有机硅防水剂对石膏刨花板性能的影响

主要讨论了添加有机硅防水剂对石膏刨花板物理力学性能的影响。研究表明,添加适量的有机硅防水剂能提高石膏刨花板的防水性能,并对板的内结合强度、静曲强度和弹性模量有一定的改进。     

阻燃剂的种类及添加方法对刨花板性能影响的研究

研究了不同的阻燃剂及不同施加方法对刨花板阻燃性能的影响。试验结果表明:①单独使用硼系阻燃剂或磷-氮系阻燃剂(P-N),当其添加量在≤9刨花板的阻燃性会随着阻燃剂添加量的增加而提高。板也具有较好的物理力学性能。当阻燃剂的添加量>12％时,板阻燃性的提高不明显,板的物理力学性能却明显降低。②同样,当混合阻燃剂在适当的范围内,刨花板具有高的阻燃性和好的物理力学性能。③阻燃剂的添加方法对刨花板的阻燃性和物理力学性能也有一定的影响。本试验中添加方法1和2制的板具有好的阻燃性和高的物理力学性能。方法4的板具有较低的胶合性能是由于胶粘剂中的大分子阻燃剂影响脲醛树脂胶的胶合。     

石膏刨花板耐水性能的初步研究

本文主要研究了水泥对石膏刨花板耐水性能和物理力学性能的影响,同时,还研究了加入水泥后以及在杨木冷水抽提物和水泥同时存在的条件下石膏的水化过程。研究结果表明:加入适量的水泥可明显提高石膏刨花板的耐水性能;水泥也影响石膏的水化过程。     

防火耐水型桉树复合板材生产工艺研究

本研究以桉树木片为主要原料,采用型模浇注工艺生产防火耐水型水基复合板材,探讨了木灰比、水灰比、树脂、外加剂、耐水剂、着色剂条件对板材性能的影响。结果表明：水灰比和木灰比对板的盛开野性板材力学性能影响显著;添加适量树脂、外加剂和耐水剂能有效地改善板材;充足的水分和碱性养护条件有利于提高板材的最终强度。木灰比０．３;水灰比０．３５;树脂、水泥外加剂和耐水剂的用量分别为水泥重量的５％～１０％、０．４％～     

加热法对石膏刨花板性能影响的研究

研究了加热温度和加压时间对石膏刨花板性能的影响。试验结果表明石膏固化时加适量的热量有助于提高石膏刨花板的性能;加热温度较高时石膏刨花板的性能比常温条件下压制的板的性能低。石膏固化时是吸热反应,石膏刨花板加压固化时,外加一定的热量有助于提高石膏的固化强度,因此板具有较好的物理力学性能。     

湿地松制造中密度纤维板工艺的研究

以湿地松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｅｌｉｏｔｉ）为原料制造中密度纤维板工艺的研究,采用正交试验方法,分析了施胶量、板坯含水率、热压温度及热压时间对中密度纤维板物理力学性能的影响。试验结果表明：板坯含水率及热压时间对试验板质量影响较大,热压温度及施胶量的影响较小。采用适宜的工艺,即板坯含水率在１０％、热压温度１６５℃、热压时间５ｍｉｎ,施胶量可以降至８％～９％,试验板的各项物理力学性能可以达到国标特级品的要求。     

阻燃处理和制板工艺对阻燃刨花板性能的影响

研究了施加阻燃剂刨花的干燥温度对板的氧指数的影响;有机阻燃剂和无机阻燃剂的添加量对刨花板阻燃性和物理力学性能的影响,以及热压工艺对刨花板阻燃性和物理力学性能的影响。     

TRB混凝土减水剂的研制与应用

利用栲胶废渣,与焦化厂废液制成一种引气型混凝土减水剂。经试验室及工程应用实践,这种减水剂按水泥用量的0.5～0.75％添加,混凝土具有显著的减水、早强、增强效果,物理力学性能大大改善。在425~#水泥中,混凝土减水率为15～20％;三天抗压强度提高30～40％,七天抗压强度提高30～70％;二十八天抗压强度提高20～30％。混凝土的抗拉强度,弹性模量与钢筋粘结力,抗冻性与抗渗性均相应提高,干缩值与空白混凝土近似。减水剂对不同水泥厂生产的普通硅酸盐水泥,矿渣水泥以及小窑水泥具有较好的适应性。生产这种减水剂,不仅原料来源丰富,生产工艺、设备简单,价格便宜,而且有利于资源综合利用“三废”治理。     

PVAc添加量对热压法快速固化水泥刨花板性能的影响

以杨木刨花为原料,42.5#普通硅酸盐水泥为无机胶黏剂,Na2SiO3为快速固化添加剂,研究添加聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液胶对热压快固水泥刨花板性能的影响.结果表明:①添加聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液可显著改善板材的物理力学性能;②要保证热压法快速固化水泥刨花板达到较理想的物理力学性能,应将板材在卸压后的回弹率控制在≤10%的范围内.     

矿渣碎料板生产工艺

矿渣碎料板(商品名:经济水泥碎料板)是一种由钢铁工业得到的矿渣所生产的水泥和木质碎料制成的建筑板材。碎料、水泥、添加剂和水胶合在一起且压制成板,其容重约为1300kg/m~3。板的重量中含木材30%,水泥70%,而板的体积中含木材70%,水泥30%。矿渣碎料板的物理力学性能如下:     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.