肉鸡对三碱基氯化铜、铜氨基酸螯合物、铜蛋白盐生物利用率研究

采用玉米—豆粕型饲粮研究肉公雏对三碱基氯化铜(TBCC)、铜氨基酸螯合物(CuAA)、铜蛋白盐(CuPro)或硫酸铜(CuSO4)的生物利用率。在基础饲粮(Cu14mg/kg,DM基础 ,实测值)上 ,TBCC、CuAA、CuPro、CuSO4 的铜添加水平依次为150mg/kg、300mg/kg、450mg/kg,试验3周。结果表明 ,铜源和铜水平对试鸡体重和饲料转化率的影响不显著。以CuSO4 为参比标准 ,铜添加水平或日粮铜摄入量为自变量 ,经对数转换后肝铜积累为因变量建立多元线性回归模型 ,按斜率法综合求测铜源生物利用率为 :CuSO4 100 % ;TBCC112.4 % ;CuAA127.7 %(P<0.01) ;CuPro99.3 %。结果表明TBCC或CuPro生物利用率与CuSO4同效 ,但CuAA生物利用率比CuSO4 高。该试验提供了评定肉鸡有机铜源生物利用率的实用方法。     

甜菜碱替代部分蛋氨酸喂肉鸡的试验

本试验检验服在肉仔鸡实用日粮中的甜菜碱替代部分蛋氨酸对增重及饲料转化率的影响,试验选用“爱拔益加”肉仔鸡１７００只,试验组９００只,分为７个重复组,每个重复１２５－１３０只,对照组８００只,分为６个重复,每个重量１３０－１３５只,试验组用芬兰制糖生化制品公司生产的天然无水甜菜碱,按照丸红化学品公司提供的甜菜碱替代量推荐公式进行计算,所得各期饲料中的添加水平分别为０．０３３％,０．０２３％,０．０１     

蛋氨酸铁饲喂生长猪试验

铁是造血和防止营养性贫血的必要元素。铁既是血红蛋白的重要原料,又在组织、呼吸、生物氧化过程中起着极为重要的作用,它可提高血     

蛋氨酸铁饲喂生长猪试验

众所周知,铁是造血和防止营养性贫血的必要元素,铁既是组成血红蛋白的主要原料,又在组织、呼吸,生物氧化过程中起着极为重要的作用,它可提高血液中血红蛋白、血清中铁的浓度和铁总结合能力以及过氧化氢酶活力,降低氧化酶的活性。虽然现今使用的配合饲料中添加了一部分铁,但这部分铁是作为无机微量元素而添加的。因而不能充分地被生长猪吸收、利用。当补充无机微量元素时,它们必须在动物体的胃肠道内与适当的有机化合物结合形成一种复合     

肉鸡蛋氨酸营养研究进展

蛋氨酸是肉鸡的第一限制性氨基酸,一直是家禽营养研究的重要内容。特别是近几年来甜菜碱的出现、可利用氨基酸概念的应用,国内外对这一方面进行了大量的研究。１　蛋氨酸的营养作用蛋氨酸在动物机体内作为必需氨基酸,不但作为体内蛋白质合成原料,而且参与体内重要的代谢过程,如参与肾上腺素合成胆碱,具有抗脂肪肝作用。有保肝解毒功效,在体内转换成胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、提供硫等。肉鸡缺乏蛋氨酸时,会出现发育不良,肌肉萎缩,体重减轻,皮毛变质,无光泽,肾肝功能减弱,啄羽,啄肛等症状。蛋氨酸在很大程度上能影响动物的免疫机能,…     

不同形式的蛋氨酸在猪营养中的生物利用率差异

蛋氨酸是猪营养中的一种必需氨基酸,能够以不同的形式用于猪的日粮中。目前市场上销售的蛋氨酸有多种形式,最近又推出了一种新形式的饲料级蛋氨酸产品——L-蛋氨酸。本文介绍了美国和德国科学家在猪对蛋氨酸的两种异构体DL-氨基酸和L-氨基酸的生物利用率以及它们对猪生产性能、肠道形态和血浆相关指标影响方面的研究结果,这对猪营养师在配制日粮时选择哪种形式的蛋氨酸具有重要的指导作用。     

