彩色十字貂的育种

<正> 金州饲养场于1972年引进一只黑十字公貂,经几年的杂交,获得934只黑十字貂后裔。从1978年起,又以黑十字貂分别与银兰。咖啡、米黄色彩貂杂交,培育出几种重组型彩色十字貂。现将杂交育种情况初报如下。一、彩色十字貂的基因型据报道,彩色十字貂目前已出现十多个类型,构成彩色十字貂系统,其名称和基因型如表1所示。上表所列各种彩色十字貂,均为黑十字貂与其它彩貂(主要是隐性突变型)杂交分离的重组型,其中显性毛色基因S是构成各种彩色十字貂主要遗传效应的基因。毛色基因S,是标准色水貂S基因的显性突变等位基因,但为不完全显性基因。其主要遗传效应是控制色素的形成,抑制黑色     

改良型黑水貂和纯繁短毛黑水貂毛绒品质比较

为了研究改良型短毛黑水貂和纯繁短毛黑水貂的毛绒品质的差异,试验选取健康、体型相近的纯繁短毛黑水貂公母貂各20只,5代改良型短毛黑水貂(美国短毛黑水貂与原苏联标准貂杂交5代)公母貂20只,分别采集水貂背中部、臀部、腹中部的1 cm2的毛样,利用刻度尺和数显外径千分尺测量针毛、绒毛长度和细度,测量母貂的被毛密度,统计相关数据并得到针绒毛长度比。结果表明:改良型短毛黑水貂母貂的被毛密度稍小于纯繁水貂,差异不显著(P0.05);改良型公母貂的针毛长度稍长于纯繁水貂,差异不显著(P0.05);针毛细度极显著大于纯繁水貂(P0.01);绒毛长度极显著小于纯繁水貂(P0.01);绒毛细度稍小于纯繁水貂,差异不显著(P0.05);针绒毛长度比稍小于纯繁水貂,差异不显著(P0.05)。以上数据均在最适范围内,说明改良5代的短毛黑水貂被毛密度、针毛长度、绒毛细度和针绒毛长度比指标接近于纯繁水貂,但绒毛长度、针毛细度指标还需探讨改良,需加强对优良亲代的选育以及饲料营养配方的完善。     

5个水貂品种间MuLu-DQB_1基因第2外显子PCR-SSCP多态性分析

根据NCBI公布的其他物种DQB1基因序列,设计了1对特异性引物,采用PCR-SSCP方法对5个水貂品种血液DQB1基因第2外显子365 bp扩增片段进行分析,并构建了系统发育树。结果显示:5个品种中共检测到6种基因型,4个等位基因;多态信息含量(PIC)为0.4997～0.641 8,平均为0.561 4,美国短毛黑最高(0.641 8),咖啡色水貂最低(0.499 7)。期望杂合度(He)在0.480 1～0.760 0之间,平均为0.582 5。聚类分析在一定程度上反映了5个水貂品种间的亲缘关系,为下一步开展抗病育种提供了数据基础。     

不同品种水貂毛皮品质比较

为了研究不同品种水貂的毛皮品质性状,试验以美国短毛漆黑水貂、山东黑褐色标准水貂、丹麦咖啡色水貂为研究对象,对3个品种水貂体长、体重、尾长、针毛及绒毛长度、针毛细度、毛密度进行比较研究。结果表明:美国短毛漆黑水貂体长、体重指标与丹麦咖啡色水貂和山东黑褐色标准水貂相比差异显著(P0.05),但丹麦咖啡色水貂与山东黑褐色标准水貂之间差异不显著(P0.05)。山东黑褐色标准水貂尾长显著小于美国短毛漆黑水貂、丹麦咖啡色水貂(P0.05),但丹麦咖啡色水貂与美国短毛漆黑水貂之间差异不显著(P0.05)。美国短毛漆黑水貂针毛长度显著小于丹麦咖啡色水貂和山东黑褐色标准水貂(P0.05);美国短毛漆黑水貂绒毛长度最短;公貂中美国短毛漆黑水貂针毛细度最小,母貂中丹麦咖啡色水貂针毛细度最小。表明山东黑褐色标准水貂毛绒品质最差,针毛粗长、毛密度差。     

