畜禽舍氨气排放规律及对畜禽健康的危害

随着畜禽养殖规模的不断增加和集约化养殖方式的快速发展,大量畜禽粪尿集中排放。挥发的氨气(NH3)不仅对环境造成巨大污染,同时也严重影响畜禽的健康,诱发各种疾病,导致生产性能下降。因此,分析畜禽的氨气排放规律及其对畜禽生产和健康的影响,对控制畜禽舍氨气浓度具有重要意义。本文主要阐述了畜禽舍氨气排放影响因素,以及氨气排放规律;分析了氨气对畜禽健康的影响及其对机体的损伤机理,为规模化畜禽生产提供参考。     

舍内空气质量对肉鸡健康影响的研究进展北大核心CSCD

随着畜禽规模化养殖生产的发展,环境对畜禽健康的影响愈发突出。高密度、集约化饲养导致舍内微生物、粉尘、有害气体等浓度升高,空气质量不断下降。长期生长在低质量空气环境中,导致肉鸡气管炎、肉鸡呼吸道综合征等呼吸道疾病多发,间接降低机体的生长性能和免疫功能。加强研究舍内空气污染物对畜禽健康的危害,并探索改善畜禽舍空气质量的有效措施,对我国畜牧业的健康发展具有重要意义。本文主要通过综述舍内微生物、粉尘、氨气等污染物及其危害和应对措施,为深入研究空气污染物对肉鸡健康影响的作用机制以及合理调控舍内空气质量提供理论依据。     

舍内空气质量对肉鸡健康影响的研究进展

随着畜禽规模化养殖生产的发展,环境对畜禽健康的影响愈发突出。高密度、集约化饲养导致舍内微生物、粉尘、有害气体等浓度升高,空气质量不断下降。长期生长在低质量空气环境中,导致肉鸡气管炎、肉鸡呼吸道综合征等呼吸道疾病多发,间接降低机体的生长性能和免疫功能。加强研究舍内空气污染物对畜禽健康的危害,并探索改善畜禽舍空气质量的有效措施,对我国畜牧业的健康发展具有重要意义。本文主要通过综述舍内微生物、粉尘、氨气等污染物及其危害和应对措施,为深入研究空气污染物对肉鸡健康影响的作用机制以及合理调控舍内空气质量提供理论依据。     

舍内关键环境因子对畜禽健康影响的研究进展

养殖环境是影响畜禽健康和生长的重要因素,饲养密度过高易导致畜禽舍内局部空气温湿度、空气环境颗粒物和有害气体浓度升高,畜禽易出现热应激和呼吸道疾病,降低生长性能。明确养殖不利环境因素对畜禽健康的影响和机制,对于通过改善养殖环境提高畜禽健康状况具有重要意义。文章针对畜禽舍高温、颗粒物和有害气体等关键环境因子对畜禽生长性能、繁殖性能、免疫性能和呼吸道健康等的影响进行综述,针对存在问题提出建议,旨在为我国畜禽养殖产业转型升级与可持续发展提供理论依据。     

二氧化碳对家禽的影响及控制措施

环境控制是肉鸡养殖技术中最为关键的环节,高浓度的有害气体会影响肉鸡的健康生长。虽然二氧化碳本身并没有毒性,但是长期生长在高浓度二氧化碳的鸡舍内可能会降低肉鸡的生长性能,危害肉鸡健康。加强研究舍内二氧化碳对畜禽健康的危害,并探索改善畜禽舍内空气质量的有效措施,对于畜禽健康生长和环境友好具有重要意义。本文主要通过综述舍内二氧化碳的危害和降低二氧化碳浓度的措施,为深入研究二氧化碳对肉鸡健康的影响以及合理调控舍内二氧化碳浓度提供理论依据。     

蛋鸡生产设施空气质量与污染物排放监测

与其他畜禽舍相比,蛋鸡舍由于饲养密度高,舍内空气质量恶劣,污染物向舍外排放量大.蛋鸡生产设施向外排放的污染物包括氨气、粉尘、臭气与可挥发性物质以及病原微生物等.蛋鸡舍内较高的有害物质及其排放,可以严重影响饲养员与畜禽健康、畜禽生产性能、舍内与舍外空气质量等,已经引起了公众的关注度不断提升,以及政府立法和执法的不断加强以限制相关排放.     

