The impact of equalisation of basic public health and medical services on the long-term urban settlement intentions of internal migrants in China

Using China Migrants Dynamic Survey Project data from 2012 to 2018, this paper evaluates the causal impact of equalisation of basic public health and medical services on the long-term urban settlement intentions of internal migrants by the difference-in-differences approach. The results reveal that the equalisation of basic public health and medical services has a negative impact on the long-term urban settlement intentions of internal migrants of 4%. Male, middle-aged, and unmarried internal migrants have a much stronger negative response, in terms of long-term urban settlement intentions, to changes in basic public health and medical services. Moreover, more recent internal migrants, those in first-tier cities and those in cities in eastern regions also have a much stronger negative response. Mechanism checks imply that the negative impact on the long-term urban settlement intentions of internal migrants is caused by social integration decline after implementation of equalisation of basic public health and medical services.     

城乡基本公共服务差距测算与均等化技术路线比较——以福建为例

为了揭示差距大小与人口流动性对城乡基本公共服务均等化的影响,选择符合中国实际的城乡基本公共服务均等化技术路线,文章以城乡常住人口为基数,在测算分析福建城乡公共财政支出、基础教育与医疗服务的差距变动情况的基础上,探讨了人口流动性不断增加对城乡基本公共服务均等化的影响.比较分析得出完全依靠人口流动对社会的冲击较大,完全依靠财政支出的效率较低,进而提出以财政支出确保最低公共服务标准,以人口流动加速城乡基本公共服务均等化进程的技术路线建议.     

城乡基本公共服务差距测算与均等化技术路线分析-以福建为例

差距大小与人口流动性是影响城乡基本公共服务均等化技术路线选择的重要因素。文章在测算分析福建城乡公共财政支出、基础教育与医疗服务的差距变动情况的基础上,探讨了人口流动性不断增加对城乡基本公共服务均等化的影响,比较了依靠人口流动与依靠财政支出两条促进城乡基本公共服务均等化的技术路线,提出以财政支出确保最低公共服务标准,以人口流动加速城乡基本公共服务均等化进程的建议。     

人口倒挂地区流动人口特点

利用国务院发展研究中心“人口倒挂地区社会管理研究”课题组2011年开展的21个人口倒挂区（县）5557户家庭的问卷调查,了解流动人口在流入地获得公共服务的状况和质量,分析流动人口诉求以及在流入地的生活质量和心理感受。调查表明人口倒挂地区流动人口基本特征与总体流动人口特征相符,平均收入水平低于城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入,人力资本提升面临瓶颈,长期处于高强度工作状态,基本公共服务的覆盖流动人口的比例和质量不高。虽然人群间交流限制了流动人口在当地社会网络发展,但融入意愿仍然强烈。     

Birth without raising: Impact of labor migration on the medical benefits for migrant children in China

The relationship between labor migration and the medical benefits of migrant children (MC) has long been a focus of empirical research. Based on the dynamic monitoring data of the migrant population in Hubei Province by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China in 2014 and the characteristic data of prefecture-level cities, this paper studies the impact of labor migration on the medical benefits of MC. The major findings of this paper are that in China, due to the huge spatial differences in medical services, the migration of labor to urban areas with better public services helps to improve the medical benefits of women during pregnancy and lying-in period, and at the same time significantly enhances the medical benefits of the MC. In contrast, due to the relative lag of the reform in social security system such as household registration and medical care, in the long run, labor migration is not conducive to the improvement of the medical benefits of MC. Based on the above findings, this paper suggests that in the short-term, more public resources should be allocated to the urban medical supply, especially at the primary level, and in the long-term, the adjustment of public policies should be aimed at eliminating urban-rural differences.     

Miao migrants to Shanghai: Multilocality,invisibility and ethnicity

This paper reports on a recent research project into rural–urban labour migrants in Shanghai, China, who are members of ethnic minorities, inquiring into the role of ethnicity in national labour migration. It introduces some of the main features of the ethnic nationalities (minzu) in China and considers some of the literature on rural–urban migration in China which may be considered as relevant to ethnicity. The case of a Miao minority family in Shanghai is described in detail to argue that what remains important to them in the city is not their formal ethnic affiliation (minzu) so much as a sub‐ethnic identity of connectedness and intimacy, importantly related to kinship and place.     

