黄芪主要病虫害及综合防治

黄芪又称为黄蓍,是我国著名的常用滋补中药材,为豆科植物膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)和蒙古黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus)的干燥根.黑龙江省黄芪为膜荚黄芪,别名北芪、元芪,已有40多年的栽培历史,在国内外市场上享有盛名.近年来随着中药业及保健食品的发展,黄芪种植面积逐年增加,并取得了较好经济效益,激发了农民的积极性,逐步形成以制药及食品业为龙头的产业链条.由于种植面积的增加,黄芪病虫害发生日趋严重,降低了成品的质量和等级,给农户带来一定的损失.     

对枣疯病防治研究的几点建议

枣树是一种“铁杆庄稼”,分布全国各地,在华北地区栽植尤为普遍。据1957年的统计,全国枣树面积占全国果树栽培面积的26.2％,就各种果树株数比率来说,枣树占第一位。但自抗日战争以来,枣疯病严重发生,枣树感病后三、四年即枯死,是一种毁灭性的病害。     

茄予叶霉病综合防治技术

近年来,鱼台县茄子栽培面积逐年扩大,2000年全县栽培面积达606 hm2.茄子叶霉病发生较普遍,常年病田率20%～49%,为害损失逐年上升,成为本地区的主要病害.     

适应改革开放新形势,加强热带作物检疫

我国热带、亚热带地区面积约50万平方公里,栽培普遍,面积较大的除水稻、玉米、豆类、棉、麻、烟草等与寒温带共有的农作物外,还有许多传统的热带亚热带经济作物。其中甘蔗、茶、椰子、胡椒、荔枝、柑桔、香蕉、芒果、菠萝蜜等都是原产南亚、东南亚或华南,栽培普遍,面积较大,引种历史悠久。三叶橡胶、剑麻、腰果、可可、油梨、     

葡萄管理技术

正葡萄有三大种群,即美洲种、欧洲种和东亚种群。以欧、美种栽培最普遍,我国适宜栽培东亚种,红提类是美洲种。据悉,我国云南省个旧市葡萄种植面积达533.33 hm~2,年产量在16 000 t左右。其中栽培面积最大的乡镇是云南省个旧市鸡街镇倘甸片区333.33 hm~2,鸡街片区和乍甸片区也有一定规     

葡萄白腐病在山东临沂市发生严重

近年来,葡萄白腐病在我市发生普遍,危害重,且有逐年加重的趋势。1988、1989两年累计发病面积6700亩,占栽培面积的80％,一般地块减产20—30％,严重者达60％以上,个别地块几乎绝产,经济损失高达187万元。1990年8月上旬普查全市发病面积已达4000亩,占栽培面积的96％,估计减产30％左右。     

金华市柿园病虫害调查及综合治理研究

浙江省金华市柿树栽培历史悠久,尤以盛产“兰溪大红柿”和“永康方山柿”著称。近年来,栽培面积不断扩大,全市栽植面积达2055hm2,已成为一些村、镇的支柱产业。为了抓好无公害柿果的生产,进一步提高柿果的产量和质量,笔者自2002～2006年对全市柿树病虫害进行了调查,对柿园病虫害的综合治理进行了研究。     

陇东南半干旱山区黄芪高效栽培技术

通过人工模仿野生黄芪的生长条件进行人工栽培,不仅对保护野生黄芪资源具有重要的意义,而且还对进一步巩固退耕还林成果、培育后续产业、增加群众收入有着重要的社会效益和经济效益。为此,介绍黄芪的栽培与管理技术,以为药农种植提供技术指导。     

条华蜗牛的识别与防治

近年来,我国部分地区条华蜗牛[ Cathaica fasciola (Draparnaud,1801)]为害频繁,发生面积、危害程度有持续扩大、加重的趋势.据调查,条华蜗牛在北京地区园林、果园、保护地等发生普遍,并有灰巴蜗牛混合发生.由于其食性杂,随农业产业结构调整设施栽培面积不断扩大,给设施栽培带来较大损失[1].     

4种番茄病毒多重RT-PCR检测及应用

<正>番茄是全世界栽培最为普遍的果菜之一,2011年世界番茄栽培面积约805万亩,年产量约3 773万t,我国是世界番茄种植大国之一,2011年面积96667公顷,产量约679万t,随着番茄种植面积不断扩大,番茄病毒病的危害逐年加重~([1])。世界范围内番茄除了已有的TMV抗病资源与育成的抗     

Pests,Predators, and Parasites

Abstract

The development of resistance to insecticides and the hazards inherent in their use present ever-increasing problems in insect control today. The difficulties and dangers have given impetus to research on other means of combating pests. Australia has always been prominent in the field of biological control, and the CSIRO Division of Entomology is an important centre, keenly seeking controls for both insects and weeds. Progress in the search for and establishment of parasites of Sirex, the pine pest, was described in Rural Research 64. This article reviews six other projects of particular interest, namely those involving potato moth, buffalo fly, white wax scale, green vegetable bug, lantana, and skeleton-weed.     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

Intestinal uptake,metabolism, and transport of naphthol: In vitro capacity,requirements, and inhibition

