不同前茬和种植密度对牡丹江烤烟生长及产质量的影响

为明确不同前作茬口和种植密度对烤烟生长和产质量的影响。于2017-2018年在牡丹江东宁市以烤烟品种龙江911为材料,通过田间试验,研究了前茬种植烟草、大豆和玉米条件下,不同种植密度（14 500和17 400株/hm ²）对烤烟生长及产质量的影响。结果表明：2年间同一种植密度下,与烟草茬相比,大豆茬和玉米茬的烤烟株高、茎围、最大叶面积、感官质量和经济效益均显著增加,且以玉米茬效果最佳;2年间在前作茬口相同时,随着种植密度的降低,烤烟的株高、茎围、叶面积、感官质量和经济性状均显著提高;综合各指标来看,种植密度为14 500株/hm ²、前茬作物为玉米时,烤烟的株高、茎围、叶面积、均价和产值达到最大值,烟叶化学成分更为协调,感官质量最佳,建议作为适宜牡丹江地区进一步示范推广的种植模式。     

Determining Crop and Pan Coefficients for Sugar Beet and Potato Crops under Cool Season Semiarid Climatic Conditions

This study was conducted in a region with semiarid cool climatic conditions during the period from May to October in the years 2003 and 2004, respectively. Actual evapotranspiration (ET_c) of sugar beet and potato crops was calculated according to the water balance approach. Reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) was calculated with FAO Penman–Monteith equation. Evaporation (E_pan) was measured by using class A pan. Seasonal mean ET_c was determined as 492.9 mm for sugar beet and 445.2 mm for potato. Seasonal mean pan coefficient (k_p = ET_o/E_pan) was determined as 0.74, and the seasonal mean crop coefficient (k_c = ET_c/ET_o) was determined as 0.65 for sugar beet 0.60 for potato.     

The effect of soil texture on the water use efficiency of irrigated crops: Results of a multi-year experiment carried out in the Mediterranean region

The effect of soil texture on water use efficiency (WUE) was analyzed for six crops cultivated on loam and clay soils. Results were obtained after a long-term study, carried out in a lysimetric set-up, in conditions of experimental neutrality (climate, agro-techniques, and variety were the same for each crop) with the sole exception of the soil texture, which was the variable to be studied.In the case of potato, corn, sunflower, and sugar beet, WUE was reduced significantly when crops were grown in clay soil. The reductions ranged from 22% to 25%. The decrease of WUE in clay soil was coupled with significant reductions in yield and in ET, except in the case of the corn crop. The reduction in WUE in corn depended solely on the yield decrease.A 10% decrease in WUE values was also observed for the soy-bean and tomato grown in clay soil, but it was not statistically significant.Different causes which may reduce the WUE values observed in the clay soil are discussed. It seems coherent to hypothesize that, during the active growing phase, a deficit in water uptake occurs in the plants growing in the clay soil. This hypothesis is consistent with the observations of stomatal conductance, daily evapotranspiration, and leaf surface.In conclusion, the operative development of this study is outlined.     

农田蒸散量模型构建及蒸散状况分析

笔者以辽宁省为例,利用1981~2002年间18个代表站点常规气象资料与土壤湿度观测资料,建立了不同供水条件下农田蒸散量的模拟模型,计算了自然条件下的农田蒸散量的变化。结果表明,辽宁省农田蒸散量年内呈单峰形变化,峰值出现在玉米抽雄开花期。农田蒸散量区域分布中间高四周低,趋势与自然降水分布不一致。农田蒸散量年际间呈波动性变化,多水年农田蒸散量明显高于正常年,90年代辽宁中部、辽东、辽南、辽北地区农田蒸散量呈逐年上升趋势,辽西地区农田蒸散量呈逐年下降趋势。     