The housing,geography, and mobility of Latin American urban poor: the prevailing model and the case of Quito,Ecuador

In this study of the constraints of low-income migrants in securing decent housing in Quito, Ecuador (a rapidly growing city), there is a literature review of Latin American intraurban mobility and housing, the development of a theoretical model, and a bivariate analysis. John Turner's model of the three stages in the life cycle of migrants and the three concentric zones of urbanization provides the initial framework for examining Quito migration. Quito differs from other Third World and Latin American cities in that its origins are pre-Colombian, and physical barriers surround the city. Data were obtained from housing data collected independently in 1990 and 1991 and survey data on households living in 1000 inadequate housing units in 1989. 35.5% of Quito's population live in inadequate housing (poor building materials, poor construction, deterioration, or lack of basic services). Three concentric and elongated zones are constructed based on distance from the center city and periphery and are representative of shelter types (rented rooms, shanty, house, and apartment). Shelter improves with type of ownership status. The attitudes of local officials influences the proportion of the poor living in rental or self-help housing. 36% of Quito's low-income residents live in rented rooms, and 38% live in shanties and houses. Bridgeheaders (new migrants who are usually young single males) tend to live in rented rooms for under five years and to move over time to shanties and then houses. Colonial preservation in central Quito and landlords' incentives for encouraging migrants to stay in rental housing interferes with the third phase of the model. Mixed housing throughout the city fits the third phase. Local laws prevent squatters and self-help housing. Rented rooms are primarily in the central city. Occupant income increases with shifts from rented rooms, to shanties, to houses. Shelter, geographic, and mobility patterns that do not fit the model are identified. Urban circumstance may not be linear and evolutionary as predicted, but the pattern is not diverse enough to warrant abandoning the model. The recommendation is for a flexible model for adapting a universal model to local and global conditions.     

Public Participation in Community Landscape Planning and Design: A Case Study of Public Participation in Planning of Danny Woo Community Park in Seattle

This paper, based on a case study of public participation in Danny Woo Community Park in Seattle, explored public participation in community landscape planning and design and analyzed the present situation, main forms and problems of public participation in development planning of community setting in China, so as to provide constructive reference for public participation in Chinese community planning and design that involves public interests.     

Spatial cognition mechanism of health: The relationship between perceived accessibility of medical facilities and health and health behaviour

There is no consistent conclusion on the impact of improving the physical accessibility of medical facilities/resources on the utilisation of medical facilities and health outcomes, which may be due to neglecting the role of spatial cognition of physical facilities, which will be directly related to health behaviour and outcomes. This article uses China Migrants Dynamic Survey to examine the relationship between perceived accessibility of medical facilities and health and health behaviour. The results show that perceived accessibility is positively associated with health and related behaviour. The higher the perceived accessibility to the medical facilities, the better the subjective and objective health status of migrant residents. Similarly, the more positive the preventive and healthcare-seeking behaviour is. This study suggests that public policymakers need to intervene in residents' spatial cognition of medical resources around their neighbourhoods to enhance the collective benefits of medical facilities.     

Performing ‘Chinese‐ness’ in Singkawang: Diasporic moorings,festivals and tourism

Through an examination of two festivals – Qing Ming and Cap Go Meh – in the town of Singkawang in Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan), we show how Singkawang‐bound Chinese Indonesian tourists and their Singkawang‐based relatives produce a diasporic heritage network through ‘moorings’ generated by both transnational and internal migration. Instead of returning to a singular ‘homeland’ in distant China, these tourists return to Chinese‐majority Singkawang as a result of their personal genealogical roots and of their broader cultural allegiance with a kind of Chinese‐ness that Singkawang has come to represent within a post‐Suharto Indonesia. Through these two festivals, we demonstrate how personal heritage practices like ‘roots tourism’ and visiting friends and relatives are intimately bound up with identity and developmental politics at local, national and international scales. In so doing, we identify a range of ways in which migratory and tourism flows by Chinese Indonesian internal migrants shape relations to their ancestral hometowns and cultural ‘homelands’ in Indonesia within the context of membership to and participation in a broader transnational diaspora.     

Pondering on Public Participation in Decision - Making of Public Projects

The necessity of the public's participation in decision-making of public projects,the functions of the public's participation,and the current characteristics of the public's participation in China were discussed firstly.Then,three suggestions are brought forward to improve the public participation in decision-making of public projects: the first one is to ensure the legal status of the public's participation,the second is to detail contents of entity and process and the third is to set up the public hearing system of public projects.     

Human capital agglomeration,institutional barriers,and internal migration in China

This paper investigates how human capital agglomeration interplays with institutional factors to affect migration destination choice in China. Over the last decades, China has experienced massive internal migration, substantial human capital investment, and the relaxation of its hukou system, thus providing us with a valuable opportunity to examine the role of human capital externality in migration choice. Based on rich data on province-to-province migration flows for different education and hukou groups, we find that migrants in China, especially highly educated and urban-to-urban migrants, have a strong preference to move to provinces with a high agglomeration of human capital. Further examination reveals that low-skilled migrants in China are less likely to benefit from human capital agglomeration because of their lower ability to overcome hukou restrictions. Our findings raise the concern that labor migration under the skill-biased hukou system would enlarge China's regional disparities in human capital and economic development.     

