调整花序留量 山楂稳产高产

山楂的花芽为混合芽。春季混合芽萌发后,先抽生结果新梢,随着结果新梢的抽生,花序即露出(花序着生在结果新梢顶端),当结果新梢加长生长停止后,花序即分离开花。山楂开花后,其花序座果数与单果重或单果体积之间矛盾不大(不同于苹果),因此生产中一般都采用花期喷赤霉素(九二○)提高花序座果率和花序座果数的办法来提高产量和质量。生产实践证明,这种在负载量不加控制,植株处于超负荷生长的情况下,大小年现象是非常严重的。生产实践也证明,只有在调整花序留量的基础上喷赤霉素,才能克服大小年,提高产量和质量,实现既壮树又丰产。     

晋中市梨树主要病虫害的发生及防治技术

新梢：春季在病芽萌发的新梢上布满黑霉。病斑向上扩展可使叶柄变黑。病梢叶片初变红,再变黄,最后干枯,不易脱落,或脱落而呈于橛。芽鳞：在一个枝条上,亚顶芽最易受害,病芽鳞片茸毛较多,后期产生黑霉,严重时芽鳞开裂枯死。花序：花序受害后,花萼和花梗基部可呈现黑色霉斑,接着叶簇基部也可发病,致使花序和叶簇萎蔫枯死。叶片：幼     

栗芽发育特性的研究

通过对栗芽的观察研究,明确了栗树新梢上的叶、芽、花序均在芽内奠基;雄花序主要在芽形成的当年的6—8月分化;混合花序在冬季休眠后至萌芽前分化,混合花序是由冬前雏梢分化期分化的雏梢叶腋间的芽原基发育而成;混合花序的分化是芽已经在上年分化有雄花序的基础上进行的;不同的修剪方法对花芽的分化有不同的作用,休眠期对弱枝疏剪,有促进完全混合芽形成的作用;对外围延长枝的短截及完全混合芽的形成有不利的影响;栗的许多生长结果特性均受芽发育特性的影响。     

气温,光照条件对夏菊花品种花序芽发育的影响

夏菊花品种完成低温诱导后的进一步发育要求短日照条件；发育速度（以到成蕾、开花所需的天数表示）与气温呈负相关关系（相关系数分别为－０．９７和－０．９６），低光照强度不能逆转已分化的花序芽，但能延缓发育的速度和使顶花序芽下部各级侧芽发育成为营养簇生枝。     

银柳

银柳（Salix leucopithecia）又名银芽柳和棉花柳，杨柳科柳属，落叶丛生灌木。基部抽枝，新枝被绒毛。叶互生，长椭圆形，叶缘有细锯齿，叶端渐尖。雌雄异株，花芽肥大，每芽外有紫红色革质苞片，花期元月至2月，苞片脱落后成柔荑花序，露出银白色似毛笔状的花芽，花后在雌株枝节结果，清明前后果熟开裂，种子微细．外被棉花状白色细毛，随风飞扬传播。     

红树莓花芽分化的初步研究

对红树莓（ＲｕｂｕｓｉｄａｅｕｓＬ．）的花芽分化进行了观察，结果如下：１．在哈尔滨地区红树莓当年枝条无花芽产生，最早花芽分化始于翌年５月上旬的结果母枝；２．红树莓属混合芽，每芽可产生１２～１３个花序，花序为有限型，顶花最先分化，各花自上而下顺序产生；３．花芽分化持续时间较长，因而造成开花、结果及采收参差不齐。栽培上应采取相应措施     

板栗赤霉素缺陷型短雄花序芽变的初步鉴定及CmGID1基因的表达分析

 利用赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸、乙烯利和吲哚乙酸分别涂抹板栗短雄花序,结果显示仅赤霉素能够抑制短雄花序顶端的细胞程序性死亡,并在一定程度上恢复短雄花序的伸长生长。通过RT-PCR扩增方法,从板栗短雄花序芽变和正常雄花序cDNA中克隆出赤霉素受体基因GID1部分序列。测序及序列分析结果表明：克隆的cDNA片段为786 bp,所推导的氨基酸序列与杨毛果GID1氨基酸序列有91%的同源性,与陆地棉、蓖麻GID1均有85%的氨基酸序列同源性。经氨基酸序列功能分析,推测该GID1序列是板栗有编码功能的赤霉素受体基因,命名为CmGID1（GenBank登录号为HQ651231）。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,从花序萌发至花药萌发前期,除其中一个时期（5月23日）外,芽变短雄花序CmGID1的表达量均高于正常雄花序;在花序的快速生长期,芽变短雄花序CmGID1表达量显著高于正常雄花序（P < 0.01）;且赤霉素处理后恢复生长的短雄花序CmGID1表达量显著降低（P < 0.01）。综合试验结果,初步揭示了该短雄花序为一个赤霉素缺陷型突变体。     

