阿坝老芒麦在不同区域的适应性与对比试验研究

通过在壤塘、阿坝和若尔盖县3个试验点对阿坝老芒麦新品种的适应性对比和观测表明，阿坝老芒麦新品种在上述3个试验点种植均表现出较强的适应性，产草量及种子产量均较高，较其对照品种当地老芒麦具有更强的繁殖能力和更为优良的结实性，鲜草、干物质产量均高于对照品种，且达到显著水平。阿坝老芒麦的饲草品质好，营养价值较高，各试验点3年平均鲜草产量为23635kg／hm。，干物质为6753kg/hm^2分别比对照当地老芒麦增产14．7O％和13．99％。其种子产量的增产幅度较大，平均增产在10％以上，适合大面积种子生产。     

梦龙燕麦区域试验报告

为进一步评价梦龙燕麦的饲草产量,品种丰产性、稳定性、适应性等综合指标,课题组于2015～2016年,选用阿坝、青海444和青燕1号3个燕麦品种为对照,分别在阿坝州红原县、甘孜州道孚县、凉山州布拖县共3个试验点进行了梦龙燕麦多年多点的区域试验。结果表明,各试验点各年内梦龙燕麦鲜草和干草产量均显著高于对照品种,平均鲜草产量和干草产量分别可达38 230. 47kg/hm~2和11 657. 40kg/hm~2,鲜草和干草产量比阿坝燕麦分别增产63. 57%～86. 53%和51. 66%～93. 62%,比青海444分别增产42. 87%～57. 33%和21. 94%～69. 49%,比青燕1号分别增产25. 65%～78. 66%和21. 17%～59. 14%。各点各年内梦龙燕麦草产量较对照品种具有突出的丰产性和稳定性,综合评价结果为"很好",在阿坝红原、甘孜道孚和凉山布拖3个区域适应性良好。     

梦龙燕麦区域试验报告

为进一步评价梦龙燕麦的饲草产量,品种丰产性、稳定性、适应性等综合指标,课题组于2015～2016年,选用阿坝、青海444和青燕1号3个燕麦品种为对照,分别在阿坝州红原县、甘孜州道孚县、凉山州布拖县共3个试验点进行了梦龙燕麦多年多点的区域试验。结果表明,各试验点各年内梦龙燕麦鲜草和干草产量均显著高于对照品种,平均鲜草产量和干草产量分别可达38 230. 47kg/hm~2和11 657. 40kg/hm~2,鲜草和干草产量比阿坝燕麦分别增产63. 57%～86. 53%和51. 66%～93. 62%,比青海444分别增产42. 87%～57. 33%和21. 94%～69. 49%,比青燕1号分别增产25. 65%～78. 66%和21. 17%～59. 14%。各点各年内梦龙燕麦草产量较对照品种具有突出的丰产性和稳定性,综合评价结果为"很好",在阿坝红原、甘孜道孚和凉山布拖3个区域适应性良好。     

饲草型小黑麦新品系在甘肃高海拔地区的生产性能和品质研究

以石大1号和中饲1048小黑麦品种为对照,从株高、鲜草产量、干草产量、茎叶比、鲜干比和物候期等方面研究了小黑麦新品系C18在甘肃省合作市、和政县和夏河县的生产性能和饲草品质,以期为小黑麦品种审定和示范推广奠定基础。结果表明:3个参试材料中,C18的鲜草产量为20.97 t/hm~2,干草产量为8.08 t/hm~2,均显著高于2个对照;在3个试验点中,和政点的株高、鲜草产量、干草产量最高,夏河点最低;从交互作用而言,C18在合作点与夏河点的鲜草产量(24.13,14.85 t/hm~2)和干草产量(9.53,5.92 t/hm~2)显著高于对照;3个试验点C18的茎叶比和鲜干比均高于对照,合作点的茎叶比最高(70.57%),夏河点的鲜干比最高(3.55),C18在合作点与夏河点的茎叶比和鲜干比均达到最大值。物候期合作点最长,和政点最短,夏河点的物候期与合作点相差13~27 d。因此,C18适宜于在合作和夏河及其他气候条件相似的地区种植,能达到高产优质的目的。     

野生黄花苜蓿栽培驯化研究

对内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原的野生黄花苜蓿进行了多年的栽培驯化研究，结果表明：黄花苜蓿栽培品系与野生群体相比返青早，生长速度快；株型直立或半直立，植株高度、分枝数量、叶量等性状均优于野生群体；平均鲜、干草产量分别比野生原始群体提高2．5倍和1．3倍，比敖汉苜蓿增产15％和4％，在内蒙古东部高寒地区表现出较强的适应性，综合性状明显优于野生群体和对照品种。     

高寒地区两种野生三叶草农艺性状及抗寒性初报

2003年以来，采用大区对比观察的方法，针对来自大兴安岭的两种野生三叶草的产量、生物学性状、营养成分、生理指标及农艺性状进行了较系统的研究。结果表明：两种野生三叶草鲜草及干草产量高，鲜重分别为1800g／m^2和2047g／m^2，能够安全越冬，越冬率达到98％。低温胁迫下对两种三叶草叶绿素含量、细胞膜透性的测定结果表明，两种野生三叶草具很强的抗寒性，其中自三叶的抗寒性高于红三叶。     

5个饲用甜高粱品种在邵阳地区的引种适应性研究

试验以大力士为对照品种,对引进的5个饲用甜高粱品种在湖南邵阳地区进行引种适应性研究,试验发现:品种PACF-8421的株高、鲜草和干草产量均为最高,品种大卡的生育期最长,为180天左右,其株高、鲜草和干草产量均仅次于品种PACF-8421;引进品种中大卡和PACF-8421的生育期、株高、草产量等农艺性状均明显优于对照品种大力士,均比较适应在湖南邵阳地区种植。     

红豆草种子的微量元素浸种试验

用６种微肥浸种对红豆草的根瘤形成期、根瘤形状大小、数量、颜色，重量以及株高、分枝数、产草量和种数产量的试验结果表明：钼、硼、铁处理，根瘤出现早，数目多，颜色红，且较对照增产鲜草２０．３％～２３．２％，种子增产２２．２％～２８．８％；铜、锌、镁对红豆草根瘤性状的影响不明显，鲜草产量仅较对照增加了２．４％～７．５％，种子产量增加３．３％～６．０％。     

长江1号苇状羊茅新品种的生产报告

本文笔者于2000-2003年对长江1号苇状羊茅的生产适应性、生物学特性、生产性能等进行观察测量,并采用国内种植最多、表现最好的国外引进品种Fawn苇状羊茅为对照。结果表明,长江1号苇状羊茅的鲜草、干物质及种子产量均高于对照品种,分别增产12．5％、10．4％、30．8％,且达到显著水平,为指导大面积生产种植提供了必要的技术依据。     

锡林郭勒缘毛雀麦新品系品比及区域试验

锡林郭勒缘毛雀麦新品系1996～2002年在呼和浩特市、锡林郭勒盟乌拉盖开发区和呼伦贝尔市三河种马场分别进行了品种比较和区域试验，结果表明：锡林郭勒缘毛雀麦新品系与3个无芒雀麦品种相比，返青早，枯黄晚，牧草青绿期长；草质柔软、营养价值较高；鲜草和干草产量分别比对照提高9．2％～16．5％和5．9％～6．7％，种子产量比无芒雀麦高70％以上；在内蒙古中、东部3个试验点均表现出较强的适应性，综合性状明显优于对照品种。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein