榔榆幼苗耐旱特性及补偿效应机制研究

为探讨榔榆幼苗耐旱特性及补偿效应机理,为探究榆科植物抗逆性及补偿效应提供理论依据,笔者研究不同干旱次数及复水补偿对榔榆幼苗渗透调节物质和保护酶活性的影响。结果显示:渗透调节物质(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸)含量和保护酶(SOD、POD)活性总体呈现先增加后降低的趋势,在干旱时含量增加,复水后又缓慢下降;且渗透调节物质含量随不同交替处理次数有不同的变化规律,具体表现为T3T1T2,说明经过1次抗性锻炼的T2,对干旱具有一定的适应能力。表明榔榆可以通过渗透调节物质和保护酶活性来适应干旱环境,但较多的干旱胁迫会对榔榆的生长造成一定的影响。     

滇润楠与香樟幼苗受旱复水后的生理变化对比研究

通过对云南乡土树种滇润楠和外来树种香樟幼苗的盆栽控水和复水试验,探讨土壤干旱胁迫解除后的水分生理变化以比较二者的耐旱能力。结果表明:(1)控水9d后复水的第3d滇润楠幼苗各指标值均已接近对照组,而香樟叶片的脯氨酸含量和相对外渗率仍与对照组有显著差异;(2)控水11d再复水3d后香樟幼苗的大多数测定指标都远离对照水平,而与此同时滇润楠幼苗的各项测定指标都有了明显恢复,除了脯氨酸含量和相对外渗率与对照指标差距较大外,叶水势和叶绿素含量都基本恢复到对照水平。研究表明在遭受同等程度的干旱胁迫之后再复水,滇润楠幼苗可恢复的指标多,部分生理指标比香樟恢复得快,表明滇润楠幼苗的耐旱性能比香樟强。     

干旱胁迫和复水后台湾相思、银合欢和火棘幼苗的生理变化

以台湾相思、银合欢和火棘幼苗为试验材料,人工模拟干旱胁迫环境,通过测定各树种幼苗叶片的生理指标,研究了干旱胁迫对这3种幼苗的影响,并用主成分法综合评定了各树种的抗旱性。结果表明,干旱胁迫期间3种幼苗的叶片组织含水量下降,复水处理后恢复到与对照相近水平;3种幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量上升,复水后下降;3种幼苗叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量上升或上升后下降,复水后一般恢复到对照水平;台湾相思和火棘幼苗的叶片SOD活性显著上升后小幅波动,而银合欢的幼苗叶片SOD活性持续增加;台湾相思和火棘幼苗的叶片丙二醛含量逐渐上升,银合欢上升后波动。3种幼苗叶片的SOD活性和丙二醛含量复水后均下降。对生理指标进行主成分分析表明,3种幼苗的抗旱性为台湾相思>银合欢>火棘。     

干旱复水对胡杨(Populus euphratica)幼苗生理特性的影响

以2a生胡杨实生苗为材料,采用盆栽称重法研究轻度(持续干旱6d)、中度(持续干旱12d)和重度(持续干旱18d)干旱及旱后复水过程中幼苗光合气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数及光合色素、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)等含量的变化,探讨不同程度干旱及复水过程中胡杨幼苗生理生化响应与旱后恢复能力的关系。结果表明:(1)持续干旱,幼苗叶片光合速率(Pn)、有效光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII反应中心光捕获效率(Fv'/Fm')、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)及光合色素含量均随干旱时间的延长和土壤含水量的减小逐渐下降;轻度和中度胁迫幼苗Pn分别下降了25%和60%,但Fv/Fm、Fv'/Fm'、ΦPSII与对照无显著差异(p0.05),较短期的缺水条件下幼苗光合系统稳定;重度胁迫,幼苗Pn接近零,光合几乎完全受抑,Fv/Fm下降17%,长期缺水致使幼苗光合器官受损。(2)中度和重度干旱胁迫,幼苗叶片丙二醛含量显著,细胞膜遭到破坏;幼苗可溶性糖、Chl a/b、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)增大,其通过渗透调节提高抗旱性,减少光捕获及热耗散以避免过剩光对光合机构造成更大损伤;(3)轻度和中度胁迫后复水,幼苗光合、荧光参数均在短期内快速恢复,重度胁迫也在复水8d完全恢复,反映了幼苗较强的旱后修复能力;轻度胁迫幼苗叶片Pn和叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,表现出补偿效应,表明适度干旱诱导了幼苗的抗旱适应性。研究发现,干旱胁迫对胡杨幼苗光合生理具有显著抑制作用,但胡杨通过一些列光保护、光适应机制以及渗透调节等使其在干旱胁迫环境下生存,并能够在复水后完全恢复。     