水貂ASIP基因单倍型检测及其皮肤组织mRNA差异表达分析

试验旨在探究鼠灰色(agouti signaling protein,ASIP)基因单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)形成的单倍型及皮肤组织差异表达mRNA对水貂被毛色素沉积的影响。通过PCR扩增、Sanger测序技术对金州黑水貂、红眼白水貂和名威银蓝水貂ASIP基因进行SNPs单倍型检测分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测3种毛色皮肤组织ASIP基因的表达量,分析单倍型及mRNA差异表达与毛色表型的相关性。结果表明,301个样本中共检测到10个SNPs,内含子2中4个SNPs(G18A、A159G、G235T、C1189T)共形成10种单倍型(Hap1～Hap10),其中Hap1(GAGC)和Hap2(GAGT)是3种不同毛色水貂群体的共享单倍型;部分内含子3中6个SNPs(C252T、A290C、G298C、A340G、T343C、T379C)形成4种单倍型(Hap1～Hap4),且Hap2(CCCGCC)是名威银蓝水貂群体的主体单倍型。5个位点(A290C、G298C、A340G、T343C、T379C)均处于完全连锁不平衡状态。实时荧光定量PCR检测显示,金州黑水貂和名威银蓝水貂ASIP基因mRNA表达量分别是红眼白水貂的1.25和0.95倍,三者间差异不显著(P0.05)。研究结果初步提示,ASIP基因调控水貂不同毛色表型形成的分子机制可能存在差异。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建gdf11基因敲除小鼠及其表型鉴定

为了探讨敲除生长分化因子11(gdf11)基因对小鼠生长性状的影响，本试验根据gdf11基因序列设计向导RNA(sgRNA)并利用规律成蔟的短间隔回文重复序列和CRISPR相关蛋白(CRISPR/Cas9)基因编辑系统对该基因进行敲除，利用显微注射的方法获得gdf11敲除型F0代小鼠，通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和测序鉴定子代小鼠基因型。繁育后观察F1代小鼠形态，并采用骨架染色方法观察不同基因型小鼠的性状。结果显示，成功构建了gdf11基因敲除小鼠，并且通过繁育得到了野生型(gdf11^+/+)、杂合型(gdf11^+/-)和纯合型(gdf11^-/-)3种基因型的小鼠；形态观察发现，与野生型小鼠相比，纯合型小鼠在围产期死亡且尾巴是截断的，骨架染色显示，野生型小鼠有13个胸椎和6个腰椎，纯合型小鼠有18个胸椎和9个腰椎。结果表明，敲除gdf11基因可能会影响小鼠胚胎和中轴骨发育从而改变小鼠的生长性状。     

水貂酪氨酸酶(TYR)基因克隆、SNPs筛查及其皮肤组织mRNA差异表达分析

旨在克隆和分析水貂酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,TYR)基因编码区,揭示该基因编码区SNPs及其皮肤组织mRNA差异表达规律与水貂毛色表型的关系。本研究采集7月龄雄性金州黑水貂、名威银蓝水貂和红眼白水貂共计301个样本的血液,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对水貂TYR基因5个外显子进行分段克隆,并拼接获得其完整编码区序列(coding sequence,CDS);采用PCR产物直接测序技术筛查3种毛色水貂外显子1、4和5中的SNPs;采集9只7月龄雄性水貂(黑、灰与白色被毛各3只)背中部皮肤组织,通过实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术检测TYR基因mRNA在3种毛色水貂皮肤组织中的表达水平。结果表明,克隆的水貂TYR基因序列长2 391 bp,由5个外显子组成,编码区长1 596 bp,编码的531个氨基酸中包括信号肽(18个氨基酸)和成熟肽(513个氨基酸),该序列已上传GenBank(KJ716783)。SNPs筛查发现,3种毛色水貂TYR基因外显子4和5不存在突变位点,外显子1发现2处变异:c.441GA和c.138TA,c.441GA为同义突变且仅存在于金州黑水貂群体。qRT-PCR分析显示,TYR基因mRNA在3种毛色水貂皮肤组织中均表达,且在金州黑水貂中的表达极显著高于银蓝水貂和红眼白水貂(P0.01),在银蓝水貂中的表达显著高于红眼白水貂(P0.05)。研究结果提示,TYR基因c.138TA位点及其皮肤组织mRNA差异表达水平与水貂毛色显著关联。     