固体蛋氨酸与液体蛋氨酸对肉鸡生物效价的比较

本研究旨在比较固体蛋氨酸与液体蛋氨酸对肉鸡生长性能的生物效价。试验选用 16 0 0只 1日龄的AA肉仔鸡 ,随机分为 4组 ,每组 4个重复 ,试验期持续 7w。每种蛋氨酸设高、低两个处理水平。试验期观察并记录体增重、饲料消耗生长性能指标。结果表明 :基于生长性能 ,液体蛋氨酸的生物学效价仅为固体蛋氨酸的 6 5 %。     

肉鸡饲料中添加蛋氨酸和乳酸菌芽孢的试验

试验将AA肉鸡初生雏鸡分为4组,A组喂基础饲料,B组在基础饲料中添加每千克0.6亿个芽孢,C组饲料0～21日龄在基础饲料中添加每千克0.6亿个芽孢和0.3%DL-蛋氨酸,21～42日龄时DL-蛋氨酸添加量减少到0.26%,D组饲料0～21日龄在基础饲料中添加每千克0.6亿个芽孢和0.375%液体蛋氨酸,21～42日龄时液体蛋氨酸添加量减少到0.325%。结果表明:在试验前期,乳酸菌对肉鸡的生长性能有显著影响,而在试验后期,液体蛋氨酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响更显著。     

蛋氨酸锌螯合物在绵羊体内的生物利用率及其对瘤胃代谢的影响

选用９只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古细毛羊羯羊（体重为３０１４±５１３ｋｇ）进行消化代谢和瘤胃内环境指标的研究。将试验羊按体重分３组,即对照组（基础日粮）、无机锌组（基础日粮＋ＺｎＯ＋Ｍｅｔ）、螯合锌组（基础日粮＋Ｚｎ－Ｍｅｔ）。试验结果表明,３组羊间瘤胃液ｐＨ值变化差异不显著（Ｐ＞００５）;饲喂蛋氨酸锌（Ｚｎ－Ｍｅｔ）组绵羊有降低瘤胃液中ｐＨ值的趋势;无机锌组和螯合锌组的瘤胃液中ＮＨ３－Ｎ浓度都比对照组高,而且Ｚｎ－Ｍｅｔ组的ＮＨ３－Ｎ水平比ＺｎＯ组变化较平稳而有所降低。日粮中干物质、有机物质和粗蛋白质消化率在各组间差异不显著（Ｐ＞００５）。Ｚｎ－Ｍｅｔ组绵羊体内氮沉积率（３６２０％）显著高于对照组（２４３１％）和ＺｎＯ组（２５３９％）。对照组、ＺｎＯ组和Ｚｎ－Ｍｅｔ组绵羊体内锌的沉积率分别为２５５７％、２７４７％和３４２７％,螯合型Ｚｎ－Ｍｅｔ中锌的生物利用率比ＺｎＯ提高６８个百分点（Ｐ＜００５）。     

Effects of Intestinal Modification by Antibiotics and Antibacterials on Utilization of Methionine Sources by Broiler Chickens

A study was conducted to determine if the response to different sources of Met was influenced by the presence or absence of antibiotics and antibacterials that might alter intestinal microflora. A Met-deficient diet (0.33% by analysis), based on corn and soybean meal, was fed with or without a mixture providing 200 g/ton of bacitracin methylene disalicylate, 200 g/ton of chlortetracycline, 100 g/ton of penicillin, and 100 g/ton of sulfaquinoxaline. Diets were fortified with DL-Met or the liquid form of 2-hydroxy-4-methylbutanoic acid (HMB) to provide supplemental levels of Met ranging from 0.0 to 0.20% in increments of 0.04%, based on 99% activity for DLDL-Met and 88% activity for HMB. The experimental treatments consisted of a 2 × 2 × 6 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 diet types (medicated and unmedicated), 2 Met sources (DL-Met and HMB) at 6 levels of supplementation for a total of 24 dietary treatments. Each of these was fed to 6 replicate pens of 5 male chicks from 0 to 21 d, stratified across tiers in the battery.Feeding the medicated diets resulted in a significant reduction in intestinal bacterial as measured by total aerobic plate count of ileal contents, with significant improvements in BW and feed conversion. However, there were no significant interactions between the medications and the response to the 2 sources of Met. There was no difference in BW or feed conversion related to the 2 different sources of Met when fed to provide equimolar amounts of Met activity. Chicks responded to increasing levels of Met, but there was no interaction between source and level of Met for BW or feed conversion. Peak response appeared to occur at approximately 0.08% supplemental (0.41% total) Met, somewhat below current NRC recommendations. It does not appear that a difference in antibiotic content of test diets is responsible for the discrepancy in reported responses to the 2 sources of Met.     