为畜禽生存、生长与生产构建良好的环境（上）——应重视畜禽舍内空气质量对畜禽的影响与控制

近几年来,畜禽饲养对舍外环境的影响日益引起人们的重视,但对舍内环境对动物健康与动物福利的影响一直没有引起足够的重视,研究还很不深入,控制也很不得力,特别是在我国农村,多数畜禽舍环境条件比较恶劣,空气污染比较严重,并因此成为畜禽健康水平低下、动物疫病频发、动物福利受损的等一系列问题的重要原因。在许多畜禽饲养场,可以不惜花大把的钱买药防病,而对畜禽舍内高浓度的氨气等有害气体却能容忍或接受,甚至是熟视无睹,认为畜禽舍内有氨气等有害气体虽令人生厌但无可避免,亦无大碍。这是错误的。发展健康养殖,饲养环境的质量特别是舍内空气质量是一个不可忽视的因素。随着畜牧业向规模化方向发展,大规模舍饲畜禽的增加,以及人们对动物健康、食品安全以及动物福利的日益关注,畜禽舍内环境特别是畜禽舍内的空气质量及其对畜禽的影响越来越成为一个值得高度重视和认真对待的问题。本文主要介绍了畜禽舍内的空气质量要求、畜禽舍内空气有害污染物的来源、畜禽舍内的空气质量对畜禽的影响及对畜禽舍内空气质量的控制。     

畜禽场氨减排技术研究进展

近年来,随着规模化养殖业的迅速发展,畜禽饲养密度不断增大,导致养殖业氨排放量大幅上升,严重影响畜禽健康及其生产性能,同时造成大气污染,因此开展养殖场氨减排技术研究对于畜禽健康、产品安全和环境改善均具有重要意义。着眼于畜禽内源氨营养调控、畜禽舍内原位净化和粪污处理过程三个重点环节,综述了多种氨减排技术,包括从源头的饲料优化、粪便除臭剂使用、舍内空气净化及粪污处理过程中的固液分离、表面覆盖等技术,对于养殖业氨减排具有一定参考意义。     

最廉价而有效的动物健康和动物福利投入——为畜禽生存、生长与生产构建良好的环境(上)——应重视畜禽舍内空气质量对畜禽的影响与控制

近几年来,畜禽饲养对舍外环境的影响日益引起人们的重视,但对舍内环境对动物健康与动物福利的影响一直没有引起足够的重视,研究还很不深入,控制也很不得力,特别是在我国农村,多数畜禽舍环境条件比较恶劣,空气污染比较严重,并因此成为畜禽健康水平低下、动物疫病频发、动物福利受损的等一系列问题的重要原因。在许多畜禽饲养场,可以不惜花大把的钱买药防病,而对畜禽舍内高浓度的氨气等有害气体却能容忍或接受,甚至是熟视无睹,认为畜禽舍内有氨气等有害气体虽令人生厌但无可避免,亦无大碍。这是错误的。发展健康养殖,饲养环境的质量特别是舍内空气质量是一个不可忽视的因素。随着畜牧业向规模化方向发展,大规模舍饲畜禽的增加,以及人们对动物健康、食品安全以及动物福利的日益关注,畜禽舍内环境特别是畜禽舍内的空气质量及其对畜禽的影响越来越成为一个值得高度重视和认真对待的问题。本文主要介绍了畜禽舍内的空气质量要求、畜禽舍内空气有害污染物的来源、畜禽舍内的空气质量对畜禽的影响及对畜禽舍内空气质量的控制。     

氨气对肉鸡健康的影响及应对措施

氨气是鸡舍内危害最大的气体,长期氨气应激不利于肉鸡的健康生长。加强对肉鸡舍氨气浓度的监测,研究氨气对肉鸡健康的影响以及减排措施对指导鸡舍氨气浓度的合理调控和健康养殖的发展具有重要意义。本文主要通过综述舍内氨气的来源,氨气对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质、免疫功能、呼吸道、繁殖性能、福利等方面的影响以及舍内氨气的监测和减排措施,为深入研究氨气对肉鸡健康影响的作用机制以及合理调控肉鸡舍内氨气浓度提供参考。     

影响猪场氨气排放的因素及控制措施

 猪舍是环境中氨气排放的重要来源,多年来,许多研究者对影响氨气排放的因素以及减少其排放技术进行了研究。影响氨气排放的主要因素包括地板类型、粪污处理系统、猪舍环境条件、日粮组成以及饲喂技术等。论文主要综述了影响氨气排放的各种因子以及减少氨气排放的各种措施,为生产中减少氨气污染,提高猪的健康,节约资源等提供理论指导。     