秸秆带状沟覆垄播对旱地马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响

为探明西北半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯(SolanumtuberosumL.)生产中沟垄不同覆盖种植方式的增产效果和水分利用特点,在2016年和2017年设置了大田试验,包括秸秆带状沟覆宽垄种植、秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植、全覆膜沟垄种植和露地平作4个处理。结果表明,在干旱年份(2016年),沟垄覆盖种植可显著降低马铃薯全生育期耗水量6.1%～13.2%,平均提高块茎形成期1.2～1.8 m土层含水量7.6%,全覆膜沟垄作可显著提高淀粉积累期0～0.2 m土壤含水量30.3%。在平水年份(2017年),除全覆膜沟垄种植显著降低马铃薯全生育期耗水量22.2%外,其余处理与露地平作无显著差异;沟垄覆盖种植0～2m土壤含水量在马铃薯块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期分别平均比露地平作高8.7%、13.0%和13.1%。与露地平作相比, 2个生长季沟垄覆盖种植可使马铃薯全生育期0～2 m土壤平均贮水量提高5.4%～15.5%,单株生物量增加12.8%～147.4%,成熟期株高增加21.1～39.7cm,进而马铃薯增产51.6%～88.2%,水分利用效率提高68.2%～111.7%。以玉米秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植增产增效最显著,2年平均产量、水分利用效率和纯经济收益分别较露地平作提高87.8%、97.5%和254.2%。因此,玉米秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植能显著提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率。此外,与全覆膜沟垄种植相比,秸秆带状沟覆微垄种植具有操作简单、无污染、投入产出比高等优点,适宜在西北半干旱区马铃薯生产中应用。     

土壤水分和CO2浓度增加对小麦、玉米、棉花蒸散、光合及生长的影响

通过在大型人工气候室内的试验、设计了350和700μl/L,两种C02浓度水平和高、中、低三种土壤水分处理,其土壤含水率范围分别为85%-100%, 65%-85%和45%-65%(占田间持水量的百分数),分析了土壤水分条件和大气CO2浓度增加的共同作用对小麦、玉米、棉花等作物蒸发蒸腾、光合速率、生长状况与干物质积累、水分利用效率的影响。     

京郊山地旱作区作物水分生态适应性系统评价

为了提高京郊山地旱作区农作物产量,以延庆县为例,依据农户调查、田间试验和数学模型等方法,从作物生长期间降水状况、作物生长发育与降水分布的时序关系、农田水分供需平衡与作物生态适应性判定和作物水分利用效率等方面,对京郊山地旱作区主要作物生态适应性进行了系统评价。结果表明:不同作物降水利用状况存在明显差异,其规律是:多年生苜蓿>春玉米>春大豆>春谷子>马铃薯。5种作物中春玉米、春谷子和春大豆生长发育与降水分布耦合性较好,马铃薯和多年生苜蓿生长发育与降水分布耦合性较差。农田作物水分满足率和生态适应性指数,4种春作物排序依次为:春玉米>春谷子>春大豆>马铃薯。水分利用效率依次为春玉米>苜蓿>春谷子>春大豆>马铃薯。研究结果可为京郊山地旱作区制定合理的种植制度提供理论依据。     

烤烟成熟期控水对烟叶碳氮代谢关键酶活的影响?

成熟期是烤烟需水次临界期。为明确烤烟成熟期土壤水分对烟叶碳氮代谢的影响,试验在烤烟成熟期进行土壤控水,研究烟叶碳氮代谢主要关键酶活性的变化。结果表明：土壤水分亏缺（50%~60%田间持水量）致烟叶叶绿素含量降低,土壤水分充足（80%~85%田间持水量）烟叶绿素含量高,烟叶成熟缓慢,且复水能缓解干旱胁迫导致的烟叶早衰;烟叶成熟期,湿润土壤（70%~85%田间持水量）烟叶硝酸还原酶、转化酶和淀粉酶活性较高,土壤干旱使烟叶碳氮代谢关键酶活性减弱,但复水在一定程度上能恢复淀粉酶活性。     

烤烟成熟期控水对烟叶主要碳氮化合物含量的影响

成熟期是烤烟需水次临界期。为明确烤烟成熟期土壤水分对烟叶主要碳氮化合物的影响,试验在烤烟成熟期进行土壤控水,研究烟叶总糖、还原糖、淀粉、总氮和烟碱等的变化。结果表明：土壤含水率70%~85%,烤烟生长后期（移栽后约83天）烟叶总糖、还原糖和淀粉含量较高;干旱胁迫降低碳代谢,而干旱后复水碳代谢增强。70%~85%土壤含水率,烤烟总氮和烟碱水平较低;干旱胁迫促进氮代谢,总氮和烟碱含量较高;干旱胁迫后复水,烟叶总氮和烟碱含量处于中等水平。烤烟成熟期,土壤水分过高或过低,均不利于协调烟叶碳氮代谢平衡。     

南雄紫色土特性及土壤水分特性研究

土壤水分特性是制定作物灌溉制度的基础。为了合理制定南雄旱坡地烤烟灌溉制度,解决季节性干旱对该地区烤烟种植的影响,以南雄旱坡地紫色土壤为研究对象,通过野外试验和室内试验,研究了不同轮作方式下不同土层深度的紫色土土壤水分特性曲线。研究结果表明,旱坡地紫色土的饱和含水量30.7%,平均田间持水量25.5%,凋萎系数10.0%;土壤保水性差,占田持30%的土壤水会随着重力的作用流失;有效含水量所占的比例低,接近50%以上的土壤水没有办法被作物利用;不同轮作方式对水分特性曲线稍有影响,土层深度对其影响较大。建议制定灌溉制度时烤烟的计划湿润层深度为40 cm,当地在生产时应注注意经常松土,或增稻杆等增加土壤的保水性。     

成熟期控水对烤烟生长及产量的影响

成熟期是烤烟需水次临界期。为明确烤烟成熟期土壤水分对烟株生长及烟叶产量的影响,试验在烤烟成熟期进行土壤控水,研究烟株物质积累及烟叶产量的变化。结果表明：成熟期土壤长期干旱不利于烟叶生长,干旱后复水对烟叶生长无明显影响,且土壤水分对烤烟茎围和根系体积的影响均不显著;长期干旱不利于烤烟根、茎和叶等器官生物量提高,旱后增加复水量有利于根系生长;长期干旱显著降低烟株干物质积累,复水提高干物质积累量,但仍低于充分灌溉处理;长期干旱烟叶产量降低9.70%,旱后复水2次烟叶产量仅降低1.80%,且上中等烟叶比例比对照处理（相对土壤含水率70%~75%）提高2.88%,而单位面积产值仅减少1.09%。烤烟成熟期干旱胁迫后复水一定程度限制了烟株生长,但烟叶产量下降较少,上中等烟叶比重提高,单位面积产值略微降低。     

烤烟-绿肥轮作对烤烟产量和品质的影响

为评价并筛选出适宜与烤烟轮作的最佳绿肥品种,采用田间定位试验设4个处理,分别为烤烟-冬闲、烤烟-光叶紫花苕、烤烟-肥田萝卜、烤烟-黑麦草,探讨4种轮作模式下的烟叶产量、产值、农艺性状、化学成分及植烟土壤的养分变化情况。结果表明,不同绿肥轮作显著提升了烟叶均价和产值,其中光叶紫花苕、肥田萝卜和黑麦草轮作处理的烟叶均价分别相对冬闲处理提高15.37%、20.04%和17.72%,产值分别提高23.6%、24.1%和18.3%,光叶紫花苕处理增加了中上等烟比例。光叶紫花苕和肥田萝卜轮作处理烟叶的烟碱含量、两糖差和非烟碱氮/总氮达到了优质烟叶的水平。综上,种植光叶紫花苕和肥田萝卜能够显著提高烤烟的均价和产值,并能使烟叶的化学成分更加协调,多项化学品质达到优质烟叶的标准,是云南烟区值得推广的冬绿肥轮作模式。     

作物不同品种间水分利用效率差异机理的研究进展

近年来,水分不足是限制我国北方干旱和半干旱区粮食生产的重要因子。生物节水是实现进一步提高作物水分利用效率的关键环节和潜力所在。笔者就作物水分利用效率的内涵和不同品种间水分利用效率差异的生理生态机理进行了综述,并提出了水分利用效率的研究方向。目前应进一步深入研究作物高效用水生理调控机理和抗旱节水鉴定评价技术与指标体系,为培育高WUE品种提供理论基础。     

长期绿肥还田对烤烟产质量及土壤改良的影响

为改良土壤,提高烟叶质量,实现会东烟叶生产可持续发展,2008—2012年连续5年采用烤烟-绿肥轮作还田田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了长期绿肥还田对烤烟产质量以及土壤改良的影响。结果表明,长期绿肥还田不仅提高烟叶均价、上等烟比例、经济效益,而且显著提高烤后烟叶含钾量,化学成分较协调;绿肥还田量15000~22500 kg/hm²时,烟叶外观质量较好,评吸得分较高;同时绿肥还田增强土壤酶活性,提高土壤养分与土壤含水量,对于土壤改良、恢复土壤肥力有重要意义。     

The Interaction of Sowing Date and Water Availability in Determining Plant Architecture, Fruiting Pattern and Yield Components of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

A 2-year trial has been carried out in northern Italy on soybean (cv. Hodgson) grown in lysimeters, comparing three soil water regimes (well-watered conditions and water stress during vegetative and reproductive stages) at two sowing dates. Plant evapotranspiration and water uptake depth were calculated from volumes of water independently supplied to eight lysimeter layers; at harvest, plant architecture, yield components and fruit distribution along the main stem and lateral branches were evaluated.
Although water stress intensity was not severe, crop evapotranspiration and water uptake depth were severely restricted by water shortage. Both low water-availability and late sowing significantly modified the architecture of plants, decreasing total height, number and length of internodes and lateral branches. Seed allocation along the stem was shifted downwards both by delaying the sowing date and by reducing the water supply; the component most responsible for yield decrease was the number of pods per plant, while unit seed weight was only slightly affected by water stress. Grain yield reduction was higher when water availability was inadequate during the reproductive phase in the early-sown crop and during the vegetative stage in the late-sown crop. This suggests that the intensity of the water shortage, plant phenological stage of stress application, as well as the date of stress application within the growing season determine the yield response of soybean.     

旋耕深度对西北黄土高原旱作区土壤水分特性和马铃薯产量的影响

深耕对打破犁底层、优化土壤水分特性有积极作用,但对旱作农田旋耕深度的土壤水分效应及其对马铃薯水分耗散过程和产量的影响缺乏研究分析。本研究设15(TT)、40(VRT)、60 cm(VRT6)3个旋耕深度,测定土壤容重和水分特性、马铃薯叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数(LAI)和产量等,研究旋耕深度对马铃薯水分利用和产量的影响。结果表明,与VRT和TT相比,VRT6分别在40~60 cm和0~60 cm土层降低土壤容重,提高饱和含水量、毛管含水量和田间持水量;VRT6显著提高了马铃薯现蕾前的耗水量,导致盛花期的土壤贮水量在2016年较VRT和TT下降了22.3 mm、49.0 mm,2017年下降了43.9 mm、56.6 mm;VRT6显著提高2017年花后耗水,分别较VRT和TT增加了42.2 mm和38.3 mm。旺盛的花前耗水促进了地上部发育,VRT6的LAI在全生育期高于TT,在现蕾期至收获期高于VRT,并使SPAD值在2017年的块茎膨大期显著高于VRT和TT,呈现明显的地上部旺长特征。基于以上原因,VRT6的块茎产量虽然高于TT,但在2017年显著低于VRT,而且水分利用效率(WUE)较VRT和TT下降了61.2%~67.5%和41.0%~53.5%。因此,在半干旱旱作区马铃薯种植的立式深旋耕作的适宜深度是40 cm,可在优化土壤水分特性和耗水过程的基础上,有效抵御季节性干旱胁迫,显著提高产量和水分利用效率。     

旋耕深度对西北黄土高原旱作区土壤水分特性和马铃薯产量的影响

The subsoiling can break the plough pan and optimize soil hydrological characteristics. However, the study on the effects of tillage depths on soil water characteristics, potato water consumption and yield, is insufficient. The field experiment was conducted with three tillage depths of 15 cm (TT), 40 cm (VRT), and 60 cm (VRT6), to investigate the effect of tillage depths on the yield and water utilization of potato in semiarid rain-fed area in 2016 and 2017 on northwest Loess Plateau. The parameters of soil bulk density, soil hydrological properties, potato SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) value, leaf area index (LAI), and tuber yield were measured. The soil bulk density, and increased saturation moisture, capillary moisture and field water capacity of VRT6 treatment compared with VRT and TT were decreased in 40-60 cm and 0-60 cm profile, respectively. Water consumption of VRT6 treatment was significantly increased in pre-squaring stage, resulting in the decrement of soil water storage in 0-100 cm profile by 22.3 mm and 49.0 mm in 2016, and 43.9 mm and 56.6 mm in 2017. Water consumption in pre-squaring stage of VRT6 was significantly increased by 42.2 mm and 38.3 mm compared with VRT and TT treatment in 2017, respectively. Based on the excessive water consumption in pre-flowering period, the LAI of VRT6 was significantly higher than TT in whole growth period, than VRT in post-squaring period, and the SPAD value was higher than VRT in expanding stage in 2017, which indicated that the vigorous growth was subsistent in VRT6 treatment. The tuber yield of VRT6 were significantly higher than TT, but it significantly decreased in 2017 compared to VRT, and the water use efficiency (WUE) of VRT6 were significantly decreased by 61.2%-67.5% and 41.0%-53.5%, as compared with VRT and TT. Consequently, the suitable tillage depth for potato cultivation was 40 cm in semiarid area, which could optimize the soil hydrological properties and potato water consuming process, and relieved the drought stress efficiently, resulting in significantly higher tuber yield and WUE.     

生物可降解地膜对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响

为研究旱作条件下生物降解地膜对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响,以‘紫花白’作为试验材料,设置裸地(CK)、聚乙烯塑料地膜、生物可降解A膜、玉米秸秆、生物可降解B膜5种覆盖材料来研究生物可降解地膜对马铃薯耕层土壤温度、土壤含水量以及产量的影响。结果表明,与传统裸地(CK)相比,聚乙烯塑料地膜、生物可降解A膜、玉米秸秆、生物可降解B膜4种覆盖材料处理下耕层土壤(0~ 25 cm)日平均温度提高2.02、1.67、1.40、1.47℃;各覆盖材料均可提高土壤含水量,聚乙烯塑料地膜、生物可降解A膜、玉米秸秆、生物可降解B膜覆盖耕层土壤(0~25 cm)平均含水量提高3.12%、2.00%、1.92%、2.48%;各覆盖材料较对照马铃薯块茎产量增加6.25%、21.18%、17.07%、31.71%。试验结果表明,生物可降解地膜覆盖可以提高土层的温度、土壤含水率以及马铃薯产量,在不同覆盖方式中,生物可降解B膜覆盖效果最好。     

玉米渍水模拟模型研究及验证

作物模拟模型是研究作物生态生理过程的新工具,尽管还不完善,但是具有广泛的应用前景.本研究在试验的基础上,根据MACROS模型和文献资料组建了玉米水分模拟模型,加强了模型在渍水方面的功能.经验证,模型能较好地反应我国南方地区玉米的生长发育过程和土壤水分运动,可以用于渍害易发地区的玉米生产研究.并以杭州市为例,应用模型     

应用15N研究前作施用有机肥对烤烟氮肥效应的影响

为进一步促进烤烟轮作周期内有机肥和氮肥的合理施用,采用田间微区试验和田间小区试验相结合的方法,应用稳定性同位素15N示踪技术,研究了前作施用有机肥（秸杆、油枯、腐熟猪粪）对烤烟氮肥效应的影响。结果显示：与对照相比,前作施用有机肥可以促进烤烟的生长,影响烤烟对氮肥的利用;有机肥的种类不同,对烟株各部位叶片中的氮含量的影响不同;前作施用油枯和腐熟猪粪后,烟株不同部位的氮来自肥料的比例增加,提高了烤烟对氮肥的利用率;有机肥前作施用可以提高上部叶的可用性,对中部叶的品质有利。试验的结果表明：前作施用油枯和腐熟猪粪较好