基于反射光谱和叶绿素荧光数据的作物病害遥感监测研究进展

作物病害是影响粮食产量和质量的生物灾害,病害的侵染消耗了作物营养和水分,扰乱了其正常的生命过程,引起了作物内部生理生化和外部表观形态的改变。冠层反射光谱能够较好地探测作物群体结构信息,叶绿素荧光能敏感反映作物光合生理上的变化,二者均能够实现作物病害的遥感探测。本文从作物病害遥感探测的方法和尺度两个方面综述了基于反射率光谱的作物病害遥感监测现状,概括了主动荧光、被动荧光以及协同日光诱导叶绿素荧光和反射率光谱在作物病害遥感监测中的研究进展,分析了反射率光谱和叶绿素荧光数据在作物病害遥感探测方面的优缺点,探讨了不同数据源、不同监测方法在作物病害遥感探测中可能存在的问题,并在此基础上展望了作物病害遥感监测的未来发展,旨在为后续利用反射率光谱和叶绿素荧光数据探测作物病害提供重要的参考依据。     

以冠层反射光谱监测水稻叶片氮积累量的研究

作物氮素状况是评价作物长势、估测产量与品质的重要参考指标,对作物氮素精确诊断与管理具有重要意义。本文以不同施氮水平下的4年田间试验为基础,研究了水稻叶片氮积累量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系。结果显示,在冠层单波段反射率中,460 nm、510 nm及760~1 100 nm的光谱反射率与冠层叶片氮积累量的相关性较好;近红外波段(     

枯萎病对不同抗性棉花光谱特性的影响

在温室条件下,利用便携式高光谱仪研究不同抗病性品种在接菌后棉苗的冠层光谱特性.结果表明,冠层光谱反射率对棉花品种间的差异敏感,病情指数与光谱反射率呈负相关.对枯萎病抗性越强,则其在近红外区的反射率越大,而感病品种光谱反射率则很小;病情越轻,光谱反射率越高,而品种间两次测定的值也存在这种负相关性.病情指数和光谱反射率线性回归分析,近红外波段决定系数较高,表明该波段对病情指数比较敏感,可用来监测棉花枯萎病害.该研究对于遥感大面积监测棉花枯萎病的发生提供理论依据.     

基于成像光谱仪的冬小麦苗期冠层叶绿素密度监测

利用自主研发的MSI200型成像光谱仪对冬小麦苗期叶绿素密度进行遥感监测, 并与ASD Fieldspc FR2500型非成像地物光谱仪测定数据相比。结果表明, 两种仪器所得R720、FD660、FD550、TCARI、GNDVI、PPR(550, 450)、NRI等光谱特征参量均与叶绿素密度显著相关, 拟合度较高, 说明MSI200型成像光谱仪测定的作物光谱数据是可靠的。对筛选出的模型进行检验, ASD Fieldspc FR2500模型的预测精度达86.61%~92.79%, MSI200达91.26%~95.54%, 其中PPR对叶绿素密度预测精度最高, RMSE分别为0.8391和0.0979。与传统非成像地物光谱仪相比, 成像光谱仪能够提取纯冠层光谱信息, 所得模型精度高、误差小, 筛选的植被指数和特征波段对于航天、航空遥感器的定标有重要意义。     

基于冠层反射光谱的小麦白粉病严重度估测

明确小麦白粉病冠层光谱敏感波段并估算病情严重度,是大面积高空遥感监测小麦白粉病、实现精确防控的基础。采用人工诱发的大田、盆栽和病圃试验,测量不同生育时期对不同发病等级的小麦白粉病冠层光谱,并同步调查发病严重度。结果表明,可见光350~710 nm光谱反射率随病情加重呈上升趋势,580~710 nm为遥感监测白粉病的敏感波段,近红外波段光谱反射率在病害处理间变幅较大,且与病情严重度相关性较差。修正型病情指数较常规病情指数与对应光谱反射率的相关性显著提高。利用高光谱特征参数与白粉病严重度间的相关回归分析,红边宽度最适宜指示白粉病发生及发展态势,拟合精度(R²)为0.811,检验相对误差(RE)为17.7%,而mND705、SIPI、CTR2和TSAVI在相关分析中也表现相对较好(r>0.6),但由于试验间兼容性差, 不宜建立统一回归方程。以相对光谱指数ΔMSAVI和ΔmND705与白粉病严重度建立的模型决定系数较高(R²>0.76),RE分别为18.4%和19.4%,可较好反演冠层尺度病情严重度。可见,小麦白粉病冠层光谱特征明显,建立的病害反演模型精度高,对精确防控具有应用价值。     