水貂酪氨酸酶基因外显子1的鉴定及序列变异分析

根据GenBank中公布的雪貂(登录号:EF405957)、大熊猫(登录号:XM_002930310)、家犬(登录号:CFU42219)及猫(登录号:AY959314)的酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase, TYR)基因DNA序列保守区域,设计1对特异性引物,利用PCR及克隆技术测定了短毛黑水貂、红眼白水貂和米黄色水貂的TYR基因外显子1部分序列,并对该序列进行了BLAST鉴定及变异位点分析,基于该基因编码氨基酸序列构建了16个物种的系统进化树。结果表明,测定的3种毛色水貂TYR基因序列长度均为796 bp,包括795 bp的外显子1和1 bp 5'UTR,共检测到5个单一突变位点:g.A34G、g.T138A、g.T248C、g.A545G和g.C765A,包含4个错义突变:g.A34G(p.Ser12Gly)、g.T248C(p.Val83Ala)、g.A545G(p.Tyr182Cys)和g.C765A(p.His255Gln),1个移码突变分别出现在短毛黑水貂和红眼白水貂个体间:g.T138A(p.Cys46*),获得TYR基因GenBank登录号分别为:短毛黑水貂(KJ198847)、红眼白水貂(KJ658343)和米黄色水貂(KJ152769)。水貂与雪貂、大熊猫、家犬、猫、家兔、猪、羊驼、山羊、绵羊、牛、人、猕猴、黑猩猩、原鸡和日本鹌鹑的TYR基因核苷酸序列同源性为72.8%～98.6%,相应氨基酸序列同源性为75.0%～98.1%。TYR基因分子进化树显示水貂与雪貂遗传关系最近,分化时间约为1000万年前,且与原鸡和日本鹌鹑亲缘关系最远。该结果为进一步开展TYR基因多态性与水貂毛色表型的相关性研究奠定了生物信息学基础。     

黑十字水貂的培育

辽宁省金州水貂场于1972年引入黑十字水貂(Black Cross)。最初由于数量少,对其生物学特性和经济性能又不甚了解,故仅为保存一种新类型的目的而试养。经六年来的饲养观察,黑十字水貂的适应性强,繁殖力高,毛皮质量好,在生产中使用有较好的经济收益和育种价值。目前,该场已建立起能基本满足生产和育种需要的基础兽群。     

改良型短毛黑水貂被毛品质的研究

为了探讨改良型短毛黑水貂(美国短毛黑水貂与原苏联标准貂杂交4代以上)被毛品质,试验于2012年12月份随机选取公貂、母貂各20只,在每只水貂背部、腹部、臀部分别取1 cm2的毛样,利用刻度尺和数显外径千分尺(型号为MSQ525)测量母貂的被毛密度及公貂和母貂针毛、绒毛的长度和细度,并将结果与其他品种水貂进行比较。结果表明:改良型短毛黑水貂母貂被毛密度为(21 543±303)根/cm2,比金州标准貂大;针毛和绒毛的长度、细度及针毛、绒毛长度比分别为:公貂(21.77±0.24)mm、(14.80±0.17)mm、(43.65±0.22)μm、(4.56±0.16)μm、1∶0.61;母貂(18.50±0.24)mm、(13.77±0.15)mm、(42.42±0.26)μm、(4.28±0.05)μm、1∶0.64;公貂针毛长度与母貂相比差异显著(P0.05),针毛细度、绒毛长度和细度间差异不显著(P0.05);绒毛长度与美国短毛黑水貂相比稍短,但与金州标准貂相比较长。说明改良型短毛黑水貂在被毛密度和绒毛长度方面与金州标准貂相比得到提高,但在针毛长度和针、绒毛细度方面与美国短毛黑水貂相比仍有选育提高空间。     