The metabolism and transport of [¹⁴C]-naphthol were investigated in sacs of rat small intestine to better understand metabolism of the pesticide carbaryl (which contains naphthol) in the intestine. The capacity to synthesize polar ¹⁴C-labeled metabolites was approximately saturated at 50 μM naphthol. The metabolic capacity of the cranial small intestine was about two times the capacity of the caudal. Anaerobic incubation severely suppressed naphthol metabolism. Sodiumfree medium suppressed metabolism only slightly but altered transport of water and of the polar ¹⁴C-labeled metabolites to serosal and mucosal fluids; the effect on metabolite transport cannot be explained by the effects of sodium on water movements, however. Calcium-free medium did not affect metabolism or metabolite transport; 2,4-dinitrophenol, and possibly phlorizin, but not ouabain, suppressed naphthol metabolism in specific regions of the intestine. Each of the three inhibitors altered metabolite transport. It is concluded that the capacity to conjugate naphthol in the small intestine is greater in the cranial than caudal regions; the quantity of naphthol taken up from the medium is proportional to the rate of formation of the polar metabolite, naphthyl glucuronide; addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol, phlorizin, or ouabain, or deletion of sodium, perturbed the transport of the polar metabolite, but the perturbance could not be explained by the effect on rate or direction of fluid transfer and indicated an effect on cellular permeability or on transport mechanisms; the effect of the three inhibitors and possibly of elevated naphthol concentrations (to 520 μM) in the medium on metabolite transport may be by a sodium interaction; the latter suggests that naphthol may be toxic to the intestine at concentrations approaching 100 to 1000 μM.     

Species, Cultivars, Rootstocks and Environment

World apricot production by no means meets the total need of the international market (fresh and processed fruits) and is far below the potential in view of the existing favourable geographic, climatic and agrotechnical conditions. The cause for this insufficient world production of apricots, particularly in certain countries which have favourable conditions for apricot culture and its expansion, should be investigated using scientific and technical concepts concerning the apricot decline syndrome (apoplexy, sudden wilting, withering of apricots). After the mutual assistance of research workers from different disciplines in investigating this complex disease, the economic security of apricot growing can be improved and apricot decline reduced to an acceptable level. Special attention must be paid to selecting appropriate cultivars, rootstocks or interstocks, locations and cultivation techniques.     

Insecticidal activity of N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,n-di-isopropyl-, and n,n-di-isobutylalkanamides against mosquito larvae

N,N-Diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,N-di-isopropyl, and N,N-di-isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C₈ to C₂₁ were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first-instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N-Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N-dipropylundecanamide, N,N-di-isopropylundecanamide, and N,N-di-isobutlynonanamide or -dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N-dimethylalkanamides previously studied.     

Dieldrin residues in soybeans in Illinois, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974

The Illinois soybean crop was monitored in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974 for dieldrin residues resulting from aldrin applied to corn in the years before soybean cultivation. Residue levels of dieldrin in soybeans increased between 1965 and 1974. The percent of fields which had soybeans with a dieldrin level above 0.03 ppm increased between 1965 and 1974. Dieldrin residue levels in soybeans grown in Illinois are expected to decline now that the use of aldrin has diminished and will soon cease. No significant correlation was evident between the dieldrin levels in soybeans and the area of the State where they had grown, the date of planting, or the variety.     

啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上的膳食摄入风险评估

为明确啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上使用可能产生的膳食摄入风险,通过进行规范田间残留试验,检测了南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜中啶酰菌胺的最终残留量,结合国内和国际两种膳食消费量数据,评估了啶酰菌胺的长期膳食摄入风险,并就两种方法的评估结果进行了比较分析。样品采用QuEChERS方法前处理,液相色谱-串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS) 定量分析。结果表明:南瓜在0.01、0.1和3 mg/kg,芦笋在0.01、0.1和20 mg/kg,山楂在0.01、0.1和60 mg/kg,芒果在0.01、0.1和4 mg/kg,木瓜在0.01、0.1和10 mg/kg添加水平下,啶酰菌胺在空白样品中的平均回收率为79%~101%,相对标准偏差为2%~14%。采用 “中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告” 的膳食消费数据,计算得啶酰菌胺针对普通人群的国家估算每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为0.707 5 mg/(kg bw),风险商 (RQ) 为28.1%;采用世界卫生组织 (WHO) 提供的每种农产品的单独膳食量进行计算,啶酰菌胺的每日摄入量为0.128 2 mg/(kg bw),风险商 (RQ) 为5.1%。两种方法的评估结果均表明啶酰菌胺对一般人群的健康不会产生不可接受的风险,然而,采用不同膳食消费数据进行计算会导致风险评估结果存在较大差异,其原因主要是由于中国所采用的膳食消费数据是作物分类基础上的数据,而不是具体某种农产品的单独消费量,因而易导致中国的膳食摄入风险评估结果过于保守。因此建议相关部门进一步完善居民的营养与健康状况调查监测工作,提供具体到每一种农产品的膳食消费数据,以便于科学评价农药对人体健康的风险。     

DDT and BHC residues in some body tissues of goats, buffalo, and chickens, Lucknow, India

Muscle, liver, brain, and abdominal body fat samples of goats, buffalo, and chickens, all common meat sources in India, were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for residues of DDT and benzene hexachloride (BHC). A few samples of goat and buffalo bone marrow were also included. Relatively high residue levels were found in body fat and bone marrow compared with other tissues. DDT and BHC residue levels were highest in chicken body fat, averaging 4.157 ppm sigma DDT and 3.879 ppm BHC. DDT content was much higher in goat and buffalo bone marrow than in the corresponding body fat. DDT levels in brain samples were highest (0.138 ppm) in buffalo. p,p'-TDE levels were higher than p,p'-DDE levels in buffalo; overall DDT levels were lowest in goats. BHC residues were generally low in buffalo; alpha-BHC accounted for most BHC residues in brain tissues. Greater accumulations of DDT and BHC were found in leg muscles than in breast muscles of chickens.