短期干旱和复水对麻栎幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光的影响

麻栎是鲁中山区森林植被恢复的重要阔叶树种之一,本文以1年生麻标幼苗为试验对象,研究短期干旱和复水对其光合及叶绿素荧光等生理生态特征的影响。结果表明：在干旱胁迫初期,干旱组的各项指标均优于对照组,说明过高的土壤含水量并不利于麻栎幼苗的生长;随着土壤干旱程度的进一步加剧,幼苗的气孔导度减少,导致光合和蒸腾作用的下降,水分利用效率升高;胁迫末期各项光合指标均降到最低。从叶绿素荧光参数可以看出,干旱胁迫并未使幼苗的光合机构发生伤害,幼苗在适宜的水分条件时产生光合能力上调,当水分匮缺时,以叶黄素循环为主的非光化学淬灭耗散掉过剩的光能达到保护光合机构的目的。复水后麻栎幼苗的各项生理生态指标恢复正常,但气孔导度的增大存在一定的滞后效应,导致了水分利用效率的反冲,同时叶黄素库仍然维持较高水平,麻栎幼苗通过物理和化学的双重保护来抵御干旱胁迫和进行胁迫后的恢复。     

不同水分管理对楸树苗木速生期生长及生理的影响

以贵州主要阔叶造林树种楸树为研究对象,采用人工控制土壤含水量的盆栽试验方法,研究楸树苗木速生期不同水分管理对幼苗苗高、地径、根系生长、生物量分配以及生理质量指标的影响。结果表明:速生期楸树幼苗最适宜的土壤含水量为100%田间持水量,一般应保持在80%~100%田间持水量之间,低于80%田间持水量,会使楸树幼苗的苗高与地径生长、根系发育、生物量积累都受到严重的限制,苗木生理质量指标叶绿素含量、根系活跃吸收面积和叶片相对含水量明显降低,而叶片质膜透性增加,细胞膜受到严重伤害;在40%田间持水量时,幼苗因干旱而死亡。     

干旱胁迫对桂木和大叶榕苗木生理特性的影响研究

选取了桑科的桂木和大叶榕2种苗木的一年生幼苗为研究对象,在温室中设置盆栽控水试验,测定了2个参试树种在干旱胁迫及复水处理后的相对电导率、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率共5个生理指标。结果表明:干旱胁迫发生时,桂木和大叶榕的各项指标均发生了变化,但随着复水处理的开始,各项指标又有不同程度的恢复且桂木的抗旱性表现优于大叶榕。     

珍稀濒危植物杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗对水分胁迫的生理响应

在温室中采用模拟干旱的方法,研究杜鹃红山茶(Camellia changii)嫁接苗对水分胁迫的生理响应。研究表明:在干旱和复水过程中,叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、电导率、MDA、SOD、POD、CAT等生理指标的代谢情况虽各有不同,但变化指向适应干旱的环境,杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗可以适应20 d以内持续干旱的环境而不致死亡,复水后可以迅速恢复正常生长。研究认为,杜鹃红山茶嫁接苗具有较强的抗旱性,可在城市园林中推广应用。     

地榆在干旱胁迫与复水处理中的适应性研究

以地榆为供试材料,通过盆栽试验,在人工干旱胁迫和复水处理下对地榆生长状况以及胁迫、复水前后不同时期各项生理指标进行观测。结果表明：在一定范围内,干旱胁迫使地榆生长速度受到不同程度的影响,复水后地榆表现出补偿生长的特性;干旱胁迫使地榆细胞质膜透性增加,复水后地榆细胞质膜透性可降至正常水平;干旱胁迫使地榆游离脯氨酸的积累迅速增加,复水后其积累量降至正常（对照）水平。     