青海可可西里国家自然保护区草地牧草营养成分测定

测定了可可西里国家级自然保护区内紫花针茅草地型和高山嵩草草地型牧草,冷季9月份和4月份营养成分。结果表明,各种牧草营养成分含量随种类不同和生长季节迁移而呈现一定差异;9月份两类草地型牧草DM,CP,EE,NDF,ADF,ADL,Ash,Ca和P平均含量分别为92.20%和90.42%,5.40%和5.98%,2.90%和3.06%,48.30%和44.3%,41.40%和34.36%,3.68%和6.52%,18.85%和8.28%,1.43%和1.25%,0.38%和0.47%;4月份两类草地型牧草DM,CP,EE,NDF,ADF,ADL,Ash,Ca和P平均含量分别为94.33%和93.75%,3.69%和5.85%,1.52%和2.32%,66.82%和61.88%,47.14%和43.32%,9.14%和8.53%,13.48%和13.47%,1.38%和1.16%,0.38%和0.36%;紫花针茅草地型和高山嵩草草地型牧草CP平均含量9月份较4月份分别高出46.8%和35.5%,NDF,ADF和ADL分别降低了27.71%和28.41%,11.95%和20.68%,59.63%和23.33%;就营养品质而言,高山嵩草草地型牧草优于紫花针茅草地型牧草。     

氨基酸生物配比与遗传密码关联的研究

研究遗传密友与氨基酸生物配比之关联表明,具有相同同义密友子数的氨基酸ＢＦＡＡ之均数与其氨基酸平均分子量和密码子抽样概率均数之关系模型为Ｐｘ＝Ｋ／ｍｘｅｘｐ（２／Ｒｘ）＋ａ,其中ｋ和ａ均为常数。依据概率事件的运算法则,可用４种核苷的抽样概率来估计Ｒｘ值,当用ｘ代替Ｒｘ时,模型的估计精度不变。     

Measurements of the acid-binding capacity of ingredients used in pig diets

: Some feed ingredients bind more acid in the stomach than others and for this reason may be best omitted from pig starter foods if gastric acidity is to be promoted. The objective of this study was to measure the acid-binding capacity (ABC) of ingredients commonly used in pig starter foods. Ingredients were categorised as follows: (i) milk products (n = 6), (ii) cereals (n = 10), (iii) root and pulp products (n = 5), (iv) vegetable proteins (n = 11), (v) meat and fish meal (n = 2), (vi) medication (n = 3), (vii) amino acids (n = 4), (viii) minerals (n = 16), (ix) acid salts (n = 4), (x) acids (n = 10). A 0.5 g sample of food was suspended in 50 ml distilled de-ionised water with continuous stirring. This suspension was titrated with 0.1 mol/L HCl or 0.1 mol/L NaOH so that approximately 10 additions of titrant was required to reach pH 3.0. The pH readings after each addition were recorded following equilibration for three minutes. ABC was calculated as the amount of acid in milliequivalents (meq) required to lower the pH of 1 kg food to (a) pH 4.0 (ABC-4) and (b) pH 3.0 (ABC-3). Categories of food had significantly different (P < 0.01) ABC values. Mean ABC-4 and ABC-3 values of the ten categories were: (i) 623 (s.d. 367.0) and 936 (s.d. 460.2), (ii) 142 (s.d. 79.2) and 324 (s.d. 146.4), (iii) 368 (s.d. 65.3) and 804 (s.d. 126.7), (iv) 381 (s.d. 186.1) and 746 (s.d. 227.0), (v) 749 (s.d. 211.6) and 1508 (s.d. 360.8), (vi) 120 (s.d. 95.6) and 261 (s.d. 163.2), (vii) 177 (s.d. 60.7) and 1078 (s.d. 359.0), (viii) 5064 (s.d. 5525.1) and 7051 (s.d. 5911.6), (ix) 5057 (s.d. 1336.6) and 8945 (s.d. 2654.1) and (x) -5883 (s.d. 4220.5) and -2591 (s.d. 2245.4) meq HCl per kg, respectively. Within category, ABC-3 and ABC- 4 values were highly correlated: R2 values of 0.80 and greater for food categories i, iv, v, vi, vii and viii. The correlation between predicted and observed ABC values of 34 mixed diets was 0.83 for ABC-4 and 0.71 for ABC-3. It was concluded that complete diets with low ABC values may be formulated through careful selection of ingredients. The final pH to which ABC is measured should matter little as ABC-3 and ABC-4 are highly correlated.     