克服银杏大小年结果的技术

单产低、大小年严重是我国银杏（白果）产区普遍存在的问题。全国银杏主产区之一的灵川县现有50年以上银杏树21000多株,其中雌树20445株,推树588株。1975年至1995年的21年间平均年产白果444．605t,最高产年可达746．475t,最低产年仅有270t,大小年结果明显。现根据本人多年的生产实践及结合我县丰产、稳产栽培管理经验．提出克服银杏单产低、大小年结果现象严重的四项技术措施,供参考。1．科学施肥银杏是需肥量大的树种。为了保证丰产、稳定,必须科学施肥。1．l芽前肥此次施肥宜在萌芽前20天左右（2月下旬至3月上旬）施下。株产5（）k…     

四季蜜杜夏梢结果母枝状态与其反季节花序质量的关系

为探索四季蜜枉夏梢结果母枝状态与其反季节花序质量的关系，采用调查分析与生物统计方法，探讨了两者的线性相关关系，以期为枉果反季节生产中培养理想的结果母枝、提高反季节花序质量提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）结果母枝长度与花序体积呈显著反曲线二次多项式相关;（2）结果母枝粗度与花序宽度、花序体积和一级侧花枝数呈极显著直线相关，与花序长度呈显著直线相关，（3）结果母枝体积与花序体积呈极显著直线相关，与花序长度、花序宽度和一级侧花枝数呈显著直线相关；（4）结果母枝叶片数与花序一级侧花枝数呈显著直线相关；（5）结果母枝叶面积与花序长度、花序宽度、花序体积和一级侧花枝数均呈显著直线相关，且各相关性的显著水平比较接近。     

栗树整形修剪技术

丹东地区的栗园大多建在山坡或丘陵地上,土层较薄,土壤有机质含量低。丹东的气候特点是阴雨天气多,日照时数少,年日照时数为2350-2530h,比同纬度的北京和营口少12％～16％。栗树生长结果习性是喜光性强,其光补偿点为3000lx,高于桃（2600lx）等。栗树极性生长强,顶端优势明显,结果部位外移快,易产生大小年。与苹果和梨不同,其靠外围强壮枝先端大芽结果（即第一年形成壮枝大芽,第二年就可以开花结果）,如先端着生小芽则很难结果（虽然是强枝）。     

施肥时期对杨梅大小年的影响

将采后（７月）施肥提前到春、夏梢发生前施用，能显著地缩小杨梅大小年幅度（变异指数春、夏肥为１２．０４，采后肥为３３．９８）；夏梢停长前（７月上旬）喷布５００ｍｇ·１~(-１)多效唑，增产效果显著；施春、夏肥与采后肥相比，果实单果重、可溶性固形物含量显著提高，果实含酸量显著降低。     

A reevaluation of alternate bearing in pistachio

Studies documenting pistachio fruiting patterns (Pistacia vera L.) conclude this species shows evidence of alternate bearing; fruit production fluctuates between an ‘on’ year of high yields and an ‘off’ year of low yields. However, alternate bearing in pistachio has never been statistically tested. We collected yields of 4288 trees over six years to test for alternate bearing in a mature orchard planted with ‘Kerman’ scions grafted onto P. integerrima rootstock – the combination planted on the bulk of the acreage in California. A majority (58%) of the trees exhibited statistically significant alternate bearing patterns. Yet 42% showed yield patterns that were indistinguishable from random fluctuations, the standard measure of alternate bearing (I) was only modest (mean I = 0.48), and I varied considerably among trees (range = 0.04–0.83). These findings support that pistachio shows alternate bearing behavior but suggest alternate bearing is less ubiquitous and fruiting patterns are more complex than previously suspected. The presence of such a diversity of yield dynamics creates considerable challenges for crop management and research.     

Potential of ethephon,NAA, NAD and urea for thinning pistachio fruitlets

Alternate bearing, the occurrence of high yield ‘on’ year followed by low yield ‘off’ year, is striking in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Floral buds of pistachio are formed a year before bloom, but abscise during the years with heavy crop (‘on’ year). Abscission of floral buds is due to competition between growing seeds on 1-year-old shoots and developing buds on current season growth. We studied the effects of chemical fruit thinning on alternate bearing and nut characteristics in a commercial orchard of ‘Owhadi’ pistachio cultivar during 2003–2004 in Rafsanjan, Iran. In both years, ethephon (100 and 200 mg l⁻¹), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (125 and 250 mg l⁻¹) and urea (2.5 and 5%) were applied to the branch units of each individual ‘on’-year trees. The results showed that ethephon at both concentrations significantly increased fruit thinning and floral bud retention for the subsequent year. Other treatments also increased fruit thinning and floral bud retention but were inferior to ethephon.     

Contributions of short- and long-shoots to yield of ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

The canopy of a mature ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) tree is composed of two types of shoots: short-shoots composed entirely of preformed nodes, and long-shoots composed of both preformed and neoformed nodes. Since the production of these two types of shoots is known to be related to rootstock and rootstock influences yield of pistachio the relationship of these two types of shoots to yield was investigated during two cropping years. Individual short-shoots produced significantly less yield and had fewer fruit clusters per shoot compared with long-shoots, but collectively produced 55–60% of the total yield. Long-shoots positively affected yield components in one year, but had no effect in the other year. Whether the differences in the one year were due to canopy position and light interception or differences in the carbohydrate allocation within the two types of shoots could not be determined from the current data. Long-shoots initiated more inflorescence buds, although inflorescence bud formation was restricted to the preformed growth and only the 3–4 earliest neoformed nodes. However, when expressed as a percentage, long-shoots retained a lower percentage of initiated inflorescence buds, compared with short-shoots. Regardless of shoot type, less than half of the retained inflorescence buds produced mature fruit clusters. Thus, inflorescence bud retention, a previously hypothesized mechanism of pistachio alternate bearing, may not be the primary limiting factor to yield in pistachio.     

The Effect of Partial Defoliation at Different Times in the Season on Fruit Drop and Shoot Growth in Lord Lambourne Apple Trees

Six-branched trees were deblossomed on alternate branches and various defoliation treatments given. For the period of 7 to 30 days from the time of treatment, defoliations increased the compound-interest rates of fruit drop. After this period these rates of drop became equal to those of untreated trees and the relative differences in crop numbers established by this time persisted until harvest though the actual numbers still fell. The earlier in the season that the defoliations were applied the greater were the relative differences. The removal of spur leaves from branches bearing fruit caused greater drop than the removal of spur leaves from neighbouring deblossomed branches. The removal of leaves from extension and bourse shoots of fruiting or deblossomed branches had no significant effect upon fruit drop or shoot growth.

The removal of all flowers from alternate branches at mouse-ear caused more shoots to grow from these branches than from branches allowed to fruit. Removal, at pink bud, of spur leaves from either fruiting or non-fruiting branches increased the number of shoots on both branches, but removal deferred till later in the season had no effect.     

Einfluss selektiver mechanischer Fruchtbehangsregulierung auf Ethylensynthese als Stressindikator sowie Ertrag und Fruchtqualität bei Kernobst

The overall objective of this work was to improve fruit quality, break alternate bearing and reduce hand thinning using fewer chemicals in fruit crops. A device was constructed for mechanical thinning, which consisted of three independent horizontal rotors with ropes and freely adjustable angles on a frame, mounted on a front three point hitch and powered by the tractor hydraulics. This can be adapted to any fruit tree trained as spindle, Solaxe, (tall) vertical axis or fruit wall (le mur fruitier) irrespective of rootstock employed. Rotor speed varied from 300 to 460?rpm at either 5 or 7.5?km/h tractor speed. Eight-year-old or twelve-old apple trees cvs. ‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were mechanically thinned in 2007 between pink bud and full bloom (flower bud stages 6–8 or F1–F2) near Bonn, Germany; non-thinned and hand-thinned apple trees of the same block and variety served as control. Mechanically thinned flowering branches showed a similar amount of ethylene efflux (0.4–0.6?ppm C₂H₄/branch) as non-thinned flower branches, preventing potentially unexpected subsequent fruit drop, except for those removed by the rotors. The impact of the horizontal rotors on the branches was from the upper side and removed excessive flowers right to the tree trunk viz. the centre of the tree canopy, where fruits of lesser quality are expected leaving 2–3 flowers per cluster. Leaf damage was less than??10%, even at the fast rotor speed of 420?rpm, which was associated with negligible wood injury. Mechanical thinning induced firmer and sweeter fruit, i.e. tastier apples with longer shelf life, relative to control fruit from non-thinned apple trees. The greatest efficacy in terms of final fruit quality in the grading/sorting was achieved by a rotor speed of 360?rpm at a tractor speed of 5?km/h: Fruit mass increased by up to 20?g and the proportion of fruit larger than 70–75?mm by 10–30% compared with the fruit from non-thinned trees. Mechanical thinning with this newly constructed device led to a 10–20% reduction in yield, but increased returns due to better fruit size and colouration in apple with the potential to overcome alternate bearing.     