In-House Composting of Layer Manure in a High-Rise,Tunnel-Ventilated Commercial Layer House During an Egg Production Cycle

In-house composting has the potential to improve the viability of the high-rise house for commercial egg production by producing a value-added product from the manure without requiring a separate composting facility. The feasibility of in-house composting depends in part on having the ability to handle the manure mass that accumulates over an extended period. This field study showed that in-house composting is possible for the length of an egg production cycle. Beginning with windrows of a carbon source, fresh pine sawdust or shredded yard waste, upon which manure fell from the cage rows above, compost volume grew rapidly in the first few weeks, but slowed after composting activity peaked, as indicated by compost temperatures. In cold weather, when ventilation rates were low, compost remixing temporarily produced high ammonia levels in the house, but ammonia levels at other times were comparable to or lower than those in an undisturbed house. The final compost was friable and nutrient-rich, although the handling quality of the yard waste compost was reduced by persistence of elongated woody pieces of the original carbon source. The ability to access the manure storage area of a high-rise house over a cycle of production gives potential to deliver manure amendments to improve nitrogen retention in the compost, which would have the effect of improving its fertilizer value and reducing ammonia emission from the house.     

新疆地区荷斯坦干奶牛与泌乳牛四季NH3排放量变化的研究

试验于2011年7月～2012年7月在同一栋牛舍内对20头干奶牛和20头泌乳牛分别进行了四季氨气排放量测定,每个季节根据气象信息所提供的当地气温,分别在季前、季中、季末共选取气温相近的18d,分别对干奶牛（9d）与泌乳牛（9d）进行监测。通过测定不同时间段牛舍内NH3的浓度,把3次实测值进行累加,计算出24h奶牛NH3的排放值。结果表明,四季试验期间干奶牛舍内平均NH3排放量是6．42g／（头·d）,四季泌乳牛舍内平均NH、排放量是10．62g／（头·d）。四季温度的变化对奶牛排放NH3有一定的影响。奶牛NH3的排放量与奶牛的采食量、饲料配方和饲料中CP水平有关,一头体重500kg左右的奶牛一年产生约3．6kg的氨气：     

Spatial variation of manure nutrients and manure sampling strategy in high-rise laying-hen houses

Reliable knowledge of manure nutrient content for intensive animal operations is imperative to development of effective comprehensive nutrient management plans, which will minimize nutrient runoff and pollution of adjacent waterways. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the spatial variation of manure dry-matter (DM), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) content in commercial high-rise laying-hen houses, and to determine the sampling locations and number of samples that will lead to good assessment of nutrient content of manure in the houses. Two side-by-side manure samples were collected from 9 locations in each of 6 high-rise laying-hen houses (18 samples per house) and analyzed for DM, N, and P content. The 9 sample locations were distributed as one-fourth, half, and three-fourths of the building length, with 3 sample locations (every other manure row) per cross-section of the 5 manure rows. The average of DM, N, or P content from the 18 samples per house was used as the reference value for comparison of 8 sampling scenarios. Results showed that duplicate sampling at a location added little to the precision of the data. Manure samples collected crossways across the middle of the house or diagonally across the house in either direction yielded results most similar to the reference value for that house. Hence, when collecting manure samples for nutrient assessment in high-rise laying-hen houses, a single sample collected from every other manure pile across the middle of the building should be sufficient to obtain representative samples of the house and is recommended.     

Effect of ventilation on distributions,concentrations, and emissions of air pollutants in a manure-belt layer house

Air pollutants from poultry operations pose a potential threat not only for bird health, but also for the environment outside. Ventilation is believed to be an effective way of regulating house environment. To improve understanding of ventilation effects on house environment, distributions, concentrations and emissions of ammonia, carbon dioxide, total suspended particulates, and particulate matter 2.5 (fine particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) were investigated in a manure-belt layer house using 9 ventilation stages (VS) with different ventilation rates (VT). Distributions of pollutants were assessed visually using contour plots and coefficient of variation. Emission rates of pollutants were estimated by multiplying VT by concentration. Spatial distributions of 4 pollutants were not homogeneous throughout the house, regardless of VS, and increased VT aggravated the spatial disparity. In the house, pollutant concentrations were controlled under harmful levels during the 9 VS. Ventilation, as expected, can decrease pollutant concentrations. However concentrations of ammonia and carbon dioxide did not decrease proportionately to increased VT. The highest emission rates of 4 pollutants were observed during VS1, a stage with maximum ventilation, which reflected VT as a key factor determining emission rate. The study indicated that it is difficult to balance house environment and control pollutant concentrations depending only on ventilation. Several additional factors, such as temperature, humidity, manure handling, bird management, and ventilation system design, should be comprehensively considered to control air pollutants from poultry operations.     