农民参与政府组织的农业技术培训的供求影响因素研究

为了研究农民参与政府组织的农业技术培训的情况,通过有序logistic回归模型与DEMATEL模型,对成都市302位农民做调查问卷,从需求和供给两方面分别研究影响农户参与培训和影响合理组织培训的因素。研究表明：文化程度、农业收入比例、培训形式、最少培训补助、政策宣传力度、土地转出难度等是影响农民参与培训的重要因素,而培训目的、培训形式等是合理安排培训的关键,由此提出应加强农村基础教育投入,加大培训宣传力度,在充分考虑农户需求的基础上,把握好农户培训的供需平衡,并且在规范土地流转行为的基础上稳健提高农户务农收入等相应对策建议。     

Spatiality,belonging and citizenship in the age of migration in contemporary China

While internal migration in contemporary China ascribes a great change to urban China's demographic composition, social structures and economic development trajectories, it is yet to restructure the formal definitions of urban identity and belonging, which are still dominated by the household registration system (hukou). The paper suggests that as a result of changes in the political, economic, demographic and social contexts within which China's internal migration develops, there emerge a crucial need to re‐examine the crude forms of determining identity and belonging, questioning the addressing of spatiality within the existing mechanisms (such as hukou system or the shiminhua discourse). To do so, the paper argues that the existing de‐territorialisation of the migration experience has to be replaced with a more nuanced understanding of how spatial practices and conceptualisations shape migrants’ experiences, as it is becoming imperative to develop a new framework that is more sensitive to migrants’ lived process of identification and belonging, especially as these traverse multiple geographies and spatial scales. This close engagement with migrants’ spatiality can then be used as a base from which to engage with a more complex view of migrants’ spatial and social relatedness, as well as the development of their urban belonging and identity.     

北京市城乡一体化发展的现状和问题研究

北京市在城乡一体化发展方面已经取得显著成效,但依然存在许多问题。本研究运用查阅文献法,系统概括城乡一体化的内涵,重点对北京市城乡一体化发展现状作出定性分析,并揭示了存在城乡人口分布不合理、医疗卫生服务存在差距、产业发展不平衡、居民收入差距较大等主要问题,在此基础上为推进北京市城乡一体化进程提出了强化城乡平等意识、大力发展农村社会事业、利用信息化促进生产要素合理流动和多管齐下提高农民收入等建议。     

A Regional Comparative Static CGE Analysis of Subsidized Child Care

ABSTRACT Concerns with the equity of societal income distribution typically underpin the provision of government subsidies to low‐income households, in which such subsidies are commonly believed to reduce economic growth. Using a regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, this study examines the equity and growth aspects of subsidizing formal child care services for low‐income households at the state level. The results suggest that state government subsidization of formal child care services does not necessarily reduce the level of economic activity, even when accounting for negative growth effects of tax increases required to finance the subsidies. The CGE model also reveals economic impacts on households and industry sectors not directly affected by the subsidies, impacts that would be omitted from a partial equilibrium microeconometric appraisal.     

生态系统健康对公众健康的影响

生态系统健康(Ecosystem Health)是近十余年来国际学术界出现的一个新的研究领域，近几年来由于生态环境恶化，使生态系统不能够提供正常的生态服务功能，生态系统健康问题引起了人们的普遍关注。生态系统健康是指系统具有活力、稳定和自我调节能力。生态系统健康与否将对公众健康造成直接影响。笔者介绍了生态系统健康的内涵、评价方法和指标、生态服务功能，分析了生态系统健康与公众健康的关系。     

State Fiscal Structure and Economic Development Policy

This essay adds a new dimension to the debate concerning taxes and business location decisions by raising a simple, but perhaps underappreciated point concerning political implications of state and local fiscal structure for state economic development policy. Low taxes may well be attractive to business owners and their employees; however, a fiscal structure that is not incentive-compatible with economic expansion may end up frustrating public policies of all types aimed at promoting growth. Economic growth may be seen as increasing types aimed at promoting growth. Economic growth may be seen as increasing demands for public services, thereby placing upward pressure on tax rates faced by the original taxpayers. In Wyoming, this problem is compounded because the tax base is narrow and highly income inelastic and the incidence of taxes levied falls significantly on out-of-state residents who do not benefit from public services provided. Additionally, prospects for reducing the mismatch between taxpayers and public service beneficiaries appear to be limited because, quite understandably, state residents do not wish to pay more for public services for which they have historically paid cents on the dollar.     

中国农村就地城市化刍议

主流城市化理论的预设前提是，城市化的结果就是农民的“终结”，因而把城市化起点的农村给忽略或遮蔽了。学界在除蔽中取得“农村就地城市化”的研究成果。农村就地城市化是指农村一般村落，有着高度的发达经济，有着兼具城市文明和乡村文明的和谐文明。这里居民的收入接近城市居民的收入，享受城市相似的社会保障和公共服务，享受相当于城市的现代化而又具有乡村特色生活方式。