Accuracy Assessments of Stochastic and Deterministic Interpolation Methods in Estimating Soil Attributes Spatial Variability

ABSTRACT

Spatial interpolation methods are frequently used to characterize soil attributes’ spatial variability. However, inconclusive results, about the comparative performance of these methods, have been reported in the literature. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the efficiency of ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) methods in estimating the soil penetration resistance (SPR), soil bulk density (SBD), and soil moisture content (SM) using two distinct sampling grids. The soil sampling was performed on a 5.7 ha area in Southeast Brazil. For data collection, a regular grid with 145 points (20 x 20 m) was created. Soil samples were taken at a 0.20 m layer depth. In order to compare the accuracy of OK and IDW, another grid was created from the initial grid (A), by eliminating one interspersed line, which resulted in a grid with 41 sampled points (40 x 40 m). Results showed that sampling grid A presented less errors than B, proving that the more sampling points, the lower the errors that are associated with both methods will be. Overall, the OK was less biased than IDW only for SBD (A) and SM (B) maps, whereas IDW outperformed OK for the other attributes for both sampling grids.     

基于大尺度低密度样点的东北土壤全氮空间插值方法比较

基于全国第二次土壤普查东北地区土壤数据,以ArcGIS和GS⁺软件为支撑,对比分析了反距离加权法(IDW)、径向基函数(RBF)、普通克里金(OK)和回归克里金(RK)4种地统计空间插值方法在7个不同样本容量下土壤全氮含量(STNC)的空间插值效果。结果表明,由普查数据得到的东北地区STNC在0.08~21.48 g/kg之间,数据变异性较大;STNC空间结构表现出中强度空间自相关性,空间自相关范围大于同区域的小尺度采样研究;样本容量<171时,STNC空间变异性发生变化,空间结构特征和精度检验水平难以确信。4种空间插值方法对STNC空间趋势表达均呈现从东北向西南方向递减规律,空间趋势预测效果为:RK >OK >RBF >IDW。RK方法通过线性回归分析添加了阳离子交换容量(CEC)、年均温(MAT)、土层厚度(d)和pH值等辅助信息,比IDW,RBF和OK方法的插值精度分别提高了19.40%,18.50%和16.15%;在不同样本容量下RK方法的插值精度较为稳定且对无样点区STNC的空间趋势预测也体现出了更多细节信息,因此对于大尺度低密度采样的土壤属性空间插值可重点考虑RK方法。     

土壤速效钾养分含量空间插值方法比较研究

土壤养分连续空间分布数据是土壤信息系统工作的基础，土壤养分空间插值的研究因此变得尤为重要。对陕西省周至县北部猕猴桃适生区土壤进行采样，以对猕猴桃生长作用较为密切的土壤速效钾含量为研究对象，用普通克里格（OK）、样条函数（Spline）、趋势面拟合（TSA）、距离权重反比法（IDW）等常用插值方法对采样点进行插值获取土壤速效钾空间分布图，进行交叉验证，结果表明能够反映出结构性影响的克里格插值方法明显优于其它方法，其中又以球形模型为最佳，样条函数、距离权重反比法在采样点密集区也能内插出较好的效果，但其受采样点密度影响较大．在采样点稀疏的地区内插结果较差。     

Comparison of spatial interpolation techniques for mapping soil pH and salinity in agricultural coastal areas,northern Iran

This study attempted to characterize the spatial distributions of soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC_e) of coastal fields in the Miyandoroud region, northern Iran, for three soil layer depths by assessing spatial variability and comparing different interpolation techniques such as inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), and conditional simulations (CS). Three soil composite samples were collected from 0–50, 50–100, and 100–150 cm depths at 105 sampling sites. At all three soil depths, pH and EC_e were best fitted by exponential and spherical models, respectively. Nugget effects were higher for soil EC_e data sets compared with soil pH at all three soil depths showing soil EC_e had a spatial variability in small distances. The prediction accuracy of the interpolation methods indicated that the minimum error for all data sets was achieved with the OK method, except for pH at 50–100 cm depth, and the CS technique revealed the largest error. The effect of different numbers of simulations (100, 500 and 1000) in the CS interpolation method resulted not in a realistic mapping for the soil EC_e and pH. Considering the high importance of irrigated agriculture in the Caspian Sea coastal areas, more subsoil salinity build-up and groundwater salinity monitoring plans are needed as a prerequisite for sustainable agricultural production systems of the future.     