不同水分条件下棉花光谱数据对冠层叶片温度的响应特征

利用Fluke热像仪和ASD地物非成像高光谱仪,分别记录棉花新陆早33号、13号2个品种、4个水分处理、5个关键生育时期的冠层红外热图像和反射光谱数据;在红外热图像上提取棉花冠层受光叶片的温度,同时处理高光谱数据获得归一化植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)、红光620 nm和近红外850 nm波段的反射率(ρ620,ρ850)。分析表明,棉花2个品种4个水分处理的冠层叶片温度(TL)在盛花期、盛花结铃期较高,在盛铃期达到最大值,在开花期和吐絮初期较低;棉花受到水分胁迫,冠层近红外波段光谱的反射率降低,红光波段的反射率升高,NDVI和RVI变小,TL升高;在充分灌溉条件下棉花近红外、红光波段的光谱反射率、NDVI和RVI及TL则与水分胁迫处理的表现相反。和620 nm和850 nm波段反射率与TL的线性相关比较,棉花NDVI和RVI与TL的线性相关性更强。研究表明,将红外热图像和高光谱遥感技术相结合,具有实时、非破坏性地监测棉花水分状况的潜力。     

应用两种近地可见光成像传感器估测棉花冠层叶片氮素状况

作物叶片含氮量是作物长势监测、产量及品质估测的重要依据,实时、无损地监测植株体内氮素营养状况有助于棉花氮肥的正确施用。本研究比较2种近地可见光传感器的光谱和颜色信息用于监测棉花氮素营养的能力, 确定MSI200成像光谱仪和数码相机监测棉花冠层叶片氮含量最佳的波段、光谱指数和颜色参数并建立估测模型。结果表明,在可见光波段,冠层反射率随着冠层叶片氮素含量的增加而降低,且叶片含氮量的光谱敏感波段主要位于绿光和红光区域;与棉花冠层叶片含氮量的拟合效果最好的2种传感器的光谱指数为差值指数DI(R₅₈₀, R₆₈₀)和G–R,而颜色参数则分别为b*和H,同一传感器以光谱指数的拟合效果优于颜色参数,不同传感器以MSI200数据的拟合效果优于数码相机;利用独立试验资料检验所建模型的估测性能表明,差值指数对棉花冠层叶片氮素的预测能力优于比值指数和归一化差值指数,DI(R₅₈₀, R₆₈₀)和G–R所建模型的估测精度最高,分别为0.8131和0.7636。因此,利用数码相机和MSI200型成像光谱仪可以定量估测棉花冠层叶片氮素营养状况。     

基于光谱特征与PLSR结合的叶面积指数拟合方法的无人机画幅高光谱遥感应用

以冬小麦LAI为研究对象,利用孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期获取的无人机UHD185高光谱影像以及同步测定的地面数据(冬小麦冠层ASD反射率和冬小麦LAI),论证光谱特征(红边参数或植被指数)与偏最小二乘回归算法结合的改进型LAI拟合方法在无人机画幅高光谱遥感LAI探测方面的应用价值。首先,从光谱反射率相关性和植被指数相关性两方面比较UHD185与ASD,验证UHD185数据精度;结果表明,第3~第96波段(458~830 nm)的无人机UHD185高光谱数据具有较好的光谱质量,适宜探测冬小麦LAI。其次,分析光谱特征(6种植被指数和4种红边参数)与LAI的相关性,并通过独立验证和交叉验证方法,依次对基于红边参数或植被指数的传统LAI拟合方法和改进型LAI拟合方法的冬小麦LAI预测精度进行评价,相比于传统LAI拟合方法,改进型LAI拟合方法能大幅度提高冬小麦LAI的预测精度,特别是PLSR+REP。研究结果证实,改进型LAI拟合方法能更加充分地利用无人机UHD185高光谱数据预测冬小麦LAI,可望为无人机高光谱遥感的作物理化参数探测提供几点可借鉴的思路。     

MDBPSO算法优化的全波段光谱数据协同冠层SIF监测小麦条锈病

为了从全波段光谱数据中提取对小麦条锈病敏感的特征参量,提高小麦条锈病遥感探测模型的运行效率和精度,本文首先从惯性权重和粒子更新方式两个方面对传统离散粒子群算法(discretebinaryparticleswarmoptimization, DBPSO)进行改进,利用改进离散粒子群算法(modified discrete binary particle swarm optimization, MDBPSO)从全波段光谱数据中优选遥感探测小麦条锈病严重度的特征变量,然后与冠层日光诱导叶绿素荧光(solar-inducedchlorophyllfluorescence,SIF)数据相结合作为自变量分别利用随机森林(randomforest,RF)和后向传播(backpropagation,BP)神经网络算法构建小麦条锈病遥感探测模型,并将其与相关系数(correlationcoefficient,CC)分析法和DBPSO算法提取特征参量构建模型的精度进行对比分析。结果表明:(1) MDBPSO算法比传统DBPSO算法具有更快的收敛速度和更高的寻优精度,改进前后其迭代次数从395次减少到15...     

玉米和大豆LAI高光谱遥感估算模型研究

以ASD FieldSpec光谱仪实测了不同生长季的大田玉米、大豆的冠层高光谱与作物的叶面积指数LAI。采用单变量线性与非线性拟合和逐步回归分析的方式,建立了玉米、大豆LAI高光谱遥感估算模型,并对模型的估算结果进行了初步分析。分析结果表明,绿光波段反射峰区、红光波段以及近红外区的单波段反射率与作物的LAI有较强的相关性,而其他波段的反射率与作物的LAI的相关性相对较弱;以高光谱的窄波段构造的NDVI和RVI与作物的LAI的相关程度高,回归模型的预测水平高;而以多波段逐步回归方式构造的统计模型的预测效果最好。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.