东乡野生稻有利性状鉴定与育种利用研究进展

东乡野生稻具有丰富的遗传多样性,是水稻育种的宝贵资源。综述了东乡野生稻高产性状、抗病性、抗虫性、耐寒性、抗旱性、细胞质雄性不育及其育性恢复和其它优良性状的鉴定、基因定位、遗传及其育种利用等方面的研究进展,并就进一步研究提出了展望。     

东乡野生稻种质资源保护现状、存在问题及对策

通过对江西省东乡野生稻种质资源的野外调查,结合东乡野生稻原生境保护区实地监测结果,分析了东乡野生稻种质资源保护现状及其存在的主要问题,提出了进一步保护和利用的对策,为更好保护东乡野生稻种质资源和研究利用提供借鉴。     

东乡野生稻研究进展及育种利用策略

东乡野生稻是目前世界上已发现的分布最北（N 28°14′、E 116°36′）的野生稻特异种质资源,其基因组中蕴含着抗病、抗虫、耐逆及其他诸多优良基因/QTL,前人已对其开展了大量的研究。本文从抗病、抗虫、抗逆、育性、产量及其他优良特性等方面总结了东乡野生稻的研究进展,并提出了其育种利用策略。     

利用东乡野生稻育成水稻两用核不育系DyS

DyS是用栽培稻两用不育系田丰S-2与东乡野生稻杂交选育而成的水稻两用核不育系,具有配合力较强、开花习性较好、柱头活力较强、对"九二○"敏感、稻米品质较优等特点,2009年通过江西省科技厅组织的技术鉴定。     

不育系中青A的选育及应用

中青A是以中九B为母本,新露B作父本杂交,F2代中选早熟株,再与东乡野生稻转育而成的新质源不育系东B11A进行多代回交选育而成的。该不育系育性稳定,不育度高,抗性好,配合力强,2010年通过江西省农作物品种审定委员会审定（审定编号：赣审稻2010034）。     

低温诱导东乡野生稻幼苗期叶片cDNA文库的构建和鉴定

从8℃低温诱导的东乡野生稻幼叶中提取总RNA,以总RNA为模板,利用SMART技术合成第1链,再经LD-PCR扩增合成第2链后,将获得的双链cDNA与双元表达载体YPL3连接,重组质粒电转入大肠杆菌,成功构建了东乡野生稻cDNA文库。经测定,原始文库滴度平均为4.4×107cfu/mL,平均插入片段约1kb,重组率为100%,符合cDNA文库构建要求,为后续利用酵母功能互补技术筛选东乡野生稻有利基因奠定了基础。     

东乡野生稻重要耐逆性状及其分子机制研究进展

东乡野生稻是全球分布最北的普通野生稻,具有丰富的抗逆性状,其育种利用价值高。本文综述了近年来东乡野生稻在耐冷、耐旱及抗虫等重要耐逆性状及其分子机制研究方面取得的进展,以期为水稻耐逆性的进一步研究提供依据。     

东乡野生稻育性恢复性的鉴定与遗传分析

以东乡野生稻水桃树、东塘上2个居群与不同细胞质来源的5个水稻不育系(B06S、珍汕97A、协青早A、中97A和粤泰A）配组,根据F1结实率的高低对东乡野生稻育性恢复性进行鉴定。建立了10个组合的P1、F1、P2、F2群体,利用混合模型理论的Akaike信息准则(AIC),在F2代中鉴定影响数量性状的主基因存在与否,主基因存在时通过分离分析估计主基因和微效基因的遗传效应以及所占总变异的分量。F1代的结实率变化范围为45.98%~76.57%,表明东乡野生稻具有一定的育性恢复性。F2代中该性状符合1对主基因+多基因的遗传模式,主基因遗传率为56.63%~88.29%,多基因遗传率为2.74%~30.97%,总基因型遗传率为63.17%~94.01%。中9A /东塘上居群杂交组合的F2代中,主基因是加性遗传,无显性效应,其他9个组合主基因是完全显性遗传。     

东乡野生稻自然群体内的形态性状变异调查

对东乡野生稻自然群体内植株的形态性状及生态进行调查,发现东乡野生稻完全是靠休眠芽(地下茎节或未枯死的地上茎节处)来进行无性繁殖,没有种子苗的出现,在生活史性状上也表现为多年生普通野生稻的特征,这表明东乡野生稻确为多年生类型的普通野生稻。然而其性状的主成分分析却揭示出它处于多年生—一年生分化的初始阶段,这种分化可能与其生境中的水分变化有关。生境中的水分状况还与植株的生长习性和芒的颜色有密切关系,匍匐、倾斜类型及具红色长芒的野生稻倾向于生长在常年有一定积水的地方。另外,林场和水桃树下两个群落之间在一些性状上存在相当的差异。     