站点密度及插值方法对ET0空间插值精度的影响

流域参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET0）插值方法的研究对流域尺度作物耗水时空变化规律有重要意义。该文通过海河流域162个国家农业气象站3a（2003－2005年）旬值气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了这些站点ET0,采用ArcGIS软件中常用的Spline、IDW和Ordinary Kriging（OK）法,以及近些年研究较多的线性回归Regression插值法,对不同站点密度条件下的ET0进行空间插值。分析了各空间插值方法在不同站点密度条件下的优劣性,并且给出了本流域内各种站点密度范围条件下计算ET0最适宜的插值方法。结果表明以站点密度1.3个/万km2为界,当站点密度低于此密度时,推荐使用Regression插值法;当站点密度大于1.3个/万km2时,推荐使用IDW和OK插值法;当站点密度大于4.3个/万km2,以上三种插值法并无显著差别;不推荐使用Spline插值法。     

Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Matter and Cation Exchange Capacity in an Oxisol under Different Land Uses

ABSTRACT

Soil properties may exhibit large spatial variability. Frequently this variability is auto-correlated at a certain scale. In addition to soil-forming factors, soil management, land cover, and agricultural system may affect the spatial variability of agricultural soils. Soil organic matter (OM) is an important soil property contributing toward soil fertility and a key attribute in assessing soil quality. Increasing soil OM increases cation exchange capacity (CEC) and enhances soil fertility. We analyzed the impact of land use on the spatial variability of OM and CEC in a tropical soil, an Oxisol, within São Paulo state, Brazil. Land uses were prairie, maize, and mango. Soil samples were taken at 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths at 84 points within 1-ha plots, i.e., 100 m × 100 m. Statistical variability was higher for soil OM than for CEC. The mango plot contained the highest soil OM, whereas prairie the lowest. Also, soil OM and CEC were significantly related at all land use treatments and depths studied. All soil OM data sets and most of the CEC data sets (with two exceptions) exhibited spatial dependence. When spatial variability was present, the semivariograms showed a nugget effect plus a spherical or an exponential structure. Patterns of soil OM and CEC spatial variability (i.e., model type, ranges of spatial dependence, and nugget effects) were different between land uses and soil depths. In general, CEC exhibited a lower spatial autocorrelation and a weaker spatial structure than soil OM. Moreover, soil OM displayed a higher autocorrelation and was more strongly structured at the 0–10 cm depth than at the 10–20 cm depth. Interpolation by kriging or inverse distance weighting (IDW) allowed to illustrate how the spatial variability of soil OM and CEC differed due to land cover and sampling depth. Modeling and mapping the spatial distribution of soil OM and CEC provided a framework for spatially implicit comparisons of these soil properties, which may be useful for practical applications.     

Use of GIS to Delineate Site-Specific Management Zone for Precision Agriculture

Soil heterogeneity is one of the several factors that explain within-field variations in crop yielding. To overcome this problem, an experiment was conducted within the University of Ibadan to identify the zones with similar soil properties that can be managed uniformly to optimize crop yield. A total of 62 soil samples were collected from 6.5 ha of farmland based on the differences in slope, soil moisture regime, land management and cropping pattern. The spatial distributions of soil properties were mapped out using the Inverse Distance Weighing (IDW) interpolation technique and the results were subsequently reclassified into different soil management categories. The results showed that the farmland consists of four classes of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and soil bulk density (SBD); three classes of carbon (C) and volumetric moisture content (?); two classes of soil _pH; and one class of soil texture. Each of the soil management maps was subsequently overlaid on each other to produce four specific site management units (SSMUs) for vegetable cultivation. The four SSMUs consisted of highly suitable units occupying 0.143 ha, marginally suitable unit occupying 0.971 ha, moderately suitable unit occupying 0.517 ha and unsuitable unit occupying 4.9 ha of land. The SSMUs will alleviate problems of reduced yield due to over- or under-applications of agrochemicals.     

Bulk density by Proctor test as a function of texture for agricultural soils in Maputo province of Mozambique

Soil degradation processes may be of various kinds, including soil compaction. The present study was carried out with the objective of assessing the sensitivity of agricultural or recently abandoned soils in Maputo province of Mozambique to compaction. The assessment is based on the maximum of bulk density attained using the Proctor test (MBD).

In this study the soil texture is expressed by silt plus clay (S + C) or clay (C). The relations between the soil texture and MBD, and between soil texture and critical water content (CWC—soil water at which MBD is attained) were determined. Selected soils range from 10 to 74% of S + C and 9 to 60% of C.