北京地区发酵床养猪方式冬夏季环境状况测试与分析

本试验在冬、夏两季选取北京某猪场有窗密闭式和塑料大棚式2种样式、漏缝地板和发酵床2种地面形式的育肥猪舍进行环境监测,综合评价不同季节、不同建筑样式下发酵床在减少猪舍有害气体、调节温湿度等方面的效果。结果表明:冬季用简易热风炉供暖的有窗密闭漏缝地板猪舍日平均温度、氨气和硫化氢的浓度与不供暖的有窗密闭发酵床舍无显著差异(P>0.05),但发酵床舍二氧化碳含量较高(P<0.05),夏季时,发酵床能显著降低舍内氨气和硫化氢浓度(P<0.05),但床面日平均温度、猪舍空气日平均温度和日最高温度均极显著地高于有窗密闭漏缝地板舍(P<0.01),猪的增重明显低于漏缝地板舍,大棚式发酵床舍空气日平均温度和日最高温度又显著高于有窗密闭发酵床舍(P<0.05),有窗密闭发酵床舍又显著高于有窗实体地面舍(P<0.05)。因此,做好冬,夏季发酵床的管理以及选择与发酵床相配套的猪舍类型和环境调控措施非常关键。     

Ammonia,volatile fatty acids,phenolics, and odor offensiveness in manure from growing pigs fed diets reduced in protein concentration

The objective of this study was to investigate whether reducing dietary CP concentration decreases fecal VFA, manure ammonia (NH3) emission and odor, and urinary phenolic metabolites. Six barrows were allotted to one of six dietary treatments in a Latin square design. Treatments consisted of four corn-soybean meal based diets containing 15, 12, 9, and 6% CP, a casein-based diet containing 15% CP, and a protein-free diet (0% protein). Crystalline AA were included in the 12, 9, and 6% CP diets. The casein-based and protein-free diets were used to determine basal endogenous contribution of VFA, phenolics, NH3, and manure odor. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism cages to allow total collection of feces and urine. Feces and urine were collected and pooled within pig and period. Feces and urine were analyzed for VFA and phenolic metabolite concentrations, respectively. Feces and urine were then mixed, stored, and fermented at room temperature for 30 d. For NH3 determination, headspace air was sampled from manure slurries at 24, 48, and 72 h after fermentation. Slurry samples were placed into vials, capped, and randomized before odor panel evaluation. Odor offensiveness was classified on severity: 1 = non-offensive; 2 = mildly offensive; 3 = moderately offensive; 4 = strongly offensive; and 5 = extremely offensive. Reducing dietary CP increased (P < 0.05) fecal VFA concentrations but did not affect phenolic concentrations in urine. Manure NH3 emission was reduced (P < 0.05) as dietary CP concentration decreased from 15 to 0%. The 15% diet had the least offensive manure slurry with odor qualitative ranking of 2.58 (i.e., mild-moderately offensive). Compared with the 15% CP diet, manure from the 9 and 6% CP diets was found to be more offensive (P < 0.05), with qualitative rankings of 2.92 and 3.10, respectively. Odor qualitative rank for the 12% CP, protein-free diet, and casein-based diet did not differ from that of the 15% CP diet. These results indicate that reduction in dietary CP concentrations decreases manure NH3 emission, but it does not diminish manure odor offensiveness and fecal VFA concentrations.     

畜禽粪便资源化处理的研究进展

随着我国畜牧业规模化、集约化的快速发展,畜禽粪便对环境的污染问题日益受到人们的关注。本文综述了畜禽粪便的资源化处理和利用技术,从肥料化、饲料化和能源化的角度,分析了各种资源化技术的优缺点,其中采用热解技术处理畜禽粪便展现出较好的发展潜力,不仅具有处理效率高、周期短,可以快速杀死粪便中的致病微生物,有效降低环境负荷的特点,且低成本的畜禽粪污处理后还可以获得高附加值的生物能源。分析了采用热解技术处理畜禽粪便的研究现状及存在问题,同时对热解技术处理畜禽粪便的发展方向进行了展望。