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in lactating sheep

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (ENR) was investigated after its intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administration in six healthy lactating sheep. After iv ENR injection (as a bolus), the elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)), the volume of distribution (Vd(area)), and the area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) were 3.30 (0.36)h, 2.91 (0.17)l/kg and 4.19 (0.18) microg h/ml, respectively. The maximum milk concentrations of ENR (C(max)), the area under the milk concentration vs. time curve (AUC(milk)) and the ratio AUC(milk)/AUC(serum) were 2.38 (0.14)microg/ml, 23.76 (2.21) microg h/ml and 5.62 (0.30), respectively. After im administration of ENR the t(1/2beta), C(max), time of C(max) (t(max)) and absolute bioavailability (F(abs)) were 3.87 (0.10)h, 0.74 (0.07) microg/ml, 0.83 (0.12)h and 75.35%, respectively. The C(max), AUC(milk) and the ratio AUC(milk)/AUC(serum) were 1.94 (0.13) microg/ml, 24.81 (2.25) microg h/ml and 8.15 (0.96), respectively.     

谷氨酰胺对黄颡鱼幼鱼抗氧化能力和非特异性免疫力的影响

本试验旨在研究谷氨酰胺对黄颡鱼幼鱼抗氧化能力及非特异性免疫力的影响。选取平均体重为(2.49±0.04)g的黄颡鱼幼鱼240尾,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾。4组试验鱼分别饲喂谷氨酰胺添加量为0(对照)、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%的等氮等能试验饲料。试验期为10周。结果表明:饲料中添加0.2%的谷氨酰胺可以显著提高黄颡鱼幼鱼的血清总蛋白、球蛋白、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白含量(P0.05);各组黄颡鱼幼鱼的血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶活性差异不显著(P0.05);饲料中添加0.1%的谷氨酰胺可以显著提高黄颡鱼幼鱼肝脏中过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性(P0.05);随着饲料中谷氨酰胺添加量的增加,头肾巨噬细胞的吞噬指数呈升高趋势,且0.2%和0.4%组较对照组显著升高(P0.05),但0.2%和0.4%组间差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加0.1%~0.2%的谷氨酰胺能够提高机体的抗氧化能力和非特异性免疫力。     

Effect of Heat Stress on Milk Production,Rectal Temperature,Respiratory Rate and Blood Chemistry in Holstein,Jersey and Australian Milking Zebu Cows

The effect of heat stress on changes in milk production, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and blood chemistry was evaluated in three groups of six mature Holstein, Jersey and Australian Milking Zebu (AMZ) dairy cows. These animals were subjected to a cool environment when the mean temperature-humidity index (THI) was 72+/-1.4 (dry bulb temperature of 22.2-24.4 degrees C and relative humidity of 100-60%) during the month of December. This experiment was repeated during the hotter month of July of the following year, when the mean THI was 93+/-3.1 (dry bulb temperature of 35.6-43.9 degrees C and relative humidity 95-35%). Holstein cows produced more (p <0.01) milk than AMZ and Jersey cows during the cooler months of the year and all the cows were dry during the hotter months from June until September. Heat stress increased (p<0.01) rectal temperature and respiratory rate in all three breeds. Heat stress had no effect on blood pH in Holstein and AMZ cows but lowered (p <0.01) blood pH from 7.42 to 7.34 in Jersey cows. In addition, heat stress lowered (p <0.01) blood pCO2 (kPa), bicarbonate (HCO3, mmol/L), base excess (BE, mmol/L) and plasma chloride (Cl-, mmol/L) in all three breeds. The total haemoglobin (THb, g/dl) was elevated (p <0.01) in all three breeds when they were subjected to heat stress. Heat stress increased (p<0.01) oxygen saturation (O2SAT, %) in Jersey and AMZ cows but lowered it (p <0.01) in Holstein cows. On the other hand, heat stress increased (p <0.01)pO2 (kPa) in Holstein and Jersey cows but lowered it (p <0.01) in AMZ cows. Heat stress increased (p <0.01) plasma potassium (K, mmol/L) and calcium (Ca, mmol/L) only in Holstein and Jersey cows but lowered them (p<0.01) in AMZ cows. The plasma glucose (GLU, mmol/L) increased (p<0.01) with heat stress in Holstein and AMZ cows but decreased (p <0.01) in Jersey cows. Heat stress increased (p<0.01) plasma creatinine (CR, (mol/L) but lowered (p<0.01) plasma creatinine phosphokinase (CPK, IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, IU/L) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, mmol/L) in all three breeds. These results indicate that heat-stressed Holstein and AMZ cows were able to maintain their acid-base balance with a marginal change in their pH of 0.02 when their rectal temperatures increased by 0.47 and 0.38 degrees C, respectively. When heat stress increased the rectal temperature in Jersey cows by 0.70 degrees C, the pH decreased (p<0.01) from 7.42 to 7.34. However, even with this decrease 0.08 the pH is still within the lower physiological limit of 7.31.     