Influence of Temperature on the Arginine and Methionine Requirements of Young Broiler Chicks

Two experiments were conducted with Ross × Ross broiler chicks in battery brooders from 7 to 21 d of age to determine the Arg and Met requirements of young broiler chicks at control (25°C) and warm (35°C) temperatures. In both experiments, 1-d-old broiler chicks were fed a corn and soybean meal based starter diet for 7 d. Six replications (2 replicates in each of 3 rooms per temperature) with 8 chicks each were used for each treatment. In experiment 1, the basal diet was based on corn (34.52%), whey (26.96%), corn gluten meal (16.53%), soybean meal (11.74%), and poultry fat (23% of CP and 3.20 kcal/g of ME_n). Six levels of Arg (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%), supplementing the basal diet containing 0.95% Arg, were the dietary treatments. A broken-line linear model was used to estimate chick Arg requirements. Based on body gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) data, respectively, the Arg requirements of young Ross × Ross broiler chicks raised at 35°C were 1.15 ± 0.03% and 1.13 ± 0.02%, whereas those of chicks at 25°C were 1.26 ± 0.03% and 1.27 ± 0.02%. In experiment 2, the influences of temperature and dietary Arg on the Met requirements of young broiler chicks were investigated. The basal diet was based on corn (53.45%), soybean meal (37.72%), and poultry fat (23% of CP and 3.20 kcal/g of ME). Experiment 2 had a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, with the basal diet (0.35% Met and 1.52% Arg) supplemented with 6 levels of dietary Met (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, or 0.3%) and 2 levels of dietary Arg (0 and 1.0%). When chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 1.52% Arg, the Met requirements of young Ross × Ross broiler chicks raised at 35°C were 0.43 ± 0.02% and 0.43 ± 0.03%, whereas those of chicks at 25°C was 0.43 ± 0.01% and 0.48 ± 0.03%, based on body gain and FCR data, respectively. When Arg levels were increased to 2.52%, the Met requirement of young Ross × Ross broiler chicks was greater at both temperatures (P < 0.05). The requirements of chicks raised at 35°C were 0.50 ± 0.02% and 0.49 ± 0.02% and at 25°C were 0.59 ± 0.03% and 0.57 ± 0.02%, based on body gain and FCR data, respectively. Temperature and amino acid balance may both affect the amino acid requirements of broilers.     

Effects of Betaine and Choline on Response to Methionine Supplementation to Broiler Diets Formulated to Industry Standards

A study was conducted to evaluate the Met-sparing effects of the methyl donors, choline (CHO) and betaine (BET). Male broilers of a commercial strain were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets formulated to meet nutritional levels typical of top broiler producers. Diets were fortified with a complete vitamin premix devoid of CHO. In test diets, Met levels were as formulated, or less 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, or 0.20% Met. Within each Met level, diets received no supplemental CHO or BET or 1,000 mg of CHO/kg, 1,000 mg of BET/kg, or a combination of 500 mg each of CHO and BET/kg. This resulted in a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement with each of the 20 treatments fed to 4 pens of 60 birds for a 56-d feeding trial. Samples of birds were processed at 42, 49, and 56 d to determine parts yield and dressing percentage. Intestinal segments were evaluated for tensile strength at these same ages.The dietary Met level had no significant impact on BW at 14 or 56 d of age, but at 35, 42, and 49 d reduction of the Met content resulted in loss of BW. Feed conversion was not affected by the Met level at 14 d but was significantly affected by reducing the Met level at all other ages. Breast meat yield was reduced in a linear manner by reductions in Met supplementation. The CHO or BET supplementation had no apparent sparing effect on Met needs but did improve feed conversion at 35 and 42 d. There was a positive effect of CHO and BET on breast yield that was independent of Met levels; CHO was as effective as BET for this purpose. No effect of CHO or BET on intestinal strength was observed in the present study.     

Effect of Drinking Water Iron Concentration on Broiler Performance

Many parts of the nation have elevated Fe concentrations in drinking water, and poultry producers are uncertain of the effect this will have on broiler performance. Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of Fe concentration on broiler performance. At hatch, Cobb 500 male broiler chicks were placed in Petersime batteries equipped with a nipple watering system. Chicks were weighed and randomly allotted to pens such that each pen had a similar weight distribution. Chicks were fed a standard corn-soybean meal diet to meet or exceed NRC recommendations. Chicks were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Weekly chick weight, feed intake, and water consumption were recorded throughout the 35-d trials. Soluble P in the manure was analyzed in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiments 1 and 2, 4 water treatments consisted of 0, 2, 20, and 200 ppm supplemental Fe (FeSO₄·7H₂ O). In Experiment 3, the treatments were 0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm supplemental Fe. Water treatments were mixed on a weekly basis.No differences were noted in BW, feed consumption, water consumption, mortality, or manure-soluble P in any of the trials. None of the birds in the treatments exhibited any signs of flushing or any other intestinal problems. These results indicate that Fe concentrations in water do not affect performance or soluble P in broilers. Broiler performance was not affected by elevated SO₄ levels or reduced water pH. Although Fe may not have a direct affect on broiler performance, this study did not take into account the effect that high levels of Fe or its oxidized byproducts may have on equipment function.     

胍基乙酸对肉鸡的适用阶段及饲粮蛋氨酸配套强化效果研究

本研究基于生长性能和肉品质,评价胍基乙酸(GAA)对肉鸡的适用阶段和饲粮蛋氨酸(Met)配套强化效果。选取1日龄雄性爱拔益加肉仔鸡1920只,随机分为16组,每组设6个重复,每个重复20只鸡。试验分前期(1~21日龄)和后期(22~42日龄)2个饲养阶段,1组为对照组,饲喂常规饲粮(Met水平前期为0.50%,后期为0.40%)。2~6组仅在前期设置Met或GAA处理,其中,2组只把饲粮Met的水平提高至0.65%;3~6组采用双因素完全随机设计,2个饲粮Met水平分别为0.50%和0.65%,2个GAA添加量分别为300和600 mg/kg。7~11组仅在后期设置Met或GAA处理,其中,7组只把饲粮Met水平提高至0.55%;8~11组采用双因素完全随机设计,2个饲粮Met水平分别为0.40%和0.55%,2个GAA添加量分别为400和800 mg/kg。12~16组在全期(1~42日龄)设置Met或GAA处理,前期和后期饲粮设置分别同2~6组和7~11组。试验期42 d。结果发现:1)与对照组相比,只在前期饲喂高剂量GAA并强化Met供应能够显著提高1~21日龄平均日增重和21日龄体重(P<0.05),显著降低1~21日龄料重比(P<0.05);仅在后期饲喂高剂量GAA能够显著提高22~42日龄平均日增重,显著降低22~42日龄料重比(P<0.05),同时强化Met供应还可显著提高1~42日龄平均日增重及42日龄体重、胸肌指数(P<0.05),显著降低22~42日龄和1~42日龄料重比及42日龄腹脂指数(P<0.05);全期饲喂高剂量GAA能够提高22~42日龄和1~42日龄平均日增重及42日龄体重和胸肌指数(P<0.05),显著降低22~42日龄和1~42日龄料重比及42日龄腹脂指数(P<0.05),同时强化Met供应还可显著提高1~21日龄平均日增重和21日龄体重(P<0.05),显著降低1~21日龄、22~42日龄和1~42日龄料重比(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,全期单独强化饲粮Met或联合添加低剂量GAA可以显著降低42日龄胸肌、腿肌亮度(L^∗)值和剪切力(P<0.05),提高红度(a^∗)值和24 h pH(pHu)(P<0.05);单独饲喂GAA对肉品质无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此可见,当全程饲喂高剂量GAA时,无需额外补充Met就可使肉鸡终末体重和胴体质量达到最佳;若要阶段性使用GAA,宜在后期高剂量添加且同时补充Met。     

姜黄素的理化特性、抗氧化功能及其在肉鸡生产中的应用

姜黄素是从姜科植物姜黄中提取的一种多酚类活性物质,具有多种生物学功能.近几年,姜黄素作为天然抗氧化剂对机体抗氧化功能的影响引起了人们的广泛关注,其作为一种绿色、新型的饲料添加剂应用于肉鸡生产也成为了国内外的研究热点之一.本文主要介绍了姜黄素的理化性质、生物利用率、抗氧化功能及其在肉鸡生产中的应用现状.     

