云南不同海拔高度对杜鹃土壤酶活性与土壤养分的影响

以云南省不同海拔高度杜鹃群落土壤为研究对象。测定不同海拔高度（2 183～3 310 m）杜鹃土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的含量及土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶的活性，并分析变化特征。结果表明：土壤养分含量随海拔的升高变化各不相同，各海拔高度间均表现出显著差异。同样土壤酶活性在不同海拔之间也存在明显的差异性，各种酶活性之间以蔗糖酶活性最高，其次为脲酶活性。通过相关性分析，海拔高度与土壤酶活性、土壤养分含量之间均呈极显著相关，土壤酶活性之间、土壤养分含量之间也有一定的相关性。说明不同海拔高度对杜鹃土壤酶活性与养分含量存在一定的影响。     

地理环境对大豆种子中异黄酮积累的影响趋势

以７个异黄酮含量显著不同的大豆品种或品系分别在７个地区种植，利用ＨＰＬＣ技术分析所收种子中的异黄酮含量。以期获得种子中的异黄酮积累与地理环境之间的相互关系。结果显示，在７个地区中各品种异黄酮平均含量显著不同，山西最高（２４９２．３μｇ／ｇ），湖北最低（７６３．４μｇ／ｇ）。同一品种在不同地区其变异系数也不同，吉林３号变异系数最高（４９．４％）；张家口黑豆最低（３３．５％）。７个大豆品种异黄酮含量与纬度和海拔高度呈正相关，与经度呈负相关，且与纬度的相关程度最高，均达到显著或极显著水平，与经度和海拔高度的相关程度相对较低。另外，各品种与各地区的平均气温和降水量呈负相关，与日照时数呈正相关，且与平均气温的相关程度最高（ｒ＝－０．８７９＊＊）     

山区海拔高度与坡向对玉米产量、株高和生育期的影响

通过四个玉米组合(品种)和四个海拔高度的阴阳坡研究表明：(1)海拔高度对玉米产量的影响因组合(品种)不同而异；(2)阴坡和阳坡对玉米产量的影响与海拔高度及玉米组合(品种)有关；(3)随着海拔高度的增加，玉米株高降低，但生育期延长，(4)同一海拔高度下，阴坡玉米比阳坡的植株较高，生育期较长。     

贵州不同海拔高度与播期对大豆籽粒化学成分组成的影响──Ⅲ几种主要氨基酸含量

在贵州省不同海拔高度的４个地点，分４个播期研究了海拔高度与播期对大豆籽粒蛋白质中９种主要氨基酸的含量的影响。结果表明，不同海拔点对异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和精氨酸含量有显著的影响，但播期的影响则不显著；对其余的氨基酸含量，地点和播期效应均不显著。地点间氨基酸差异分析表明苏氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和赖氨酸含量随海拔高度增加而降低，精氨酸则随海拔高度增加而提高。     

不同海拔对小粒种咖啡品质影响的研究

采集云南怒江流域海拔784～1 508 m中8个不同海拔高度的小粒种咖啡品种Catimor CIFC 7963(F6)的咖啡豆进行千粒重、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、咖啡因、总糖等营养成分含量测定，研究不同海拔高度对小粒种咖啡品质的影响。相关分析结果表明：咖啡豆千粒重和总糖含量分别与海拔高度之间呈显著正相关；咖啡因含量与海拔高度之间呈极显著负相关；粗脂肪含量与海拔高度之间呈显著负相关；粗蛋白质、粗纤维、水浸出物、灰分与海拔高度之间相关关系不显著。     

贵州不同海拔高度与播期对大豆籽粒化学成分组成的影响：Ⅲ几种主要…

在贵州省不同海拔高度的４个地点，分４个播期研究了海拔高度与播期对大豆籽粒蛋白质中９种主要氨基酸的含量的影响。结果表明，不同海拔点对异亮氨酸，亮氮酸酸和精氨酸含量有显著的影响，但播期的影响则不显著；对其余的氨基酸含量，地点和播期效应均不显著。地点间氨基酸差异分析表明苏氨酸，胱氨酸，缬氨酸，异亮氨酸，亮氨酸和赖氨酸含量随拔高度增加而降低，精氨酸则随海拔高度增加而提高。     

湘西茶树害虫及天敌资源调查

1987、1990年在湘西的古丈、永顺、凤凰、保靖、花垣、龙山、吉首等6县（市）的重点茶区进行调查，查得茶树害虫115种，害虫天敌179种。假眼小绿叶蝉、茶毛虫是普遍发生的常发性害虫。天敌以茶园蜘蛛最多，占总量的55．93～84．62％。文内还报道了不同生境、不同海拔高度害虫及天敌种群数量变化。     

海南吊罗山不同海拔高度热带雨林种间联结性对比研究

在对吊罗山2块不同海拔高度的热带雨林样地乔木层树种的RA、RD、RF及IV分析的基础上,通过出现-不出现数据的方差比例、基于2×2联列表的种间联结分析和卡方（χ2）统计量检验,对其种间联结性进行研究,以揭示不同海拔高度热带雨林种间联结性之间的相互关系。结果表明： （1）在不同海拔高度热带雨林中,群落内所有树种间总体呈显著正联结; （2）对2块不同海拔高度热带雨林样地20种优势种190对种对进行 χ2检验, 发现种对间大都呈现无联结; （3）2个不同海拔高度热带雨林种间联结比例及强度变化表明,物种正负联结比例随着海拔高度的增加而增加,而无联结比例则随着海拔高度的增加而降低。     

贵州不同海拔高度及播种期对大豆子粒化学成份组成的影响——Ⅱ.大豆子粒脂肪酸组成

在贵州省地理纬度相近海拔高度不同的4个地点,分4个播期,进行了海拔高度与播种期对大豆子粒中5种脂肪酸含量影响的试验研究。结果表明,不同海拔高度对各种脂肪酸含量均有显著影响,5种脂肪酸中,棕榈酸(16:0)和油酸(18:1)含量随试验地点海拔高度增加而下降;亚油酸(18:2)和亚麻酸(18:3)则随海拔高度增高而增加;硬脂酸(18:0)虽不同海拔高度的地点间存在有显著差异,但未表现出随海拔高度变化的趋势。本试验所设的1/4—16/5(日/月)的4个播期对脂肪酸含量影响甚微。     

不同海拔高度对人参质量影响的研究进展

海拔高度是影响人参生长发育的重要生态因子,与人参生长发育和药效成分含量密切相关。本文系统综述了不同海拔高度对人参生长发育和有效成分的影响,文献研究表明在海拔400~1 000 m范围内,人参皂苷的含量较高,是人参栽培的适宜海拔高度。但不同海拔高度对人参蛋白质,多糖,挥发油等成分的含量均有不同程度的影响,应根据实际需要合理种植。从而为提高人参品质,综合开发利用人参资源和改善人参生产条件提供理论依据。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).