The results suggest there is a relationship between the considered parameters, being that between S + C and MBD or CWC, the best. For MBD the relationship is represented by two quadratic equations with the boundary in between these being a S + C value of 25% and C value of 20%.

Based on the obtained results, one can conclude that the selected parameters may be a useful basis for estimation of the sensitivity to compaction of the Maputo province's soils. It is recommended that similar studies be carried out for soils under forest land and for soil of other provinces to establish the national physical degradation hazard as a function of soil parameters determined routinely and at low cost. The suggested parameters are texture and soil organic matter (SOM).     

海伦市耕层土壤有机质含量空间预测方法研究

有机质含量是表征土壤肥力质量的重要属性,其空间分布模式对于施肥等耕作管理措施的推荐具有重要的指导意义。本文以我国黑土区黑龙江省海伦市为研究区域,在土壤采样点数量较有限的情况下,分别采用普通克里格、反距离权重、遥感反演和基于土壤学专业知识四种方法对耕层土壤有机质含量进行了空间预测。结果表明:四种方法表征的海伦耕地土壤有机质含量空间分布特征具有相似性,即由东北向西南方向递减。空间预测精度从高到低依次为反距离权重、普通克里格、基于土壤学专业知识和遥感反演法;而在有机质的局部变异细节表达方面,从高到低为遥感反演、基于土壤学专业知识、反距离权重和普通克里格法。四种方法中仅遥感反演法预测结果的极差范围较宽,普通克里格法则存在明显的平滑效应,而综合比较结果则表明,最合适的方法是基于土壤学专业知识的方法。     

Spatial variability of short-term effect of tillage on soil penetration resistance

The effect of tillage on soil properties varies within field due to spatial variability of soils. Mapping changes of soil penetration resistance (PR) would be useful to understand and assess tillage practices to alleviate soil compaction. The objectives were to model the short-term effect of tillage on PR and its spatial structure, and to delineate homogeneous zones based on soil response in a Typic Argiudoll previously managed under no-till. A grid sampling for PR and soil water content (SWC) were performed before and after chiselling. Spatial analysis was performed on the effect of tillage on PR data by 10 cm layers and homogeneous zones were delineated by k-means cluster analysis. The effect of tillage was ?0.33 MPa in 10–20 and 20–30 cm layer. No differences of PR were found at 0–10 cm. Short range (5–7 m) spatial structure on the horizontal plane was observed in all layers. Only 45% of the field showed a marked effect of tillage on PR. Mapping the effect of tillage on PR would be a useful approach for evaluating the global and local response of soil to tillage, as well as for delineating of areas within field for site-specific tillage practices.     

Determining and mapping some soil physico-chemical properties using geostatistical and GIS techniques in the Naqade region,Iran

The distribution variability of soil electrical conductivity (EC), pH, clay, sand, CaCO₃, organic carbon (OC) and available potassium (K) in the Naqade region was investigated using a geostatistical method and Geographical Information System (GIS) technique. Two hundred and eighty-two topsoil (0–30 cm) samples were randomly collected and analyzed. pH and clay followed a normal distribution, whereas sand EC, CaCO₃, OC and K were log-transformed. The highest variation was observed for soil EC, and the lowest for soil pH. In the variography analysis, spherical, exponential and gaussian models were best fit on experimental semivariograms. The minimum effective spatial autocorrelation was 1500 m for OC and the maximum effective spatial autocorrelation was 4000 m for sand and K. Strong spatial correlations were noted with sand and CaCO₃ (<25%), whereas values were moderate for clay, EC, OC and K (25–75%). Ordinary kriging was utilized for the interpolation of estimated variable determinations in unsampled sites. It was found that soil properties in this study area were strongly influenced by both environmental and natural factors. The results can be used as a source of information for the development and implementation of any further land management and soil and water conservation plans.     

基于三种空间预测方法的安庆市耕地土壤速效钾空间分布预测

以安徽省安庆市为研究区,选取环境变量因子(空间位置变量因子、地形变量因子、土壤变量因子、气候变量因子)作为变量因素,通过构建随机森林(Random Forest,RF)模型对研究区耕地土壤速效钾含量进行预测,并与普通克里金(Ordinary Kriging,OK)和反距离权重(Inverse Distance Weig...     

结合土地利用的城镇化流域土壤养分非函数空间插值

Integrating land use type and other geographic information within spatial interpolation has been proposed as a solution to improve the performance and accuracy of soil nutrient mapping at the regional scale.This study developed a non-algorithm approach,i.e.,applying inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK),to individual land use types rather than to the whole watershed,to determine if this improved the performance in mapping soil total C (TC),total N (TN),and total P (TP) in a 200-km2 urbanizing watershed in Southeast China.Four land use types were identified by visual interpretation as forest land,agricultural land,green land,and urban land.One hundred and fifty soil samples (0 10 cm) were taken according to land use type and patch size.Results showed that the non-algorithm approach,interpolation based on individual land use types,substantially improved the performance of IDW and OK for mapping TC,TN,and TP in the watershed.Root mean square errors were reduced by 3.9％ for TC,10.7％ for TN,and 25.9％ for TP by the application of IDW,while the improvements by OK were slightly lower as 0.9％ for TC,7.7％ for TN,and 18.1％ for TP.Interpolations based on individual land use types visually improved depiction of spatial patterns for TC,TN,and TP in the watershed relative to interpolations by the whole watershed.Substantial improvements might be expected with denser sampling points.We suggest that this non-algorithm approach might provide an alternative to algorithm-based approaches to depict watershed-scale nutrient patterns.     

Bulk density and content,density and stock of carbon,nitrogen and heavy metals in vegetable patches and lawns of allotments gardens in the northwestern Ruhr area,Germany

Purpose

In view that soils are bodies and that processes such as storage and release of water, carbon, nutrients and pollutants, and aeration and rooting happen in these bodies, it is of interest to know the density of elements and compounds in soils. On the basis of soil bulk and element density of organic carbon (OC), N, and heavy metals in soils and of horizon thickness, stocks of these elements for garden soils were calculated.

Materials and methods

Fourteen gardens in four allotments of the northwestern part of the Ruhr area, Germany were investigated. The research included 14 vegetable patches, 13 lawns, 2 compost heaps, and 1 meadow. Volume samples were taken. The soil analysis included pH, soil bulk density, and OC, N, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ni contents.

Results and discussion

The soils were from sandy loam to loamy sand. The pH was slightly acid and C/N ratio about 20. Soil bulk density was between 0.8 and 1.4 g cm^?3 and mean bulk density was 1.1 g cm^?3. Mean OC content was for compost 7.4 %, vegetable patches 5.2 % (0–30 cm depth), and lawns and meadow 5.8 and 5.2 % (0–5 cm depth). OC density for compost was 76 mg cm^?3, vegetable patches 56 mg cm^?3, and lawns 67 mg cm^?3 (0–5 cm). Mean OC stock in 0–30 cm soil depth in vegetable patches was 16.4 kg m^?2, lawns 15.5 kg m^?2, and meadow 11.1 kg m^?2. N contents were between 0.06 and 0.46 %. For compost, the mean was 0.39 %, vegetable patches 0.27 % (0–30 cm), lawn 0.28 %, and meadow 0.26 % (0–5 cm). Mean stock of N in 0–30 cm depth for vegetable patches was 0.84 kg m^?2, lawn 0.76 kg m^?2, and meadow 0.55 kg m^?2. For heavy metals in compost, vegetable patches, lawn and meadow, Cd contents were in the range of 1.7 to 3.0 mg kg^?1, Pb 49 to 152 mg kg^?1, and Zn 52 to 1830 mg kg^?1. The amounts stored per square meters in 30 cm depth were for Cd 0.6–1.1 g, Pb 15–52 g, Zn 41–440 g, Cu 4–39 g, and Ni 1–8 g.

Conclusions

Allotment gardens have a high capacity to store CO₂ as OC. Roughly, there will be 7–8 million tons of OC stored in the 1.3 million allotment gardens of Germany. The high amount of 8000 kg N ha^?1 could damage the groundwater when released by wrong soil management. Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Ni amounts of 7.8, 1000, 300, 135, and 30 kg ha^?1, respectively, are a lasting burden.