不同沙棘品种苗期生长动态研究

对7个沙棘品种苗期生长动态进行研究的结果表明:各品种幼苗的苗高和叶片数的前期生长量要快于后期生长量,苗高和叶片数半月生长量中最高的是契切克,其次为壮圆黄;叶片数半月生长量中最低的是丘依斯克;以不同品种沙棘苗高半月净生长量为指标,采用有序样本聚类分析将沙棘苗高生长过程划分为4个时期:出苗期、幼苗期、速生期和生长后期,其中,速生期苗高生长量最大,其次为幼苗期,出苗期和生长后期生长量最低。     

干旱胁迫对药用绿化植物千里光和密蒙花生长的影响研究

为筛选利用抗旱性较高的乡土植物用于边坡生态修复,通过盆栽试验研究滇中地区常见的密蒙花和千里光在干旱胁迫条件下的抗旱性,对干旱胁迫下植株的生长状况及各种酶活性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量等有关生理指标进行研究。结果表明,在断水干旱胁迫下,千里光幼苗忍耐干旱环境的能力强;密蒙花幼苗在断水干旱胁迫前期调节能力较好,在后期抗旱能力减弱,植株生长受到严重抑制。     

扁桃幼苗对水分胁迫的响应

为探讨扁桃幼苗对水分条件的适应能力 ,以 1a生盆栽扁桃苗为材料 ,设置 5个水平土壤相对含水量处理 ,研究了生长状况和主要生理过程对土壤水分胁迫的反应。结果表明 ,在水分胁迫条件下 ,特别是在干旱胁迫下 ,苗木生长受到严重抑制 ,净光合速率和蒸腾速率降低 ;随着水分胁迫的加剧 ,叶片渗透调节和维持膨压能力有一定程度的提高 ;过量水分供应 ,对扁桃生长和生理作用产生不良影响。扁桃幼苗对土壤水分的要求是田间持水量的 60 %～80 %。     

水分胁迫对白杨杂种无性系生理和生长的影响

为探索水分胁迫对白杨杂种无性系气体变换和生长的影响,以白杨双杂交杂种新无性系Ｂ４３０苗木为试验材料,在３种水分胁迫条件下,对各无性系生理和生长指标进行了分析。结果表明,在不同水分胁迫下,无性系苗木的Ｐｎ、Ｔｒ,Ｇｓ,Ｌａ,Ｃｉ等日变化模式基本一致,但受胁迫的苗木各生理过程受到明显抑制。各生长指标对水分胁迫的敏感性不同,苗高和单叶叶面积对水分胁迫最敏感,叶片数和生物量的敏感性较差,随着水分胁迫加强,     

Growth and biomass partitioning of nine provenances of Quillaja saponaria seedlings to water stress

Information on the morphological and physiological responses of seedlings to stressors, such as water stress, is required for successful early establishment of seedlings. We examined provenance variation in morphological and physiological traits of Quillaja saponaria Molina seeds from nine provenances representing a latitudinal transect across the species range in Chile. The seedlings were subjected to two water regimes (well-watered vs water restriction) in a nursery experiment, and growth, biomass, survival, and gas exchange traits were measured. As expected, well-watered seedlings exhibited a superior performance in all traits analysed. Provenance effects were significant for most of the morphological and physiological traits. In the growth and biomass analysis, the northernmost provenance showed the lowest survival, growth and dry biomass, whereas in the gas exchange analysis, the southern interior provenance showed the highest net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency. The interaction between water regimes and provenance was only significant for diameter and net photosynthesis. These results indicate that different provenances of Q. saponaria show a stable performance across different controlled drought conditions. This information is of relevance for sourcing seeds for the restoration of the species.     

