Biosorption Capacity for Cadmium of Brown Seaweed Sargassum sinicola and Sargassum lapazeanum in the Gulf of California

Brown algae Sargassum sinicola and Sargassum lapazeanum were tested as cadmium biosorbents in coastal environments close to natural and enriched areas of phosphorite ore. Differences in the concentration of cadmium in these brown algae were found, reflecting the bioavailability of the metal ion in seawater at several sites. In the laboratory, maximum biosorption capacity (q _max) of cadmium by these nonliving algae was determined according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm as 62.42?±?0.44 mg g^?1 with the affinity constant (b) of 0.09 and 71.20?±?0.80 with b of 0.03 for S. sinicola and S. lapazeanum, respectively. Alginate yield was 19.16?±?1.52% and 12.7?±?1.31%, respectively. Although S. sinicola had far lower biosorption capacity than S. lapazeanum, the affinity for cadmium for S. sinicola makes this alga more suitable as a biosorbent because of its high q _max and large biomass on the eastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula. Sargassum biomass was estimated at 180,000 t, with S. sinicola contributing to over 70%.     

Cadmium,Copper and Zinc Biosorption Study by Non-Living Egeria densa Biomass

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - The processes impacting arsenic toxicity are a function of molecular speciation, where risk from chronic exposure to the reduced arsenic species is estimated to...     

四种生物质材料水浸提液淋洗镉污染土壤及其废水处理研究

采用八角金盘、枳椇子、空心莲子草和赤胫散4种生物质材料的水浸提液进行Cd污染土壤的批量淋洗试验,结果表明:4种生物质材料浸提液对污染土壤中的Cd均有一定去除作用,且差异显著(P0.05)。4种材料的Cd淋洗率随其浸提液浓度的增加呈对数、幂函数或倒数变化;赤胫散的Cd淋洗率随淋洗液p H增加呈线性上升,而其余3种生物质材料Cd淋洗率则随淋洗液p H增加呈线性、倒数或幂函数下降。[0]时间和淋洗量的关系以二级动力学模型(R~20.994)和Elovich方程(R~20.803)拟合效果较优。液土比增加能够促进Cd的淋洗。淋洗3次后,八角金盘、枳椇子、空心莲子草和赤胫散的Cd累积淋洗率分别达到78.31%、53.88%、47.59%和27.98%。此外,采用4种生物质材料浸提液淋洗后,土壤可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Cd含量显著降低(P0.05),土壤钾素含量略有增加,其他养分及有机质则下降。浸提残渣能够有效吸附淋洗废水中的Cd,用其处理后的废水达到国家排放标准。由此,兼顾Cd的淋洗率及对土壤性质的影响,八角金盘是一种修复Cd污染土壤的潜力材料。     

Zn对大麦Cd、Cu毒性的影响及其联合毒性效应

通过模拟土壤溶液进行水培试验,研究了锌（Zn）对大麦（Hordeum Vulgate）镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）毒性的影响,以及Zn-Cd和Zn-Cu的联合毒性效应。结果表明：Zn、Cd和Cu单独作用于大麦时,EC。分别为78．01、2．98、0．64μmol·L^-1,Zn的毒性远远小于Cd和Cu。在Zn-Cd混合体系中,当Zn浓度低于5μmol·L^-1时,随着溶液中Zn浓度的增加,EC50（Cd）呈显著的线性增加,表明低浓度Zn对大麦Cd毒性具有抑制作用;利用毒性单位（TU）模型计算了Zn-Cd混合体系的TUmix值,结果显示TUtax≥1TU,且Tu。随Zn浓度的升高而增加,表明Zn、Cd联合作用于大麦时主要表现为拮抗作用,且这种作用和混合体系中Zn的比例有关。在Zn-Cu混合体系中,随着Zn浓度的增加,大麦相对根长（RE）明显减小,EC50（Cu）逐渐降低,表明Zn增强了大麦Cu的毒性;Zn-Cu的Tumix。均小于1TU,Zn、Cu联合作用于大麦时表现为协同毒性作用。     

Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase and Phenolic Compounds in Chamomile Tolerance to Cadmium and Copper Excess

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5), total phenolics, soluble proteins, malondialdehyde and metals accumulation in four-week old chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) plants cultivated in nutrient solution and exposed to low (3 μM) and high (60 and 120 μM) levels of cadmium (Cd) or copper (Cu) for 7 days were studied. High Cd concentrations had a stimulatory effect on PAL activity and soluble phenolics accumulation while high Cu doses decreased soluble proteins in the leaf rosettes. In the roots, extreme stimulatory effects of 60 and 120 μM Cu were observed on PAL activity, phenolics and malondialdehyde accumulation, while protein content was reduced by these Cu doses. Cd accumulation was higher in the leaf rosettes compared to copper, but the opposite was recorded in the roots. Taken together, the stimulatory effect of Cu on phenolic metabolism was recorded, even though high malondialdehyde accumulation may be an indication that phenolics was not sufficient to counteract reactive oxygen species formation thus leading to damage of membrane integrity. In comparison to Cd, Cu had more noticeable effect on the parameters studied to support its strong redox-active properties. These facts in correlation to antioxidative properties of phenolic metabolites are also discussed.     

Remediation of Copper and Cadmium in Contaminated Soils using Compost with Inorganic Amendments

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Compost enriched with inorganic amendments has been evaluated in laboratory-based experiments for its effectiveness to immobilise heavy metals in contaminated...     

Removal of Copper and Cadmium Ions from Diluted Aqueous Solutions by Low Cost and Waste Material Adsorbents

The sorption of copper and cadmium ions using activated carbon,kaolin, bentonite, diatomite and waste materials such as compost,cellulose pulp waste and anaerobic sludge as sorbents is reported. Equilibrium isotherms were obtained for the adsorption of these metals in single and binary solutions. Bentonite presented the highest adsorption capacities for both copper and cadmium. A competitive uptake was observed when both metals are present; copper being preferentially adsorbed by all materials with theexception of anaerobic sludge. Equilibrium data were fitted toLangmuir and Freundlich models, with satisfactory results for most of the adsorbent-metal systems studied.Of all the adsorbents studied, bentonite and compost presentedthe highest removal efficiencies, reaching 99% for copper whencadmium is also present, for initial solution concentrations ofup to 100 mg L^-1. Anaerobic sludge has a greater preferencefor cadmium, even in the presence of copper, with removal efficiencies of 98% for similar concentrations to those mentioned above.     

Biosorption of lead and chromium by penicillium preparations

Penicillium sp. mycelium can accumulate Pb from aqueous solutions of nitrate. Uptake of Pb by mycelial preparations after heat treatment was more rapid, but the maximum quantity bound remained unchanged. Chromium was not accumulated from solutions of potassium dichromate unless the mycelial preparation was first incubated in Pb nitrate. In the example given, 0.14 g of dry mycelium incubated in Pb nitrate (50 ppm, 2 hr) contained 850 gg of Pb and subsequently accumulated 120 μg of Cr in 5 min from 20 mL of 20 ppm dichromate solution. We suggest that the binding of divalent Pb cations to negative fungal wall sites reverses their charge, enabling them to accumulate Cr anions.     

Copper Biosorption by Biomass of Marine Alga: Study of Equilibrium and Kinetics in Batch System and Adsorption/Desorption Cycles in Fixed Bed Column