     

Organic carbon accumulation in a 2000-year chronosequence of paddy soil evolution

Considerable amounts of soil organic matter (SOM) are stabilized in paddy soils, and thus a large proportion of the terrestrial carbon is conserved in wetland rice soils. Nonetheless, the mechanisms for stabilization of organic carbon (OC) in paddy soils are largely unknown. Based on a chronosequence derived from marine sediments, the objectives of this study are to investigate the accumulation of OC and the concurrent loss of inorganic carbon (IC) and to identify the role of the soil fractions for the stabilization of OC with increasing duration of paddy soil management. A chronosequence of six age groups of paddy soil formation was chosen in the Zhejiang Province (PR China), ranging from 50 to 2000 years (yrs) of paddy management. Soil samples obtained from horizontal sampling of three soil profiles within each age group were analyzed for bulk density (BD), OC as well as IC concentrations, OC stocks of bulk soil and the OC contributions to the bulk soil of the particle size fractions. Paddy soils are characterized by relatively low bulk densities in the puddled topsoil horizons (1.0 and 1.2 g cm^− 3) and high values in the plow pan (1.6 g cm^− 3). Our results demonstrate a substantial loss of carbonates during soil formation, as the upper 20 cm were free of carbonates in 100-year-old paddy soils, but carbonate removal from the entire soil profile required almost 700 yrs of rice cultivation. We observed an increase of topsoil OC stocks from 2.5 to 4.4 kg m^− 2 during 50 to 2000 yrs of paddy management. The OC accumulation in the bulk soil was dominated by the silt- and clay-sized fractions. The silt fraction showed a high accretion of OC and seems to be an important long-term OC sink during soil evolution. Fine clay in the puddled topsoil horizon was already saturated and the highest storage capacity for OC was calculated for coarse clay. With longer paddy management, the fractions < 20 μm showed an increasing actual OC saturation level, but did not reach the calculated potential storage capacity.     

Soil penetrometer resistance spatial variability in a Ferralsol at several soil moisture conditions

The penetrometer resistance (PR) spatial variability in a Ferralsol under different soil moisture conditions was characterized through statistical and geostatistical methods. PR measurements were made in a 10-row, 10-columns, 3-m spacing grid at 20–30 cm depth using a hand-pushing penetrometer. Measurements were made for dry soil conditions (before irrigation) as well as 2 and 24 h after irrigation. The soil bulk density (BD) and the relative topographical altitudes (RT) were measured at the same locations. The PR spatial variability is normally distributed for dry soil conditions and after irrigation-water redistribution. A normal distribution fits also to the BD spatial variability. PR mean and coefficients of variations are lower for wet soil conditions and vary notably according to the soil moisture condition. The PR semivariance values are much higher for dry soil conditions than those found for wet soil conditions. However, the semivariogram of PR before irrigation shows almost a pure nugget effect. Irrigation yields a spatial structure in PR measurements. Despite the differences in the shown spatial structure, the range of the PR semivariograms before and 24 h after irrigation is about 8–10 m, which is very similar to the range of the BD semivariogram. The correlation coefficients between PR and the other measured variables are very small before and after irrigation, which could lead to the conclusion that those variables are not related at all. However, according to the co-dispersion coefficients plotted as a function of the separation lag, the correlation between those variables changes according to the separation distance. Particularly, PR and the RT show correlation 24 h after irrigation only for lags between 5 and 12 m. The results pointed out that PR spatial variability depends on soil moisture condition, soil BD and on several local features as microtopography.     

Characterizing spatial variability of soil properties in alluvial soils of India using geostatistics and geographical information system

Alluvial soils constitute significant portion of cultivated land in India and it contributes towards food grain production predominantly. The objectives of this study were to assess the spatial variability of soil pH, organic carbon (OC), available (mineralizable) nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K) and available zinc (Zn) of alluvial floodplain soils of Kadwa block, Katihar district, Bihar, India. A total of 85 soil samples, representative of the plough layer (0–25 cm depth from surface) were randomly collected from the study area. The values of soil pH, OC, N, P, K and Zn varied from4.4 to 8.4, 0.20% to 1.20%, 141 to 474, 2.2 to 68.2, 107 to 903 kg ha^–1 and 0.22 to 1.10 mg kg^–1, respectively. The coefficient of variation value was highest for available P (94.3%) and lowest for soil pH (11.3%). Spherical model was found to be the best fit for N, P and Zn contents, while exponential model was the best fit for OC, and Gaussian model was the best-fit model for pH and K. The nugget/sill ratio indicates that except pH and available K all other soil properties were moderately spatially dependent (25–57%). Soil properties exhibited different distribution pattern. It was observed that the use of geostatistical method could accurately generate the spatial variability maps of soil nutrients in alluvial soils.     