伊氏锥虫安锥赛抗药性相关基因-TbTA1的分析

为探讨伊氏锥虫对安锥赛抗药性的分子机理，以布氏锥虫对砷剂药物抗药性相关的TbTA1基因设计引物，以55℃、57℃、60℃、63℃和65℃不同退火温度，分别从伊氏锥虫敏感株的cDNA和基因组DNA中扩增出TbTA1基因的全长序列，但是从安锥赛抗药株伊氏锥虫的cDNA和基因组DNA中都未扩增出TbTA1基因，这表明基因TbTA1可能与伊氏锥虫安锥赛抗药性的产生有关。伊氏锥虫与布氏锥虫的，TbTA1基因序列比较，它们有10个碱基不同，即第88位的G（T.e）-A（T.b）、第144位的T（T．e）-C（T．b）、第224位的C（T．e）-T（T．b）、第471位的C（T.e）-T（T.b）、第472位的A（T．e）-G（T.b）、第549位的G（T．e）-T（T．b）、第1008位的C（T．e）-T（T.b）、第1033位的A（T．e）-G（T．b）、第1293位的A（T．e）-G（T．b）和第1384位的T（T．e）-C（T．b），其中有5个碱基所编码的氨基酸不同，即Val^30（T.e）Ile（T．b）、Ala^75（T．e）-Val（T．b）、Ile^158（T．e）-Val（T．b）、Thr^345（T．e）-Ala（T．b）和Ser^462（T.e）-Pro（T．b），这表明伊氏锥虫与布氏锥虫的TbTA1差异可能是它们的种间差异。     

The influence of temperature and age on the T1 relaxation time of the equine distal limb

The extent of fat suppression using short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging is variable between horses. Our aim was to determine if patient's age and/or hoof temperature have an influence on the T(1) relaxation time of bone marrow in the equine distal limb, thereby affecting the suppression of fat signal. Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on standing horses and cadaver samples using a low-field magnet (0.27 T). The hoof temperature was measured at the lateral side of the coronary band. A modified inversion recovery fast spin-echo (IR-FSE) sequence was used to measure the signal intensity for a range of inversion times (TIs) at six different regions of interest (ROI): (1) distal aspect of the proximal phalanx, (2) proximal aspect of the middle phalanx, (3) distal aspect of the middle phalanx, (4) navicular bone, (5) proximal aspect of the distal phalanx, and (6) distal aspect of the distal phalanx. The T(1) of the bone marrow in the equine distal limb was calculated from the results and was found to increase by 3.13 ± 0.08 (SE) ms/°C. There was no significant effect of age (2-16 years) but the T(1) values measured from the limbs of young (< 1 year) animals were considerably longer (32.6 ± 1.7 (SE) ms). Similar effects of temperature and age were found for all measured ROIs but there were significant differences in the mean values of T(1) , ranging from +7.7 (distal aspect of the distal phalanx) to -13.2 ms (distal aspect of the proximal phalanx).