Copper biosorption onto chemically modified biomass of marine alga Sargassum filipendula was investigated in a batch reactor and a fixed bed column. Experiments were carried out in the batch reactor to obtain kinetic and equilibrium data and to assess the copper desorption efficiency of different eluent solutions. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Langmuir kinetic models were used to correlate kinetic data. The experimental data fitted well to the pseudo first order and Langmuir kinetic models. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe the equilibrium data obtained at a fixed temperature of 30°C and at pH values of 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0. The maximum capacities of copper biosorption onto the algal biomass were 1.43, 1.59, 2.40, and 2.36 mequiv./g at pH 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0, respectively. The efficiencies of two eluent solutions (calcium chloride and hydrochloric acid) for copper removal from the biomass were evaluated at different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mol/L). The efficiencies of the calcium chloride solutions varied from 1% to 14%, while efficiencies varying from 95% to 99% were obtained when hydrochloric acid solutions were applied. Three adsorption/desorption cycles were carried out in a fixed bed column using 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid as eluent solution. The results showed that an increase in the number of cycles led to a reduction in the adsorption capacity of the alga. The desorbed copper fraction presented no significant variation, remaining around 63% in the three adsorption/desorption cycles.     

Competitive Effect of Copper,Zinc, Cadmium and Nickel on Ion Adsorption and Desorption by Soil Clays

This study evaluated the effect of competing copper, zinc, cadmium and nickel ions in 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂ on heavy metal sorption and desorption by soil clay fractions. Initial Cu addition levels varied from 99 mg kg^-1 to 900 mg kg^-1 and Zn, Cd and Ni levels were 94, 131 and 99 mg kg^-1, respectively. Sorption of Cu conformed to a Freundlich equation. The amounts of metals not displaced by successive 48 h desorption cycles with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂ were considered ‘specifically adsorbed’. Total sorption of Zn and Cd generally decreased in the order: Vertisol > Gleyic Acrisol > Planosol clay. More than 70% of the copper was specifically sorbed. Specific sorption of Zn was depressed by competition with Cu in the three clays investigated. At surface coverages higher than 200 mg Cu per kg of soil clay, zinc sorption in the Planosol and Gleyic Acrisol clays took place at low affinity sites. The exchangeable component of sorbed cadmium accounted for >:60% of the sorption in the Vertisol clay, >70% in the Gleyic Acrisol clay and was almost 100% in the Planosol clay. Nickel was not retained by the Planosol and Gleyic Acrisol clays and was ionexchangeably adsorbed by the Vertisol clay. At the conditions studied, Ni and Cd remain a ready source of pollution hazard.     

Cadmium Uptake by Yeast, Candida tropicalis, Isolated from Industrial Effluents and Its Potential Use in Wastewater Clean-Up Operations

This study is aimed at assessing the ability of metal-resistant yeast, Candida tropicalis, to uptake cadmium from the liquid medium. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Cd²⁺ against C. tropicalis was 2,800 mg L^?1. The yeast also showed tolerance towards Zn²⁺ (3,100 mg L^?1), Ni²⁺ (3,000 mg L^?1), Hg²⁺ (2,400 mg L^?1), Cu²⁺ (2,300 mg L^?1), Cr⁶⁺ (2,000 mg L^?1), and Pb²⁺ (1,200 mg L^?1). The yeast isolate showed typical growth curves, but low specific rate of growth was observed in the presence of cadmium. The yeast isolate showed optimum growth at 30°C and pH 7. The metal processing ability of the isolate was determined in a medium containing 100 mg L^?1 of Cd²⁺. C. tropicalis could decline Cd²⁺ 57%, 69%, and 80% from the medium after 48, 96, and 144 h, respectively. C. tropicalis was also able to remove Cd²⁺ 56% and 73% from the wastewater after 6 and 12 days, respectively. Cd produced an increase in glutathione (GSH) and non-protein thiol levels by 146.15% and 59.67% at 100 mg L^?1 concentration, respectively. Metal tolerance and accumulation together with changes in the GSH status and non-protein thiols under Cd exposure were studied in C. tropicalis.     

Biosorption of lead and uranium by Streptomyces sp.