东乡野生稻自然群体内的形态性状变异调查 

对东乡野生稻自然群体内植株的形态性状及生态进行调查，发现东乡野生稻完全是靠休眠芽（地下茎节或未枯死的地上茎节处）来进行无性繁殖，没有种子苗的出现，在生活史性状上也表现为多年生普通野生稻的特征，这表明东乡野生稻确为多年生类型的普通野生稻。然而其性状的主成分分析却揭示出它处于多年生—一年生分化的初始阶段，这种分化可能与其生境中的水分变化有关。生境中的水分状况还与植株的生长习性和芒的颜色有密切关系，匍匐、倾斜类型及具红色长芒的野生稻倾向于生长在常年有一定积水的地方。另外，林场和水桃树下两个群落之间在一些性状上存在相当的差异。     

Screening potato (Solanum) species for male fertility under heat stress

Heat stress limits botanical seed production by inhibiting flowering, pollen production and pollen viability. Three accessions (PIs) of each of 23 diverseSolanum species were screened for stability of fertility parameters under heat stress. Seedlings were grown to flowering in temperate conditions (16–25 C), then treated with three weeks of heat stress of up to 45 C for 4–6 hours per day at midday with nighttime lows of 18 C, and compared to temperate-grown controls. A highly significant effect of species, temperature, and their interaction was detected for flowering. This means species were inherently different and heat had a general depressing effect, but the degree of that effect varied among species. While most species had little flowering in the hot house,S. commersonii andmicrodontum flowered significantly more there than in the temperate house. Of species which flowered in hot conditions, some shed no pollen and some had good shed of mostly dead pollen, but onlyS. commersonii, jamesii, kurtzianum andmegistacrolobum had good flowering, pollen shed and viability. This work is expected to contribute to the study of the genetic and physiological bases of heat stress fertility, true potato seed (TPS) breeding, and possibly improvement of tomato production under heat stress.     

滇龙胆开花物候与交配系统研究

通过对滇龙胆的开花物候与交配系统进行观测,统计不同处理的结实率和结籽率,分析滇龙胆开花物候与交配系统等繁育特征。结果表明：滇龙胆花期在10月中旬至12月中旬,单花花期持续17~19 d,单个花序花期可持续33~37 d,单株水平花期可持续8周,群体水平开花期持续时间为60 d以上,具有雌雄异位和雌雄异熟特征。滇龙胆杂交指数（OCI）值为5,花粉-胚珠比（P/O）值集中于(582.8±441.2)~(140 5.8±550.8)之间,结合人工授粉套袋试验结果,证实滇龙胆的繁育系统类型为兼性异交型,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者,不存在无融合生殖。自然状态下结实率较高,通过人工补充授粉,可显著提高滇龙胆结实率。     

Fertility of doubled monoploids ofSolanum phureja

Thirteen anther-derived doubled monoploids and their heterozygous diploid anther donor were evaluated in the greenhouse for flowering, fruit set, seed set and pollen fertility. Doubled monoploids varied for number of days to flower, duration of flowering, abundance of flowers and general flower quality. Fruit set on the doubled monoploids in controlled crosses with diploid male-fertile clones varied from 0 to 73% with a mean of 33% compared to the anther donor with 58%. Seed set varied from 9 to 210 seeds per fruit and was significantly lower than the anther donor (377 seeds/fruit). Five doubled monoploids that shed low quantities of pollen exhibited significantly less pollen stainability (10-30%) than the anther donor (88%). However, pollen of doubled monoploids did not germinatein vitro. 2n pollen frequencies of 20–55% were observed for the doubled monoploids compared with 22% for the anther donor. It was concluded that doubled monoploids had lower female fertility compared to the anther donor but that they produced sufficient seed to facilitate utilization in a breeding program as female parents. However, they were considered to be male-sterile for practical purposes.     

Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Pollen Fertility under High Temperature Stress at Flowering Stage in Rice (Oryza sativa)

High temperature stress (HTS), an increasingly important problem in rice production, significantly reduces rice yield by reducing pollen fertility and seed setting rate. Breeding rice varieties with tolerance to HTS at the flowering stage is therefore essential for maintaining rice production as the climate continues to become warm. In this study, two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying tolerance to HTS were identified using recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between an HTS-tolerant rice cu...     

The male fertility of primary and further generation dihaploids ofSolanum tuberosum

Summary Male sterility in dihaploids ofSolanum tuberosum is often a barrier to their utilization in breeding and genetical studies. Although the male fertility of primary dihaploids (obtained directly from tetraploids) was generally low, a few were produced by the author which produced seed when used as pollen parents on female fertile dihaploids. The population of further generation dihaploids (from dihaploid intercrosses) produced from the showed a marked improvement in male fertility. Comparative data from measurements of different aspects of male fertility in dihaploids are presented. These showed that the weight of pollen per anther, the percentage of (iodine) stainable pollen and the number of seeds per berry were greater in further generation dihaploids than in primary dihaploids. It is suggested that interspecific crosses using dihaploids are not necessarily useful for increasing male fertility in diploid potatoes. The advantages of breeding at the diploid level withinS. tuberosum are discussed. Rare male-fertile dihaploids could be used to generate diploids with a high frequency of male fertility. These could then be used to cross with any other flowering dihaploids to combine characters at the diploid level, so exploiting the simpler genetic ratios associated with disomic inheritance.     

