土壤石油污染对植物苗期生长和土壤呼吸的影响

选取陕北延安地区原油和黄绵土,设计了完全混合和表面施油两种处理方式,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度石油污染处理对植物生长和土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,玉米和紫花苜蓿在完全混合的油污土壤上萌发良好,但生长受阻,而表面喷洒处理的石油污染严重影响紫花苜蓿的萌发和生长;土壤呼吸作用对石油污染十分敏感,完全混合处理土壤呼吸与石油污染比例成正相关关系,污染越重,土壤呼吸强度越大,所有污染处理1周后土壤呼吸强度出现抑制而迅速回落,并在波动中逐渐趋于稳定,但仍然显著高于对照组,表明黄土中存在对石油耐受的土著微生物群落。     

土壤石油污染对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了研究土壤石油污染对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,选取中原油田地区的原油和潮土,通过盆栽试验研究了不同石油污染水平条件下的植物种子发芽率、株高和鲜重.结果表明,土壤中石油含量不同,对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、白三叶草(Trifolium repens L.)、红三叶草(Trifolium pratense)的各项生长指标影响不同,当土壤中的石油含量较高时,对植物的生长有抑制作用.向日葵(Helianthus annus L.)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)、高丹草(Sorghum sudangrass)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)在试验设计石油污染水平范围内发芽率、株高及鲜重受影响较小,能生长在石油污染的土壤上,其中狗牙根,生存能力强,是试验中的最具有修复土壤石油污染研究潜力的植物.     

不同程度压实对土壤理化性状及作物生育产量的影响

采用大、小四轮式拖拉机在冬小麦播种地上压地1到10遍,对照为未压实地,测定对小麦生育产量影响;同时进行了不同程度土壤压实后孔隙度为58%,52%,46%和40%的土壤理化性状测定试验。结果表明不同程度压实具有系统累积效应,为免耕、保护性耕作和减免中耕提供了运用依据。     

Soil tests to inventory the initially available levels and to assess the fates of added P and K as bases for improved fertilizer recommendations

Abstract

Preliminary studies indicate that “quicktest”; methodology can be used to measure the individual tendencies of soils to fix (or not to fix) added P and K into plant‐unavailable forms. It appears that the fraction of added P recovered after two hours in Bray 1 or of K in 1N NH₄OAc extracts can be used for adjusting fertilizer recommendations to maximize yields. It is suggested that the reciprocals of the recovery fractions be used as multiples of the differences between sufficiency and existing levels of available P and K to obtain amounts of fertilizer P and K to apply. This method offers promise for both improving fertilizer recommendations and identifying soils of unique fixation tendencies where choice of fertilizer materials or application methodology may be most suitable. The possibility of using the new extracting solution of Mehlich to assess‐ the fate of both applied P and K in one extractant looks promising.     

长期不同施肥对旱地红壤性质和作物生长的影响

通过对红壤旱地连续13年定位监测研究,发现在红壤旱地长期坚持有机肥料与无机肥料配合施用,土壤有机质含量逐步提高,土壤有机质从开始的11.5g/kg上升到24.3g/kg,增加的有机质以易氧化的有机质为主,稳定性高的有机质较少。红壤长期施用化学磷,明显提高土壤有效磷含量,土壤供磷性能大为改善,施用有机肥料能减少土壤对磷的固定,提高磷肥的有效性和利用率。红壤长期施用单一化学肥料,土壤明显酸化,土壤交换性氢铝显著增加,作物生长变差,产量降低。施用有机肥料,明显降低土壤交换性氢铝含量,增加土壤养分,保持作物的稳产和高产。     

全国土壤水分及作物长势地面监测体系的初步构想

土壤水分和作物长势监测是农情监测系统中不可缺少的重要组成部分。土壤水分含量直接影响着作物生长,作物长势的好坏与作物产量有着密不可分的关系。该文从应用角度出发,通过分析自然环境及作物布局等区域特征,进行监测样点布设,明确了监测内容及评价指标,并构建网络信息化平台,建立大尺度的地面土壤水分及作物长势监测系统,实现数据网络化管理,同时结合遥感信息进行综合应用,及时为政府提供决策支持。     

激素处理种子对万寿菊发芽和幼苗生长的影响

为提高万寿菊成活率,此研究以万寿菊种子为试验材料,以细胞分裂素和     

CHLORINE NUTRITION OF HIGHER PLANTS: PROGRESS AND PERSPECTIVES

Chlorine (Cl) occurs predominantly as Cl^- in soil and plant. It is an essential micronutrient of higher plants and participates in several physiological metabolism processes. Its functions in plant growth and development include osmotic and stomatal regulation, evolution of oxygen in photosynthesis, and disease resistance and tolerance. At adequate levels of supply, Cl improves the yields and quality of many crops such as onions and cotton if the soils are deficient in this nutrient. When excessive, Cl can be as a major component of salinity stress and toxic to plants. This paper provides a brief review of current progresses on Cl nutrition of higher plants.     

Salt influence on germination and seedling survival of six cool season turfgrass species

Abstract

‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), ‘Pennfine’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), ‘Seaside’ creeping bent‐grass (Agrostis palustris Huds.), ‘Dawson’ slender creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra trichophylla (L.) Gaud.), ‘Fults’ weeping alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl.), and ‘common’ Lemmon alkaligrass (Puccinellia lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn.) were evaluated for germination and seedling survival in the greenhouse and laboratory under saline conditions. Overall results indicated that weeping and Lemmon alkaligrass were superior performers under saline and/or sodic conditions. Among the remaining four species, none appeared clearly superior in overall performance.     

Growth,mineral composition,leaf chlorophyll and water relationships of two cherry varieties under NaCl-induced salinity stress

Abstract

Growth, mineral nutrition, leaf chlorophyll and water relationships were studied in cherry plants (cv. ‘Bigarreau Burlat’[BB] and ‘Tragana Edessis’[TE]) grafted on ‘Mazzard’ rootstock and grown in modified Hoagland solutions containing 0, 25 or 50 mmol L^?1 NaCl, over a period of 55 days. Elongation of the main shoot of the plants treated with 25 or 50 mmol L^?1 NaCl was significantly reduced by approximately 29–36%, irrespective of the cultivar. However, both NaCl treatments caused a greater reduction in the dry weight of leaves and scion's stems in BB than in TE plants. Therefore, BB was more sensitive to salinity stress than TE. The reduction of leaf chlorophyll concentration was significant only when BB and TE plants were grown under 50 mmol L^?1 NaCl. Osmotic adjustment permitted the maintenance of leaf turgor in TE plants and induced an increase in leaf turgor of BB plants treated with 25 or 50 mmol L^?1 NaCl compared with 0 mmol L^?1 NaCl. Concerning the nutrient composition of various plant parts, Na concentrations in all plant parts of both cultivars were generally much lower than those of Cl. For both cultivars, leaf Cl concentrations were much higher than the concentrations in stems and roots, especially in the treatments containing NaCl. Finally, the distribution of Na within BB and TE plants treated with NaCl was relatively uniform.