水分胁迫对栓皮栎幼苗生理特性及生长的影响

通过盆栽实验，研究了在不同的水分条件下栓皮栎幼苗生理特性的变化和苗木生长量的变化。研究表明，在水分胁迫初期，随土壤含水量的降低，栓皮栎叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率下降，而水分利用效率提高。在水分胁迫末期，由于长期的干旱胁迫，水分条件最差的一组苗木已干枯死亡，土壤含水量从38．123％下降到20．323％时，净光合速率和蒸腾速率均下降，水分利用效率也下降。随着土壤含水量的降低，苗高、地径和生物量均有下降的趋势，其中生物量下降的幅度最大。     

水分胁迫下刺槐不同无性系生理生化反应的研究

Water stress can cause all kinds of physiological and biochemical responses on forest tree, which are indicated by changes of many physiological and biochemical indexes. Under the different drought extent of soil, the seedlings of Rob-inia pseudoacacia clones were tested. Testing indexes included water content, the ratio of bound water content and free wa-ter content ( Vα/Vs), free proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein ect. The results showed that water content decreased with the increase of soil drought, the rest indexes increased in different extent. The range of variance differed among clones. It was difficult to evaluate exactly the drought resistance of different clones depending on only physiological and biochemical index.     

Ecophysiological acclimatization to cyclic water stress in Eucalyptus

Drought is considered the main environmental factor limiting productivity in eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. However, recent studies have reported that exposure to water deficit conditions enables plants to respond to subsequent stresses. Thus, this study investigates the ecophysiological acclimatization of eucalyptus clones submitted to recurrent water deficit cycles. Eucalyptus seedlings were submitted to three recurrent water deficit cycles and anatomical, morphological and physiological changes were analyzed. The results were:(1) Eucalyptus seedlings responded to water deficits by directing carbohydrates to root and stem growth;(2) Size and number of stomata were reduced;(3) Stomatal conductance decreased which allowed the plants to reduce water losses through transpiration,increasing instantaneous water use efficiency;(4) The relationship between gas exchanges and available water contents allowed the seedlings to uptake the retained soil water athigher tensions;and,(5) Physiological recovery from subsequent water deficits became faster. As a result of these changes, the eucalyptus seedlings recovered from the same degree of water stress more rapidly.     

滇东南岩溶山区川滇桤木生长适应性初步研究

在砚山铳卡不同立地条件下栽培试验的初步结果表明川滇桤木在滇东南岩溶山区的石山和土山、石灰土和山地红壤上生长都比较好,表现出对不同立地条件较强的适应能力,其生长快慢与立地条件的好坏密切相关.川滇桤木的树高、地径、冠幅、叶面积、叶长、叶宽、单叶鲜重、干鲜重、枝叶鲜重和生物量等10个生长性状具有较高的一致性.川滇桤木具有育苗周期短、生长迅速、适应性强的特点,是岩溶山区营造生态防护和水源涵养林的一个优良树种,2年生平均树高为1.7m、地径为2.58cm、冠幅为0.85cm,树高最大达5.1m、地径最大达7.3cm.     

Effects of light availability and soil flooding on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Genipa americana L. seedlings

Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae) is a late successional neotropical fruit tree used in riparian forest restoration programs. We analyze the effects of light availability and soil flooding on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of G. americana seedlings under nursery and natural light conditions. Two light levels (full sunlight and shade), and two levels of soil water (flooded and control) were used in the experiment. Flooding induced significant changes in the total seedling biomass (P < 0.01). The differences among water treatments were 70 and 10% at full sunlight and shade, respectively. These changes were explained by alterations in the maximum quantum efficiency of the photosystem 2 (Fv/Fm), light-saturated net photosynthetic rates (A _sat) and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE). G. americana has high physiological plasticity in relation to the light availability and flooding, although significant interactive effects between high light exposure and soil flooding were observed in several photosynthetic and growth variables. The results highlight the importance of the synergistic effects between physical environmental variables on the establishment and growth of G. americana seedlings. In the practical point of view we can indicate that, in degraded riparian forests subjected to soil flooding, seedlings of this species should be planted under partially shaded environments.     

水分胁迫对侧柏和油松生长的影响

以辽西地区造林常用树种侧柏和油松幼苗为研究对象,通过不同的土壤水分胁迫来比较两种树苗的生长指标的变化。结果表明:侧柏幼苗的株高和地径随土壤含水量的增加而增加;油松幼苗株高虽然随土壤含水量的增加而增加,但是地径在初期变化不显著,后期生长缓慢,以60%的土壤含水量处理增加最多。