鸽新城疫病毒的分离及其生物学特性测定

用ＳＰＦ鸡胚从疑似鸽新城疫（鸽ＮＤ）病鸽群中分离到一株病毒ＱＬ株,该病毒株能凝集鸡红细胞（ＲＢＣ）,这种凝集作用能被抗新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）阳性血清抑制;用抗ＮＤＶ单抗ＰＥＧ夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ测定分离株为阳性。分离株经肌肉注射能使鸽发病和死亡,出现与自然发病鸽一致的症状和病变,但肌注ＳＰＦ鸡只感染,不见临床症状。对该分离株作进一步生物学特性鉴定,按照国际上规定的ＮＤＶ毒力判定标准,测定了该毒株最低致死量致死鸡胚的平均死亡时间（ＭＤＴ）、１日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）和６周龄雏鸡静脉接种致病指数（ＩＶＰＩ）,结果ＭＤＴ为１０５小时、ＩＣＰＩ为１．３３、ＩＶＰＩ为１．０。试验结果表明本分离株为鸽新城疫病毒。     

鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚,从病死鸽的脑组织中分离到一株病毒.该病毒能使鸡红细胞发生凝集,而且这种凝集能被鸡新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制.通过进一步对该病毒进行回归试验、MDT、ICPI、IVPI及其他生物学特性试验,证实该分离株为鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒(PMV-Ⅰ)中等毒力毒株.     

鸽Ⅰ型融粘病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚，从病死鸽的脑组织中分离到一株病毒。该病毒能使鸡红细胞发生凝集，而且这种凝集能被鸡新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制。通过进一步对该病毒进行回归试验。MDT，ICPI，IVPI及其他生物学特性试验，证实该分离株为鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒（PMV-Ⅰ）中等毒力毒株。     

鸽新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚从疑似鸽新城疫的信鸽饲养场分离到一株新城疫病毒。分离株利用电镜负染技术观察到典型的新城疫病毒粒子。生物学试验表明,该株病毒具有较强的毒力,最小致死量鸡胚平均致死时间（MDT）为68.4小时,1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数（ICPI）为1.375,6周龄雏鸡静脉接种致病指数（IVPI）为1.34,在鸡胚成纤维细胞上能引起细胞病变。动物回归试验证明,分离株能致2月龄鸽死亡。     

鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒的分离与鉴定

采用鸡胚接种的方法从病死鸽中分离到了一株病毒，其血凝效价（HA）平均为2^8，该病毒株能凝集鸡红细胞的作用可被新城产凤标准阳性血清所抑制，所分离的病毒株Ⅰ型副粘病毒，该病毒对1日龄雏鸡脑 内致死指数（ICPI）为0.39,肌肉注射1日龄雏鸡不发病，该毒株对雏鸡和鸡胚来说为弱毒力株。用30日龄的幼鸽做人工发病试验时可复制此病，并使其HI平均抗体滴度由第15d的2.9log2上升到第25d的7.25log2。     

鸽新城疫病毒的分离与鉴定

用SPF鸡胚从疑为鸽新城疫的浙江温州某肉鸽场分离到一株毒株。该毒株能凝集鸡红细胞,初代分离毒HA效价高达8 log2;且其凝集作用能被鸡新城疫标准阳性血清抑制;将分离毒回归鸽,复制出与自然病例相似的临床症状和病变,且感染后10d内全部死亡,说明为强毒株。试验结果表明该毒株为鸽新城疫病毒。     

鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

利用SPF鸡胚传代的方法从北京、天津病死鸽的脑组织中分离到两株病毒,研究证实两株病毒能凝集鸡红细胞,且这种凝集效应能被鸡新城疫标准阳性血清所抑制。通过动物回归试验、EID50、MDT、ICPI、IVPI及其他生物学特性试验,证实两分离株均为鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒中等毒力毒株,分别命名为L18、TJ11株,分离毒株对8周龄鸽有很强的致病性。用2个毒株制备的油乳剂灭活疫苗进行免疫保护实验,结果显示两个分离株之间具有较好的交叉保护性,为该病的疫苗防制奠定了基础。     

鸽新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚从疑似鸽新城疫病鸽群中分离到1株病毒,该病毒株能凝集鸡红细胞,这种凝集作用能被抗新城疫病毒阳性血清抑制。病毒对氯仿、乙醚、胰蛋白酶、盐酸敏感。将病毒分离物回归鸽子,复制出与自然病例相似的临床症状,且全部感染鸽都发生了血清学抗体转换;静脉接种6周龄雏鸡,10 d后HI价显著增高,且其IVPI为0。试验结果表明该毒株为鸽新城疫病毒。     

鸽副黏病毒Ⅰ型(川沙株)的分离与鉴定

利用SPF鸡胚培养法从上海川沙某具有典型新城疫症状和病理变化的高死亡率发病鸽场的死亡鸽体内分离到一株病毒.对该病毒E5代尿囊液进行病原学鉴定、RT-PCR鉴定、理化特性测定、致病指数、病毒血清学试验及鸽体致病性试验,结果显示该病毒具有血凝性,且血凝特性可被新城疫病毒参考阳性血清所抑制,而不能被减蛋综合征病毒、禽流感病毒（H5、H9和H7）阳性血清抑制;该病毒对氯仿、乙醚和酸敏感;致病指数分别为：最小致死量鸡胚平均死亡时间为55.2 h,1日龄雏鸡脑内致病指数为1.8,6周龄雏鸡静脉致病指数为2.39.经鉴定,该分离毒株为鸽副黏病毒Ⅰ型强毒株,将其命名为鸽副黏病毒Ⅰ型（川沙株）.     

鸽新城疫病毒分离株的部分生物学特性鉴定及疫苗免疫试验

从暴发疑似鸽新城疫的某赛鸽场分离到1株病毒，通过血凝（HA)试验、血凝抑制（HI）试验及鸡胚中和试验初步鉴定为鸽新城疫病毒，进而进行了鸡胚半数感染量（EID50）、鸡胚平均死亡时间（MDT）测定和对不同动物红细胞的凝集试验，证明该分离株属新城疫强毒力毒株，将该毒株经鸡胚尿囊液增殖后用甲醛灭活，制成油佐剂来活苗，对鸽免疫后检测其血清抗体水平并进行攻毒试验，结果在免疫后21d抗体达到高峰，攻毒试验表明油佐剂灭活苗对鸽新城疫病毒感染有较强的保护力。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein