林带冬季相结构因子对透风系数影响规律分析

为解决林带冬季相结构过于稀疏、透风系数过大的问题,文中引证分析了林带冬季相结构因子(树木形体尺度、林带线性密度、行数、宽度)、林带结构参数(疏透度、立木疏透度、林带地上生物体积密度)与透风系数的关系;总结了林带冬季相结构因子对透风系数的影响规律。从林带设计原理出发,归纳了通过调节结构因子获得较小透风系数的方法:1)增大树木的形体尺度;2)增大林带的线性密度;3)在线性密度一定时,尽可能把有限的栽植点(或苗木)安排在较少的栽植行内;4)在线性密度、行数一定时,尽可能减小林带宽度。其中林带行数和宽度对透风系数影响较小,简化计算时可忽略不计。这为林带结构管理提供了清晰的认识和简便的方法。     

新疆防沙林带优化模式的研究

在定位观测和调查基础上,本文研究了不同结构和类型防沙林带的防阻沙效能和特点,应用数量化理论公式,采用林带结构、疏透度、树种组成、带高、带宽和沙源等6个参数,经电算得出单带式防沙林带的阴积沙量、形成的沙丘高度和宽度三个预测模型。采用方差分析和新复极差法(LSR),得出不同结构和类型防沙林带阻沙效能的差异排序为:林草结合单带或多带式——窄带多带式和片林——紧密结构单带式——稀疏结构单带式——通风结构单带式。根据自然条件、流沙危害的程度和水资源特点,提出了准噶尔盆地南缘、塔里木盆地南缘和吐鲁番盆地等3个不同风沙生态区防沙林带的优化模式。     

河套灌区典型农田防护林结构综合效益评价

文中以灌区农田防护林为研究对象,对灌区两种杨树两种主林带间距内的防护效益、经济效益、节水效益方面选择若干指标,应用层次分析法(AHP)分两个时段对四种农田防护林模式进行综合效益评价研究。结果为主林带200m间距内综合效益优于100m间距内;小美旱杨防护林网优于新疆杨防护林网。     

荒漠灌木侧影面积的数字化测定及应用

植株侧影面积是评价其防风固沙效能的重要指标,同时在植被粗糙元密集度计算中,如何得到更准确的侧影面积是急需解决的问题。为了尝试采用数字图像法对3种荒漠灌木进行了测量,重点探讨影响测定结果的因素,比较了数字图像法与其他2种方法的优劣,并初步分析了侧影面积、冠幅与疏透度三者之间的关系。结果表明:与其他2种方法相比,数字图像法操作相对复杂,测定结果稳定性相对较差,但避免了枝叶间的大量孔隙,测得的侧影面积更接近真实值;参照物面积与相机焦距对测定结果影响不显著,而参照物位置、拍摄角度与容差则相反,背景干扰是影响测定结果的一个重要因素;3种荒漠灌木的冠幅与其侧影面积呈显著正相关关系,而植株疏透度与冠幅和侧影面积相关性不显著。     

锡林浩特市城市风景林生态效益研究

锡林浩特市位于中国正北方,内蒙古自治区中部。锡林浩特市城市风景林带是锡林浩特市生态环境建设的一个有机组成部分,同时也是区域生态环境建设的一个重要屏障。作为城市风景林带,其所具有的防风功能的大小,是建设城市风景林的一个重要指标。通过测定证明,不同风景林带对不同高度层的风速降低作用差异很大。灌木林带(大白柠条和山杏)主要以降低近地层风速(100cm以下)为主,对高层风速影响相对较小;而乔木林带(银中杨和沙地榆)则以降低高层风速为主(100cm以上)。不同林带类型降低沙粒沉积数量的作用效果明显,当风速为7.0m/s时,裸地1分钟内沙粒沉积重量为9.89g,而银中杨林带相同时间沉积的沙粒重量仅为1.40g,沙地榆林带1分钟内沙粒沉积的重量为4.47g,大白柠条林带相同时间沙粒沉积的重量为1.07g,是四种林带中沉积沙粒重量最少的类型,山杏1分钟内沙粒沉积的重量为1.25g。     

低覆盖度柠条固沙林不同配置对植被修复的影响

低覆盖度行带式固沙林具有显著的防风固沙效果,已经在我国的半干旱地区广泛推广。针对内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市和林格尔县不同配置的柠条锦鸡儿人工林,进一步研究不同带间宽度带内植被自然恢复过程及物种多样性的差异,结果表明:(1)在覆盖度为20%左右时,合理的行带式格局分布的柠条锦鸡儿人工林带间植被的恢复效果优于随机分布格局的样地。(2)柠条行带式造林不宜太窄和盖度太大,会影响其林下物种丰富度。(3)宽的带间距带内物种丰富度与物种多样性和均匀度以及其生物量变化曲线呈现了两个高峰,出现在距柠条带6-8m左右,而窄的带间距带内只有一个高峰。因此,该地区柠条带宽度为12m-16m可以使其带内的草本物种多样性和生物量达到最大。     

策勒绿洲边缘新疆杨防护林疏透度的季相变化

2013年对策勒绿洲边缘的新疆杨防护林疏透度进行了全年观测。结果表明:1新疆杨防护林带疏透度随树木生长依次经历了:缓慢下降初期(3月9—31日)-快速下降期(4月1—18日)-缓慢下降末期(4月19日至5月12日)-低位稳定期(5月13日至10月20日)-快速上升期(10月21日至11月20日)-高位稳定期(11月21日至3月8日),其中,在快速下降期,仅半个月,防护林即可达到较为稳定的防护效应;2在春季早期,风沙活跃期与防护林稳定防护效应的形成期存在相位差,加强早春防护力度以减小相位差对于抵御风沙危害,保证作物生长有着积极且重要的作用;3虫害的发生使防护林稳定防护效应的形成时间晚了近1个月,这与人为管理不得当密切相关,同样,虫害、病害、倒春寒等一系列危害都会对防护林稳定防护效应产生影响,防护林的人为管理需引起重视。     

行带式柠条林合理带间距的研究

该文以和林格尔县的行带式柠条林为研究对象,采用十路风向风速自动采集仪,在无叶期选择上风方向的三条连续完整行带式柠条林和第二条出现有3m缺口状况的风速分别进行观测,进而分析了行带式柠条林的防风效益以及缺口对其防风效果的影响,并以此为依据讨论了林带间距的适宜宽度。结果表明:行带式柠条林的带间距至少可拉大到20m。     

行带式柠条林合理带间距的研究

该文以和林格尔县的行带式柠条林为研究对象,采用十路风向风速自动采集仪,在无叶期选择上风方向的三条连续完整行带式柠条林和第二条出现有3m缺口状况的风速分别进行观测,进而分析了行带式柠条林的防风效益以及缺口对其防风效果的影响,并以此为依据讨论了林带间距的适宜宽度.结果表明行带式柠条林的带间距至少可拉大到20m.     

科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林幼树水分生理生态特性

水分是沙地樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)生长最重要的生态因子,在对科尔沁沙地东南缘樟子松疏林草地土壤水分监测的同时,对13年生沙地(疏林草地)樟子松人工幼树的叶片水势(ψ)、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(g)及其相应环境因子进行测定,探讨疏林草地人工樟子松幼树的水分生理生态特性.结果表明:蒸腾速率和气孔导度具有明显的日变化和季节变化规律,两者的变化趋势相似,即在生长季节樟子松蒸腾速率呈现出较明显的双峰曲线;影响其变化的主要内在因子为气孔导度,外在因子是空气湿度和气温.针叶水势在一定程度上受到降水量、土壤水分含量及树木本身生长特性的影响.樟子松针叶水势、蒸腾速率等水分生理生态特征表明,对于13年生沙地樟子松人工幼树(密度为378株/hm2),即使在年降水量较丰富的年份,疏林草地樟子松生长仍然受到一定程度的干旱胁迫.     

Effects of sand-fixing and windbreak forests on wind flow: a synthesis of results from field experiments and numerical simulations

Sand-fixing and windbreak forests are widely used to protect or/and improve the ecological environments in arid and semi-arid regions. A full understanding of wind flow characteristics is essential to arranging the patterns of these protective forests for enhancing the effectiveness. In this study, the wind velocity over the underlying surface with sand-fixing forests and windbreak forests at the heights of 1–49 m was monitored from two 50-m high observation towers in an oasis of Minqin, Gansu Province of China. The wind velocities were simulated at different locations over these protective forests between those two towers by a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) model. The results showed that at the heights of 1–49 m, the wind velocity profiles followed a classical logarithm law at the edge of the oasis and a multilayer structure inside the oasis. With increasing number of sand-fixing forest and windbreak forest arrays, the wind velocity at the heights of 1–49 m generally decreased along the downstream direction of the prevailing wind. Specifically, below the height of windbreak forests, the wind velocity decelerates as the airflow approaches to the windbreak forests and then accelerates as the airflow passes over the windbreak forests. In contrast, above the height of windbreak forests, the wind velocity accelerates as the airflow approaches to the windbreak forests and then generally decelerates as the airflow passes over the windbreak forests. Both the array number and array spacing of sand-fixing and windbreak forests could influence the wind velocity. The wind protection effects of sand-fixing forests were closely related to the array spacing of windbreak forests and increased with the addition of sand-fixing forests when the array of the forests was adequately spaced. However, if the array spacing of windbreak forests was smaller than seven times of the heights of windbreak forests, the effects were reduced or completely masked by the effects of windbreak forests. The results could offer theoretical guidelines on how to systematically arrange the patterns of sand-fixing and windbreak forests for preventing wind erosion in the most convenient and the cheapest ways.     