Estimation of bulk density of waterlogged soils from basic properties

Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to predict bulk density (BD) from basic soil data are presented. Available data pertaining to seasonally impounded shrink–swell soils of Jabalpur district in the Madhya Pradesh state of India were used for the study. The data included horizon-wise information of 41 soil profiles in the study area covering nearly 5 million ha. Six independent variables, namely textural data (sand, silt and clay), field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP) and organic carbon content (OC) were used as input in hierarchical steps to establish dependencies, with bulk density as the dependent variable, using statistical regression and artificial neural networks. The PTFs derived using neural networks [average root mean square error (RMSE) 0.05] were relatively better than statistical regression PTFs (average RMSE > 0.1). The best-performing PTFs required input data on sand, silt content, FC and PWP, with lowest prediction errors (RMSE 0.01, maximum absolute error (MAE) 0.01) and highest values of index of agreement (d, 0.95) and R ² (0.65). Use of measures of structure, as well as information on pore structure, was found to be essential to derive acceptable PTFs. Inclusion of OC as an input variable showed relatively better fitting to the training data set, implying an underlying relationship between OC and BD, but the neural networks could not mimic the relationship when tested against subset.     

Least limiting water range for different soil management practices in dryland farming in Iran

Integrated evaluation of soil physical properties using the least limiting water range (LLWR) approach may allow a better knowledge of soil water availability. We determined the LLWR for four tillage practices consisted of conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), no-tillage (NT) and fallow no-tillage (NT_f). In addition, LLWR was determined for abandoned soils (i.e. control), compacted soils, ploughed compacted soils and abandoned soils with super absorbent polymers (SAPs) application. Soil water retention, penetration resistance (PR), air-filled porosity and bulk density were determined for the 0–5 and 0–25-cm depths. Mean LLWR (0.07–0.08 cm³ cm^?3) was lower in compacted soils than the soils under CT, NT, NT_f, RT, tilled, abandoned and SAP practices but it was not different among tillage practices. The values of LLWR were 0.12 cm³ cm^?3 for NT and CT. LLWR for tilled plots (0.12 cm³ cm^?3) became greater than compacted soils by 1.3 times. Analysis of the lower and upper limits of the LLWR further indicated that PR was the only limiting factor for soil water content, but aeration was not a limiting factor. The LLWR was more dependent on soil water content at permanent wilting point and at PR.     

典型喀斯特高基岩出露坡地表层土壤有机碳空间异质性及其储量估算方法

本研究基于详尽、系统的土壤采样调查,研究了喀斯特高基岩出露坡地典型样地(100 m×100 m)内表层土壤(0~15 cm)有机碳(SOC)含量的空间异质性特征,并以土壤斑块加和法为基准,探讨了传统空间插值方法和基于岩石出露率、土深校正的空间插值方法在喀斯特高基岩出露地区土壤表层有机碳储量估算中的适用性。结果表明,研究区SOC和容重均值分别为75.5 g·kg-1和0.8 g·cm-3,变异系数分别为30.6%与47.3%,皆呈现中等变异;SOC半变异函数的最优拟和模型为指数模型,块金值和基台值分别为260.8与521.7,变程为52.5 m,其半变异函数分别在滞后距0~15.2 m与34.7~54.2 m范围内呈现明显的各向异性,说明在该尺度范围内微地貌与地形显著影响SOC的空间分布;利用土壤斑块加和法估算的样地表层SOC储量和碳密度分别为983.8 kg和0.1 kg·m-2,利用传统空间插值方法估算的表层SOC储量和碳密度分别为86 264.0 kg和8.6 kg·m-2,利用基于岩石出露率、土深校正的空间插值方法估算的表层SOC储量和碳密度分别为2 712.8 kg和0.3 kg·m-2。其中传统空间插值方法大大高估了喀斯特地区表层SOC储量和碳密度值,用该方法估算的SOC储量为该区SOC实际储量的87.7倍,其误估率为8 668.4%。说明传统地统计学方法不适合估算喀斯特高基岩出露坡地表层SOC储量及碳密度。而基于岩石出露率、土深校正的空间插值方法大大降低了估算喀斯特高基岩出露坡地表层SOC储量和碳密度的误差,为该区SOC实际储量及碳密度的2.7倍。说明校正后的地统计方法在估算该区高基岩出露坡地表层SOC储量时具有一定的适用性。以上研究表明,地统计方法是表示该区SOC空间分布的有效手段,但由于传统地统计方法难以精确拟合高基岩出露坡地土壤斑块的空间分布、微地貌特征、岩石出露率以及土层深度等信息,在估算同类坡地SOC储量和碳密度时必须修正估算公式以接近实际值。