Both Pb(II) and UO₂ ²⁺ were abstracted from aqueous solution by both living and dead biomasses of Streptomyces sp. The organisms were particularly effective in taking up UO₂ ²⁺ ions. Optimum pH for both metals was pH 5 to 6. For a UO₂ ²⁺ concentrations of 1 mmol L^?1 and a dead biomass concentration of 1 g L^?1, 60% of the UO₂ ²⁺ was removed from solution. If cell wall material of the organism was prepared from a killed biomass an equal weight of the material removed 90% of the UO₂ ²⁺ from solution. in this case accumulated U in the biomass was 0.9 mmol g^?1 of dry biomass. Electron micrographs showed clearly that the Pb abstracted was only in the microorganisms cell surface, but UO₂ ²⁺ uptake was also intracellular.     

Effect of Organic Matter on the Release Behavior and Extractability of Copper and Cadmium in Soil

Land disposal of organic waste materials may alter the heavy-metal status of the soil by affecting metal solubility or dissociation kinetics. The aim of this investigation was to study the influences of poultry manure and pistachio compost (at the rate of 300 g kg^?1) on release behavior and extractability of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in two soils of Iran. For release studies, samples after incubation were extracted with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at pH 7.0 with shaker for periods of 5 to 2880 min. Results showed that during the reaction periods, Cu and Cd release rates were rapid at first and then became slower until equilibrium was achieved. In the two soils, extractability of Cu increased with poultry manure treatment and decreased with pistachio compost treatment as compared to the control soil, and extractability of Cd decreased with both pistachio compost and poultry manure treatments as compared to the control soil.     

Copper,Zinc, and Lead Fractions in Soils Long-Term Irrigated with Municipal Wastewater

Long-term irrigation with municipal wastewater may lead, even in spite of intense farming, to an accumulation of organic matter, nutrient elements, and trace metals in soils. Excessive increases of heavy metals may pose a potential risk to the food chain and provoke restrictions for the further cultivation of sensitive crops. Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) forms in soils under long-term irrigation (for 100–120 years) with treated wastewater of Wroclaw were investigated by using selective seven-step sequential extraction (procedure of Zeien-Bruemmer) for partitioning the metals into operationally defined fractions, likely to be released in solution under various environmental conditions. The largest fraction of Cu, Pb, and particularly Zn in nonirrigated (control) soils was strongly bound in a residual form, while the percentage of exchangeable and the most labile fractions were negligible. Total concentration of metals in irrigated soils was elevated, and significant redistribution of metals among phases was observed. Percentages of residual fraction of Cu and Pb were no more than 25% (Zn < 40%), while significantly increased contribution of fractions occluded on iron (Fe) oxides and organically bound Cu. Exchangeable and readily mobile forms of Zn are predominant zinc fractions in soils irrigated with wastewater.     

Accumulations of Cadmium,Zinc, and Copper by Rice Plants Grown on Soils Amended with Composted Pig Manure

A pot experiment, in which composted pig manure was applied to soils at rates of 0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 5.0% (W/W) to simulate additions of different amounts of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) to soil, was conducted to assess accumulation of metals by rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants from soils treated with manure. Results indicated that Cd concentrations in rice grains were more than the limit of 0.2 mg kg^?1 when 0.14 mg kg^?1 or more Cd was loaded to Ferralsols by manure application, but it was not more than the limit in Calcaric Cambisols. Zinc contents in polished rice grains did not exceed the permissible limit of 50 mg kg^?1 in two soils. Copper concentrations in rice grain were slightly more than the limit of 10 mg kg^?1 in Ferralsols but not in Calcaric Cambisols. Results suggested greater risk of heavy‐metal contamination from manure to paddy rice in Ferralsols than in Calcaric Cambisols.     

Oxidative Stress Induced by Cadmium and Copper in Brassica rapa Leaves: Indicators of Stress,Oxidative Damage,and Antioxidant Mechanisms

Brassica rapa is frequently used as a vegetable for human consumption and can accumulate metals that are bioavailable in soils. We studied the oxidative stress induced by 25 μM cadmium (Cd) and 50 μM copper (Cu) on Brassica rapa leaves and evaluated the intracellular antioxidative plant response mechanisms and the accumulation of these metals. With this purpose, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentration, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic and nonenzymatic responses was determined. The obtained results indicate that Cd and Cu induced different plant responses. Oxidative stress induced by Cu was characterized by increased lipid peroxidation and free proline levels. Guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase showed a relevant role in H₂O₂ removal. Cadmium did not influence lipid peroxidation, H₂O₂, proline and glutathione contents, and the enzymatic response mainly involves superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. It was concluded that both excess Cu and Cd induced oxidative stress but plant response is characterized by different antioxidative response mechanisms.     