Buffer zone and windbreak effects on spray drift deposition in a simulated wetland

The amount of agricultural spray that drifts into a wetland from an adjacent crop field is influenced by vegetation along the field boundary or any intentional setback distance (buffer zone) between the sprayer and the edge of the arable field. In this study, spray tracer drift deposits were measured in a simulated wetland area under different conditions of wind speed and buffer zone width. The effect of an artificial windbreak at the upwind edge of the simulated wetland was also evaluated. A level of tolerance of 0.1% of the in-swath spray deposition was established as a no-effect level for the response of aquatic plants to common herbicides. Our results indicate that a vegetated 10-m field margin (eg a fencerow) alone provides adequate protection from herbicide drift into a wetland area under wind conditions normally considered acceptable for spraying. For high winds (> 4m s(-1)) when field spraying would not normally be advised, adequate protection was afforded by the same 10-m margin plus a dense windbreak (25% porosity) or by the margin plus a 20-m buffer zone.     

单一行带式乔木固沙林内风速流场和防风效果风洞实验

文中研究在风速为10m/s和15m/s的风洞实验条件下,覆盖度为20%和25%的两种单行一带模式固沙林内的水平和垂直空间的风速变化情况,达到对两种不同模式的风速流场和防风效果进行比较分析的目的。通过分析可以得出,两种配置模式都形成了风影区和风速加速区相互组合的复杂的水平流场结构。两种模式对垂直空间风速影响相近,根据对不同高度风速的不同影响划分为地表加强层(0.8 cm以下)、微变化层(1.2 cm)、显著变化层(1.6 cm和3 cm)和稳定变化层(6 cm-35 cm)这四个变化层。从距地表1.6 cm高度开始,垂直空间风速变化沿来风方向的风速总体上是逐步减小的趋势,且在林带处会出现一个峰值。总的来讲两种模式降低水平空间和垂直空间风速的效果都相同,但沿林带方向降低水平空间风速的效果有所不同,两种模式降低垂直风速的效果从地表向上都表现出先增加后减少的趋势。     

Wind tunnel studies on spray deposition on leaves of tree species used for windbreaks and exposure of honey bees

A wind tunnel study was conducted to determine pesticide deposition on commonly used windbreak tree species used as spray drift barriers and associated exposure of honey bees. Although it has been known that windbreaks are effective in reducing chemical drift from agricultural applications, there is still an enormous information and data gap on details of the dependence of the mechanism on the biological materials of the barriers and on standardization of relevant assessment methods. Beneficial arthropods like honey bees are adversely affected by airborne drift of pesticides. A study was initiated by first establishing a wind tunnel to create a controlled environment for capture efficiency work. Suitable spray parameters were determined after a preliminary study to construct and develop a wind tunnel protocol. A tracer dye solution was sprayed onto the windbreak samples and honey bees located in the wind tunnel at various simulated wind speeds. Analysis of data from this work has shown that needle-like foliage of windbreak trees captures two to four times more spray than broad-leaves. In addition, it was determined that, at lower wind speeds, flying bees tend to capture slightly more spray than bees at rest.     

不同盖度沙蒿群丛防风作用研究

以天然沙蒿群丛为研究对象,初始盖度为60%,人工降低其盖度为50%,40%和30%,用多剖面自计式遥测风速仪连续观测记录沙蒿林内距离地面0.1 m,0.5 m,1.0 m,2.0 m,3.0 m,4.0 m,5.0 m和6.0 m高度处的风速变化。当沙蒿群丛盖度由30%增加到60%,风速廓线变化不明显,风速廓线方程、空气动力学粗糙度、边界层位移厚度和边界层动量损失厚度的值较为接近,没有随盖度呈现出规律性的变化,在这个盖度变化范围内,沙蒿群丛降低风速的作用相似。     

Effect of the duration of inoculum exposure on development of citrus canker symptoms on seedlings of Swingle citrumelo

Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xcc) is one of the most serious diseases citrus in Florida, and elsewhere in the world. The disease causes yield loss and some fresh fruit trade restrictions may apply. Cultural management techniques such as windbreaks may work by not only reducing wind speed, but also reducing the period of exposure of susceptible foliage or fruit to those wind speeds that support infection from incoming inoculum. To investigate the effect of exposure period to inoculum of Xcc, seedlings of canker-susceptible Swingle citrumelo were exposed to sprayed inoculum for increasing periods at different wind speeds. The incidence and severity of citrus canker was assessed. In three experiments the incidence and severity of citrus canker most often increased with longer periods of exposure to inoculum, especially so at wind speeds of ≥16 m/s compared to wind speeds of ≤5 m/s (wind speed also increased disease incidence and severity). Regression analysis demonstrated relationships between period of exposure to inoculum and the percent infected leaves per plant, the number of lesions per plant, the number of lesions per infected leaf, and for the percent of infected leaves with lesions on the petioles at wind speeds of ≥16 m/s (R²?=?0.16–0.72). Due to the effect of inoculum exposure period and wind speed, attempts should be made to minimize exposure of canker-susceptible citrus when wind speed is highest and inoculum is available. Windbreaks should help minimize periods of exposure to splashed inoculum in high winds.     

格状沙障内风速波动特征初步研究

通过对不同孔隙度格状沙障内风沙流中风速波动特征研究发现:风沙流中各高度层风速波动具有很好的相关性,其波动幅度随孔隙度的增加而减小;瞬时风速在时间序列上波动的均一性随不同高度间距离增加呈递减趋势;瞬时风速的波动性一方面受下垫面性质及外在环境条件的影响,另一方面与其所在高度层沙粒数量和运动状态有关.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠荒漠过渡带空气动力学粗糙度分析

根据塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带哈德、肖塘2个试验点的风、温梯度观测数据,利用风速比法计算了中性大气层结、无风沙运动条件的空气动力学粗糙度[WTBX](z0),并分析探讨z0[WTBZ]与下垫面状况、大气稳定度及风速的相互关系。结果表明：哈德、肖塘中性条件下z₀的取值范围分别为 1.81×10^-11～1.20×10^-3m,1.00×10^-11～1.65×10^-3m,平均值为2.70×10^-5m 和6.05×10^-5m,与平坦沙面的值较为接近;z₀随下垫面性质变化明显;空气动力学粗糙度总体上随着理查逊数(R_i)增大而变大,但又呈现出一定的离散程度;空气动力学粗糙度与2 m高度风速呈显著的负指数关系;大气稳定度对空气动力学粗糙度的影响作用有待于进一步确定。      

极端干旱区滴灌条件下葡萄茎流变化规律研究

为探究极端干旱区滴灌葡萄植株茎流变化规律及其影响因素,本文采用Flow4-DL包裹式茎流计监测滴灌和沟灌条件下葡萄植株的茎流变化规律,研究了茎流速率的变化规律与气象因子的相互关系,以及日茎流量与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量之间的关系.研究结果表明:在晴天,葡萄植株茎流速率的日变化呈现双峰曲线;在阴天,葡萄植株茎流变化曲线呈现多峰型;通过对各环境因子与葡萄植株茎流进行偏相关分析,得到茎流与光合有效辐射、风速极显著相关,与饱和水汽压显著相关,与温度、湿度不显著相关,相关程度依次为:光合有效辐射＞风速＞饱和水汽压＞空气湿度＞空气温度;采用逐步删除法进行多元回归分析,得到茎流与光合有效辐射、风速、饱和水汽压具有较强的线性相关关系,回归方程达到极显著水平;滴灌和沟灌情况下日茎流量与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量呈显著线性相关关系,且沟灌的相关性高于滴灌.     

新疆策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带风、温、湿相关性分析

为研究绿洲与沙漠间水、气、热量运移规律,运用统计法、相关分析法等,选取策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带4个不同下垫面风速(V)、气温(T)、大气相对湿度(RH)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、太阳辐射(SR)等气象要素进行相关性分析。结果表明:一天当中,起沙风发生在14:00—16:00的频率最大,且从早到晚呈现先上升再下降的趋势,与气温的日变化趋势基本一致。一年中,流沙地月平均风速与月平均气温的变化同步。从流沙地到绿洲内部,月平均风速的变化趋势明显减弱,气温的减弱趋势较小,大气相对湿度有一定增加的趋势。流沙地的月平均风速、温度呈较好的正相关性,一天中0.5 m与2 m高度之间气温、湿度差的负相关性较好。在6种天气类型中,4个下垫面每2个气象要素之间都在0.01水平上呈显著相关,阴雨天不同高度的风速与部分气象要素之间相关性不显著,流沙地在扬沙天气下、半固定沙地在浮沉天气下、固定沙地在阴雨天天气下,0.5 m高度的风速和PAR、SR均不呈显著相关性。