辐射诱变和芽变柑橘品种(系)的AFLP分析

为了对广东省近年来新选育的16个60Co-γ辐射诱变和芽变柑橘优良品系(株系)进行遗传差异分析,应用AFLP技术,对3个亲本和16个辐射诱变和芽变的柑橘品种(系)进行了遗传差异分析。从64对引物中筛选出9对多态性高、分辨能力强的引物进行分析,结果表明:(1)与各自的亲本相比,供试16个辐射诱变和芽变的柑橘变异类型的遗传基础均已经发生了不同程度的变化。(2)利用引物EcoRⅠAAG+MseⅠCTT绘制供试样品的AFLP指纹图谱,并根据各自的差异带或特征带区分了19个柑橘试材。(3)对AFLP扩增结果进行聚类分析,根据相似系数0.77的水平可将19个样品分为4组。红江橙品系中的华青1号与亲本间的相似性系数仅为0.647 7,可将其单独划为一组。可为柑橘新品种选育研究的早期鉴定提供参考依据。     

11个葡萄品种在乐山地区的花芽分化规律

研究了11个葡萄品种3年生树在四川乐山地区避雨栽培条件下的花芽分化表现。结果表明,结果母枝的花芽分化率,魏可、维多利亚、黑芭拉多、金手指、金优2号和巨玫瑰6个品种的都高于50%,较易形成花芽;户太8号、巨峰、夏黑的在43%~48%;美人指和红指较难形成花芽。结果母枝不同节位的花芽分化率,多数品种在第3节位≥50%;结果枝上花穗着生节位在第3.8~4.9节,其中双花率以巨玫瑰、巨峰和户太8号较高,分别为83.45%、73.61%和73.06%。以结果母枝的花芽分化率≥50%节位作为冬剪的最低节位,则金优2号、户太8号、巨玫瑰、金手指、维多利亚5个品种在第3~4节,黑芭拉多和巨峰2个品种在第2~3节,魏可在1~2节。夏黑表现花芽分化率较低,为43.33%,可能与夏黑不耐弱光有关,设施栽培时应加强透光性。     

Manipulating Regular Bearing in ‘Golden Delicious’/M9 Apple Trees using GA4+7 and Ethephon

Control of regular cropping in apple is considered critical for fruit growers to ensure their economical sustainability. Irregular flowering can be mitigated by plant growth regulators thanks to their promotion or inhibition effects. In this study, responses of GA₄₊₇ and ethephon on alternate bearing in ‘Golden Delicious’/M9 were examined. GA₄₊₇ and ethephon were applied on the same trees during three consecutive years (2010–12). Flowering, yield, shoot growth, and also some fruit quality parameters were assessed. GA₄₊₇ appeared to be more effectual to regulate alternate bearing. The alternate bearing index calculated with yield in successive years was high in control (0.91), moderate in ethephon (0.71), and low in GA₄₊₇ treated trees (0.41). Modified alternate bearing index, based on cluster number, indicated moderate intensity in GA₄₊₇ (0.53) and high intensity in the others. Although GA₄₊₇ reduced crop density at about 50%, there was little variation in yield per tree and crop efficiency due to increasing of fruit size. GA₄₊₇ did not increase shot length after establishment of equilibrium between vegetative and generative growth in 2012. Ethephon slightly reduced vegetative growth and relatively increased fruit size due to the decrease of fruit set.