土壤重金属铜、镉胁迫对冬小麦碳氮运转的影响

在盆栽试验条件下,选用铜、镉两种金属元素各设置3个浓度水平,即Cu,（100mg／kg）,Cu2（200mg／kg）,Cu3（300mg／kg）和Cd1（10mg／kg）,Cd2（50mg／kg）,Cd3（100mg／kg）共6个处理,以不施金属元素处理为对照．研究了Cu。Cd胁迫对冬小麦碳氨运转的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,铜、镉处理降低了小麦叶片、茎鞘、颖壳等营养器官花前贮藏物质再运转量和再运转率以及花前营养器官总运转量和运转率。降低了粒重。其中以Cu2,Cd2处理对叶片影响最大,Cu3,Cd2处理对茎鞘、颖壳穗轴和总运转量影响最大。小麦叶片、茎鞘、颖壳等营养器官花前贮藏氮索再运转量和总运转量随铜、镉施用浓度的增加而降低,籽粒氨素积累量也随之降低,而各营养器官花前贮藏氮素再运转率和总运转率的变化较为复杂。Cu。Cd对籽粒产量、淀粉和蛋白质含量的影响均表现为随施用浓度增加而降低的趋势。     

Contributions of Schoenoplectus californicus in a Constructed Wetland System Receiving Copper Contaminated Wastewater

Functional roles of Schoenoplectus californicus, giant bulrush, were evaluated in an 3.2 ha (8-acre) constructed wetland treatment system receiving copper-contaminated water. The constructed wetland used in this research was designed to decrease bioavailable copper concentrations in a wastestream and eliminate associated toxicity to downstream biota by exploiting the thermodynamic processes responsible for copper speciation. This was achieved by integrating carbon, sulfur and copper biogeochemical cycles. In this system, S. californicus, which represents an integral part of the carbon cycle, provides a physical, chemical and biological role in removing metals from the aqueous phase. The specific contributions of S. californicus in this system are to provide a sustainable carbon source for removal of copper by (1) provision of an organic ligand for sorption of copper entering the system, (2) production of organic ligands through growth of S. californicus, (3) accretion of organic ligands over time due to decomposition of S. californicus detritus, and (4) use of organic carbon as an energy source for dissimilatory sulfate production. Shoots and roots of viable S. californicus sorbed 0.88% and 5.88%, respectively, of copper entering the system. The half-life of S. californicus detritus in the constructed wetland system was approximately 184 d, indicating that sufficient detritus will accrete over time, providing binding sites for copper and an energy source for bacterial metabolic processes that contribute to copper immobilization in wetland systems.     

滨海盐渍土和棕壤咸水入渗特征分析

基于室内均匀土柱一维垂直积水人渗试验,分析了入渗水矿化度对滨海盐渍土和棕壤人渗历时、入渗速率、累积入渗量、平均含水率增量的影响.结果表明,相对淡水入渗,咸水入渗显著增加土壤入渗能力,盐渍土和棕壤入渗能力分别在矿化度为12 g/L和3 g/L时最强,到达25 cm湿润锋处入渗历时分别比淡水少32.5％和38.2％.同一矿化度条件下,通常盐渍土入渗能力较棕壤强;不同矿化度条件下,盐渍土入渗能力差异较小.Philip模型对短历时咸水入渗拟合精度较高,偏差在±0.19％范围内.不同矿化度水入渗,盐渍土湿润剖面平均含水率增量为38.22％～38.85％,棕壤为36.64％～37.82％.