮肥利用率的影响,为控释尿素在水稻生产上的推广应用提供参考。结果表明,在水稻营养生长阶段,不同施氮处理的每兜分蘖数基本一致,叶片SPAD值随施氮量增加略有提高。随着施氮量增加,水稻产量先提高后降低,当施氮量为156 kg(N)·hm~(-2)时,水稻产量最高。等氮条件下,25%CRU、50%CRU和CF处理的水稻籽粒产量基本一致;不同施氮处理的稻谷和稻草氮素吸收累积量无显著差异。水稻氮素吸收累积量随着施氮量的增加而增加,而氮肥偏生产力和氮收获指数逐渐降低。等氮条件下,25%CRU和50%CRU处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率均显著高于常规施肥处理(P(27)0.05),两地平均增幅分别为14.99%、17.23%和98.22%、57.44%。当施氮量为195 kg(N)·hm~(-2)时,25%CRU和50%CRU处理的氮收获指数较常规施肥处理(CF)提高6.99%和6.69%,其中台山试验点的增幅达到显著水平(P(27)0.05)。117 kg(N)·hm~(-2)处理的土壤碱解氮含量显著降低(P(27)0.05)。25%控释氮肥掺混一次性施用施氮量为156 kg(N)·hm~(-2)的施肥处理,其产量和氮肥利用效率在台山和翁源两个试验点均较高,在广东省双季稻区可实现水稻增产稳产,显著提高氮肥利用率,并维持土壤肥力,是一种较优的氮肥运筹模式。