籼型两用核不育系水稻培矮64S的育性表达——幼穗发育过程中的NAD+-MDH和AP同工酶的变化

 以籼型两用不育系水稻培矮64S和常规稻粳籼89为材料，采用PAGE分析同工酶的方法，比较水稻幼穗发育过程中花粉母细胞形成期、减数分裂期和花粉完熟期NAD+-MDH和AP同工酶的变化，以期了解不育系的育性转换与表达机理。结果表明，在1993年2月25日、3月10日和3月30日三期播种的水稻培矮64S均表现不育，花粉不育度在99.7%以上，结实率在0.3%以下，1994年8月1日播种的培矮64S表现可育，结实率在19%以上，而同期播种的常规稻粳籼89均能得到正常结实，结实率在68%以上。同时发现1993年培矮64S的不育性在花粉完熟期与颖花及花药的NAD⁺-MDH活性的显著降低关系较大。在花粉母细胞形成期—减数分裂期与颖花AP的活性及同工酶组成的变化关系较密切。1994年表现可育的培矮64S与粳籼89相比不存在这种差异。由此可认为培矮64S育性表达可能与花粉发育前期的脂肪代谢以及花粉发育后期的呼吸代谢有关。     

外源化学物质对小麦温光敏核不育两用系C49S育性的影响

本文探讨了外施赤霉素（GA3）、吸哚乙酸（IAA）、萘乙酸（NAA）、乙烯释放剂乙烯利（CEPA）、乙烯生物合成抑制剂氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸（AVG）、植物生长调节剂受多收（有效成分单硝化愈创木酚钠）、氯化钙（CaCl2）等化学物质对小麦温光敏核不育两用系C49S育性的影响。结果表明，IAA、NAA、GA3对早播不育（重庆10月30日播种）和晚播可育（重庆12月10日播种）的C49S的结实率均有不同程度的提高。乙烯利对C49S的育性表现很强的抑制作用，而AVG则对育性有明显的促进作用。爱多收和CaCl2对C49S的结实率有一定程度的提高。因此认为，C49S育性转换与激素的综合平衡关系有密切关系。乙烯利或其它化学杀雄剂可以用来控制异常高温下C49S不育系可能出现的微量可育花粉，以提高制种纯度；GA3、AVG、IAA、NAA、爱多收等可以用来提高C49S自交繁殖时的结实率和种饱满度。     

F型小麦雄性不育系恢复性研究

F型小麦雄性不育系（FA）是我国近年来发现的新型普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系,该不育系通过小麦品种间近缘杂交获得,具有良好的不育性和恢复性。为了解FA的生态适应性,本研究通过FA与116份恢复性材料进行组合配制,在北京和河南南阳两个试验区进行种植,筛选高恢复性材料和强优势组合。研究发现,FA的花粉粒在两地都表现为瘦小、空瘪,花药成熟后不能完全开裂,主要通过开颖授粉,且在南阳种植的植株花粉碘染率低于北京。通过对FA杂交组合结实率的分析,在北京和南阳分别筛选出结实率大于90%的高恢复性组合72个和25个,分别占比62.07%和21.55%;进一步筛选出北京和南阳两地结实率均大于90%的高恢复性组合22个,占比18.97%,说明FA具有较好的恢复性。比较FA和杂交组合F₁代在北京及南阳两地的结实率,发现在南阳结实率小于5%的低恢复性杂交组合12个,且这些组合在北京的结实率显著高于南阳,推测FA及部分FA的杂交组合具有一定的光温敏特性。将FA与小麦光温敏核雄性不育系BS366具有相同父本的20个组合进行比较,发现FA与BS366的恢复源存在差异,其育性恢复机制存在一定差异。     

印水型粳稻不育系的选育与研究(Ⅱ)

本研究对印水型粳稻不育系材料秋光A、秋田小町A、农林315A、5216A、辽粳6号A进行调查鉴定,并对其单穗开花习性、异交结实特性、不育系的可恢复性等方面做进一步的探讨和研究,为北方粳稻利用印水型细胞质,丰富北方杂交粳稻胞质资源,扩大遗传背景,配制出强优势印水型杂交粳稻新组合,以解决目前生产上杂交粳稻包台型不育系育性不够稳定及细胞质单一的问题。     

Breeding lines with neutral genes to improve fertility of intersubspecific hybrid rice

Since the sterility neutral allele S5n has been incorporated into indica or japonica varieties, many intersubspecific hybrids have been released commercially. These hybrids showed high heterosis, but some of them exhibited unstable seed setting rate under low temperature.When the hybrids flowered at low temperature, the fertility of female gamete was normal but the pollen showed sterile. To improve the stability of fertility, the effect of pollen sterility neutral gene was studied for intersubspecific hybrids.