华北型连栋塑料温室节能对策与实践

华北型连栋塑料温室采用双层充气膜覆盖、移动式内保温幕、地中热交换系统和砖结构北山墙等节能措施。实践表明,北京地区冬季不供暖时室内最低温度达到８℃以上,室内外温差达到１１℃,节能效果显著。     

温室采用多层内覆盖保温节能效果研究

采用减小直接加热空间的温室节能措施，设计建造了试验温室，以乙烯-醋酸乙烯(EVA)膜作为水平内覆盖材料，以针织毡保温被作为温室侧墙内垂直保温覆盖材料，夜间在水源热泵加温条件下，研究了温室内增加1层水平保温覆盖、增加2层水平保温覆盖、四周侧墙内增加垂直保温覆盖对温室夜温变化的影响，以温室内外平均温差、相对节能率为指标，比较了温室不同保温措施的保温节能效果，结果表明：增加第1层水平保温覆盖可使温室内外温差提高1.9℃;增加2层水平保温覆盖可使温室内外温差再提高1.6℃；再在温室四周侧墙内增加针织毡保温被，还可使温室内外温差再提高1.7℃，与未采取附加覆盖的温室(对照)相比，3种保温措施的相对节能率分别为20.34%、31.78%、40.53%，温室3种内覆盖新增投资的静态投资收益率远高于现代农业的基准收益率。     

缀铝箔保温幕保温性能测试分析

通过测试对比,分析了缀铝箔保温幕对温室内温度变化的影响,对保温幕的节能效果进行了计算分析,发现由于采用开间间拉幕方式密封不严,系统的节能率在温室加温期间仅有２０％左右,与国外同类系统相比,存在很大差异。最后对如何改进拉幕系统,提高保温幕的节能效果提出了具体措施,对温室的温度管理模式提出了建议。     

连栋温室简易内保温幕保温节能研究

对连栋温室内简易内保温幕保温节能研究结果表明,使用简易内保温幕初冬时节可使供暖设施启动时间推延14d左右,早7:0 0平均气温提高2 .6 5℃,比双层充气膜温室约节煤6 2 5 0 .5 g/m2 ,节能率达38.2 4 % ;启动供暖设施后可使温室内早7:0 0平均气温提高2 .16℃,比阳光板温室约节煤70 g/m2 ·d ,节能率为11.84 %。简易保温幕降低了试验开间内光照度,但其透光率仍高于双层充气膜温室和阳光板温室     

连栋温室可移动式双层内保温幕保温节能效果初探

在连栋温室内用聚乙烯膜、镀铝膜(单层镀铝,镀铝面朝下)设置可移动式双层内保温幕,与对照温室和双层充气膜温室相比较研究其保温节能效果和对温室内光照度的影响。结果表明在甘肃榆中地区,连栋温室内使用可移动式双层内保温幕在初冬时节可以使供暖设施启动的时间推延1个月左右,具有明显的节能效果;在启动供暖设施后,可以使温室内凌晨的温度提高2.5～3.5℃,其保温效果优于双层充气膜;在阴雪天气下,与双层充气膜相比可以提高正午12:00温室内气温;对温室内光照度的影响有3种情况:在晴天,室内光照低于对照但高于双层充气膜的温室;在阴雪天,室内光照度略低于双层充气膜的温室;在多云天气下,对一个座北朝南的温室而言,可移动式双层内保温幕的聚乙烯膜正午在温室内距地面不同高度的平面上对光照度的影响面积占温室总面积的比因温室结构和当日正午太阳高度角的不同而不同,可由公式:A=1-(β-x)/(α?tgα)确定     

连栋温室内保温幕节能效果的研究分析

内保温幕是温室供热系统运行时的重要节能措施,其中由于铝箔反射型内保温幕使用优点和节能效果而得到了广泛应用。该文旨在对温室内保温幕的节能率进行理论分析和计算。对内保温幕,尤其是反射型内保温幕的节能机理进行了分析,给出了计算温室供热能耗以及内保温幕节能效果的数学模型,并应用此模型进行了计算。对计算结果进行分析,得出反射型内保温幕辐射特性对保温节能效果的影响趋势。同时,还对数学模型进行了实验论证     

地膜作为温室固定保温幕效果研究

该研究是在有活动式内保温幕的前提下，通过增加固定式内保温幕提高保温效果。结果表明这一措施是可行的，采用地膜作为固定幕材料，在3月中旬可提高幕内气温1.0～3.1℃，各部位平均提高1.4℃；凌晨最低温度可提高1.4℃，并且在低温条件下，表现出更好的保温性。幕内热量的传递方向主要是向南侧和周边。地膜作为固定式内保温幕成本低，节能效果好，易实施，但对室内光照产生一定不利影响。     

地膜作为温室固定保温幕效果研究

该研究是在有活动式内保温幕的前提下,通过增加固定式内保温幕提高保温效果.结果表明这一措施是可行的,采用地膜作为固定幕材料,在3月中旬可提高幕内气温1.0～3.1℃,各部位平均提高1.4℃;凌晨最低温度可提高1.4℃,并且在低温条件下,表现出更好的保温性.幕内热量的传递方向主要是向南侧和周边.地膜作为固定式内保温幕成本低,节能效果好,易实施,但对室内光照产生一定不利影响.     

彩钢板保温装配式节能日光温室的温光性能

针对传统日光温室防雨、防雪、防风、防火能力差,以及室内光温环境分布不均匀等问题,研制开发彩钢板保温装配式节能日光温室,该温室骨架为半圆弧形钢结构,采用岩棉彩钢板滑动保温覆盖形式和可移动保温山墙方法,温室跨度12 m、脊高5.5 m、长度65 m,屋面采光角高达41.5°。该日光温室采用水循环系统和空气-地中热交换系统代替土墙和砖墙等蓄热体,解决了装配式日光温室的蓄放热问题,实现了日光温室部件的工厂化生产和安装的标准化装配。与对照（辽沈Ⅲ型土墙日光温室）比较,彩钢板保温装配式节能日光温室脊高前移、位于温室中部,温室后部遮光减少,土地利用率提高20%以上,屋面采光角增加16.3°,采光率提高5.3%,晚间室外大气温度在-25.8℃时,室内气温在13℃以上,室内外温差达到39.1℃,比对照温室提高2.3～3.5℃。彩钢板保温装配式节能日光温室栽培空间大,采光好,升温快,室内横向和纵向光照和温度分布均匀,植株生长整齐,有效解决了传统日光温室抵御雨、雪、风、火自然灾害能力差的问题。该温室集成了大型连体温室温光分布均匀和传统日光温室蓄热保温好的优点,提高了太阳能的利用效率,温室总体温光性能超过对照温室,且滑动覆盖易于实现日光温室保温覆盖件的精准控制,为中国日光温室的自动化控制和现代化提供新途径。     

复合相变储能保温砂浆在日光温室中的应用效果

为改善日光温室内作物生长的热环境,该文研制了一种适用于日光温室的石膏基石蜡/膨胀珍珠岩复合相变储能保温砂浆,其相变温度为25.6℃,相变潜热为89.8 k J/kg。并将50 mm的复合相变保温砂浆用于砖墙日光温室的后墙作为试验温室,与无相变材料的原砖墙温室(即对照温室)进行对比试验。在试验周期内,试验温室的室内日最低温度比对照温室平均高出1.5℃,最高可达2.4℃;其中,阴天试验温室的室内温度比对照温室平均高1.6℃;晴天试验温室的室内最高温度比对照温室低1.7℃,室内最大温差比对照温室低3.1℃,夜间(17:00-次日8:00)试验温室室温比对照温室平均高2.7℃;多云期间,试验温室的室内最高温比对照温室低1.4℃,最大温差比对照温室低3.5℃,夜间试验温室室温比对照温室平均高2.3℃;在相同栽培管理条件下,生长旺盛期和坐果期,试验温室的黄瓜植株高度比对照温室分别平均高出17.1和24.6 cm,试验温室内黄瓜的单果质量和单株结果数分别为对照温室的1.4倍和1.3倍,单株产量为对照温室的1.8倍。试验结果表明,复合相变储能保温砂浆具有良好的保温和蓄、放热效果,对日光温室内的热环境具有明显的改善效果,使其更适于黄瓜的生长。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.