Effects of Excess Methionine from Meeting Needs for Total Sulfur Amino Acids on Utilization of Diets Low in Crude Protein by Broiler Chicks

Failure to obtain optimum performance by broilers fed low CP diets supplemented with amino acids may be due to a number of factors, including potential toxic effects of amino acids in excess of requirements. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of excess levels of Met on performance of broilers fed low CP diets. Corn and soybean meal of known composition were used to formulate diets with 22, 20, 18, and 16% CP with 100 and 110% of NRC recommendations. DL-Methionine was used to meet Met and TSAA requirements; the dietary levels of Met exceeded minimum needs. Within each CP level, 2 additional series were prepared. For one series, only the amount of DL-methionine needed to reach the Met requirement was added, leaving a calculated deficit of TSAA. For a second series, excess Met was replaced with sufficient Cys to meet Met and TSAA exactly. Each of the test diets and a 23% CP positive control were fed to 6 replicate pens of 5 male broiler chicks from 1 to 21 d of age. Performance of the birds fed 22% CP diets did not differ significantly from that of chicks fed the positive control. Chicks fed diets with less than 22% CP had significantly lower BW and increased FCR regardless of level of amino acid supplementation. There was no significant effect of Met status on performance, indicating that corn-soybean meal diets do not appear to be deficit in Cys and do not respond to levels of Met greater than minimum NRC recommendations for Met. Excess levels of Met in this study did not appear to contribute to the reduced performance at low CP levels.     

0～21和22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡可消化蛋氨酸需要量的研究

试验一和试验二分别选用1日龄和22日龄岭南黄鸡各2 000只和1 600只,按性别和体重分成10处理组(公、母鸡各5组),每组4重复栏,每栏50(试验一)和40只鸡(试验二)。2个试验均采用5(饲粮蛋氨酸水平)×2(性别)两因子试验设计,试验一和二分别设0.35%、0.40%、0.45%、0.50%和0.55%以及0.30%、0.35%、0.40%、0.45%和0.50%5个饲粮蛋氨酸水平。结果表明:随着饲粮蛋氨酸水平提高,0～21日龄和22～42日龄公、母鸡每日总蛋氨酸摄入量和真可消化蛋氨酸摄入量呈线性或二次曲线升高(P<0.05);0～21日龄公、母鸡的日增重呈二次曲线升高(P<0.05),0～21日龄和22～42日龄公、母鸡的饲料增重比呈二次曲线降低(P<0.05或0.1)。可见,在基础饲粮中添加适量蛋氨酸改善了黄羽肉鸡的生产性能。根据二次回归模型估测黄羽肉鸡获得最佳生产性能95%处的总蛋氨酸需要量和真可消化蛋氨酸需要量,0~21日龄母鸡为0.433%~0.435%和0.404%~0.406%,公鸡为0.445%~0.454%和0.416%~0.425%,22～42日龄母鸡为0.463%和0.437%,公鸡为0.375%和0.349%。     

育成期水貂不同铜源相对生物学利用率和血清生化指标的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同铜源及水平对育成期水貂血清铜、锌和铁含量及血清氮代谢、脂类和抗氧化指标影响,以及水貂对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率。选择60日龄健康、体重接近的水貂240只,随机分成10组,每组24个重复,每个重复1只貂。试验采用3×3+1试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加3种铜源(硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜、蛋氨酸铜)和3个铜添加水平(10、25、40 mg/kg),预试期7 d,正试期45 d。结果表明：水貂血清铜含量随饲粮铜添加水平增加呈极显著线性增加( P=0.0004)。水貂血清总胆固醇( P=0.0015)、甘油三酯( P=0.0021)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇( P=0.0101)含量随饲粮铜添加水平增加呈显著或极显著线性降低,然而水貂血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量却未受饲粮铜添加水平的影响(P=0.5790)。水貂血清铜蓝蛋白和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性均随饲粮铜添加水平增加呈极显著线性升高( P=0.0001)。以血清铜蓝蛋白活性为指标,以硫酸铜为参比标准物(100%),碱式氯化铜和蛋氨酸铜的相对生物学利用率分别为109.93%和131.06%。以血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性为指标,以硫酸铜为参比标准物(100%),碱式氯化铜和蛋氨酸铜的相对生物学利用率分别为111.01%和118.10%。由此可见,饲粮添加40 mg/kg的铜(基础饲粮铜含量8.05 mg/kg)能提高育成期水貂血清抗氧化酶的活性;育成期水貂3组铜源的相对生物学利用率为：蛋氨酸螯合铜>碱式氯化铜>硫酸铜。