烟草青枯病的化学防治研究进展

烟草青枯病是由茄科雷尔氏菌引起的细菌性土传病害,自首次在我国报道以来,其发生范围和为害程度就在不断蔓延和加重,每年给烟草行业带来巨大的经济损失.目前,世界范围内尚无特效的化学药剂可以进行治疗.但诸多研究表明,前期及时的化学药剂处理、熏蒸处理、诱抗剂处理均可有效预防烟草青枯病的发生和发展,降低经济损失.我国有关烟草青枯病化学防治的研究十分有限,而化学防治是保障烟草健康和烟叶生产的不可或缺的重要组成部分.因此,本文对我国烟草青枯病化学防治的药剂、影响防效的因素以及采用土壤熏蒸消毒和诱抗剂防治烟草青枯病的进展进行了系统整理和总结,并对烟草青枯病的化学防治前景进行了展望,希望能为今后烟草青枯病及时有效地防控提供参考.     

几种药剂防治烟草青枯病田间药效试验

7种药剂防治烟草青枯病进行了田间药效试验,结果表明,7种药荆均能推迟青枯病的发病高峰期,减轻发病程度,其中荧光假单胞菌3 000亿个/克粉剂和农用链霉素的防效最好,药效稳定,持续时间长,对烟草青枯病的防治效果分别达到74.92%、74.48%.此外,罗建新菌肥和活性菌肥对烟草青枯病也具有较好的防治效果,防效分别为66.27%和69.39%.     

重庆市烟草青枯病的系统控制

<正>近年来,随着单一品种的连年种植及土壤连作,烟草病虫害所造成的经济损失呈逐年上升趋势,其中被称为烟草"癌症"的青枯病为害最为严重,重庆市每年因青枯病造成的产量损失高达2000万元。在青枯病重发区,烟农谈"病(青枯病)"色变,极大地挫伤了烟农的种烟积极性。笔者从青枯病     

抗烟草青枯病菌的芽胞杆菌筛选和鉴定

烟草青枯病是由青枯劳尔氏菌Ralatonia so-lanacearum引起的一种土传病害。此病是热带、亚热带地区烟草的主要病害之一,在我国长江流域及其以南烟区普遍发生,其中以广东、福建、湖南、四川及贵州烟区危害较重。烟草青枯病自发现以来,引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。目前,在生产中主要采用化学农药防治,     

假茄科雷尔氏菌引起向日葵青枯病在中国的首次报道

茄科雷尔氏菌复合种侵染引起的青枯病是众多作物上的毁灭性病害。2020年笔者首次在广东省东莞市发现向日葵青枯病,并对其病原菌进行了鉴定。室内人工接种试验、16S rDNA序列比对和演化型鉴定结果表明,引起向日葵青枯病的病原菌为假茄科雷尔氏菌Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum。生理生化特性和致病性鉴定结果表明,分离自向日葵的15株假茄科雷尔氏菌为1号生理小种和生化变种3。egl基因部分序列系统进化分析表明,15株假茄科雷尔氏菌分属4个序列变种,其中8株菌株为序列变种17,5株菌株为序列变种13,其余2株菌株分别为序列变种14和序列变种54。本文是我国首次报道假茄科雷尔氏菌侵染引起向日葵青枯病。     

赣南桉树青枯病的防治方法与对策探讨

桉树青枯发生普遍,危害性大,防治困难,是一种灾害性的流行病。本文介绍了赣南桉树青枯病发生特征、防治方法,以期探寻该桉树青枯病持续有效防治的对策。     

烟草青枯病的病原特性及流行预警

烟草青枯病是当前烟草生产中发生面积大、危害严重、防控困难的土传病害,也是烟草病虫害绿色防控最为关键的流行性病害.作为一种典型的维管束细菌性病害,植株感病属于系统性侵染,条件合适时会突然暴发危害,因此,监测预警十分重要.本文总结了烟草青枯病病原特性、发病症状及病害侵染循环的特点,介绍了影响青枯病发生的关键因子,提出了青枯病的调查与监测预警方法,旨在为烟草青枯病的基础理论研究及有效推进绿色防控提供有力支撑.     

合浦县2012年水稻青枯病发生原因分析及防控措施

水稻青枯病是一种水稻生理性病害,该病2012年在合浦县晚稻发生100 ha,为害较大,损失较重。为今后更好地指导水稻青枯病的防控工作,笔者经过认真细致调查,现将2012年合浦县局部地区晚稻青枯病严重发生的原因及防控措施总结如下。     

影响烟草青枯病发生的关键气象因子分析

烟草是我国重要的经济作物,但随着土壤连作年限的增加,烟草青枯病的发生日益严重,成为制约烟草行业持续健康发展的主要因子.针对烟草青枯病发生与高温高湿的环境条件高度吻合这一现象,本文基于对田间烟草青枯病病情指数以及病害期间气象因子的动态监测,引入最大信息系数和皮尔逊相关性系数评估方法,探究了影响烟草青枯病发生的关键气象因子.结果表明,空气湿度是烟草青枯病发生的必要因子,降雨过后,相对较高的空气温度是促进烟草青枯病发生发展的关键气象因子.当15d平均湿度维持在87.74%以上、15d最低温度维持在13.00℃以上、15d平均温度维持在19.00℃以上时,田间烟草青枯病开始发生;当15d最低温度升高(达到14.83℃以上)时,田间烟草青枯病开始流行;但当日平均温度低于18℃时,病害发生发展速度有所减缓.该结果为今后田间烟草青枯病的预测预报以及病害的及时防控提供了理论支持,在生产上具有一定的价值和意义.     

哈茨木霉对烟草青枯病田间控制效果及生物学性状的影响

针对我国西南烟区烟草青枯病愈发严重的问题,选取了地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtitlis)和哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)3种生防菌剂,通过田间小区试验,探究3种生防菌剂对青枯病的田间控制效果及烟草生长情况的影响.结果表明:与地衣芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌相比,哈茨木霉对烟草青枯病的防控效果较好,在团棵期、旺长期和打顶期的相对防治效果分别可达66.7%、62.5%和56.8%.另外,3种生防菌剂对烤烟前期株高和茎叶的生长均有很好的促进作用.本研究为生物防治方法在烟草上的应用提供了新的思路和理论依据.     

油橄榄细菌性青枯萎蔫病病原菌的研究

 从油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)青枯萎蔫病树的根、茎和枝条上分离致病性的假单胞青枯细菌(Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith)在电镜下观察,菌体形状大小为0.5×0.8~1.6×2.2微米;有1~7根鞭毛,长为2.6~7.5微米,通过寄主植物的接种试验,能导致多种植物感病,但和花生青枯病菌有明显差异、致病性有所不同,发病速度有快慢之别。我们认为这可能是青枯病菌假单胞菌油橄榄的一个变种。     

Inhibition by bacterial lipopolysaccharide of wilt induced by phytopathogenic bacteria in cut cherry shoots, and of cherry canker disease

Virulent phytopathogenic bacteria and their less virulent mutants induced wilt in cut cherry shoots treated with cell suspensions. Both heterologous and homologous bacteria induced the will reaction. The wilt-inducing isolates also caused the hypersensitive response in tobacco. An avirulent capsulaled mutant of Erwinia amylovora did not elicit either response. Non-phytopathogens did not cause wilting to occur. All the tested isolates aggregated after entry into plant tissues whether wilting occurred or not, but did not aggregate in suspensions in contact with cut shoots. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide or sidechain carbohydrate derived from lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum protected shoots against wilt when administered with the same bacterial isolate. These substances also inhibited cherry canker disease in susceptible mature trees when applied before inoculation to leaf-scar inoculation sites. Inhibition of bacterial adhesion to mature plant tissues treated with lipopolysaccharide or sidechain is suggested as a cause of disease inhibition. The wilt reaction may provide a rapid test of phytopathogenicity.     

桑树青枯病与根际土壤肥力及微生物群落结构特征的研究

本文比较分析了桑树青枯病发病和健康植株根际土壤肥力以及微生物（细菌和真菌）群落结构特征差异，旨在挖掘和利用丰富微生物资源的有益功能，为构建桑树青枯病生物防治技术体系奠定基础。结果表明，桑树青枯病发病植株根际土壤中指示土壤肥力与健康状况的生物学性状指标β-葡糖苷酶和磷酸酶的活性显著降低，微生物生物量碳、磷显著下降；细菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中酸杆菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门等优势细菌相对丰度降低，变形菌门、绿弯菌门、粘球菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门等优势细菌相对丰度增加；细菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了硝化螺菌属和放线菌属等特有细菌属，缺失了诸如链霉菌属等具有分泌抗生素功能的优势细菌属。真菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中子囊菌门和担子菌门真菌相对丰度增加，unclassified_k_Fungi和霉菌门真菌相对丰度降低；真菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了地霉菌属、腐质霉属和丝孢菌属等腐生真菌，缺失了被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属等具有产抑菌化合物功能的优势真菌。研究表明，桑树青枯病与根际土壤β-葡糖苷酶、磷酸酶活性，微生物生物量碳、磷以及微生物群落结构都具有一定的相关性。链霉菌属细菌以及被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属真菌有望作为生物防控青枯病的有效备选菌属。     

Verticillium wilt of almond in California 1

Wilt of almond due to Verticillium dahliae, also known as‘black heart', is an occasionally serious disease problem in orchards in California (US). Verticillium wilt is most severe on trees 2–6-year-old, and symptoms lessen as trees mature. Usually only a few trees in a young orchard are affected, though sometimes many young trees die. Severe economic losses of 9000-11 000 USD per ha resulting from verticillium wilt in almond orchards have been recorded. Foliar symptoms may be difficult to discern after trees are 5–6-year-old. Unlike previous reports of new infections arising each year, recent research indicates that infections may perennate in vascular tissue of primary scaffolds and trunks. Some differences in tree damage are apparent among scion cultivars. Pre-plant fumigation with methyl bromide and/or chloropicrin is not reliably effective for prevention of verticillium wilt. Solarization has been effective when applied prior to or at planting. Post-plant therapeutic treatments are not consistently effective.     

Recovery of Young Olive Trees from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium dahliae</Emphasis>

Natural recovery from wilt disease symptoms was evaluated in young olive trees root dip inoculated with Verticillium dahliae in a growth chamber over a 12 week period and, later on, when the trees were transplanted in a V. dahliae-free soil in a lathhouse during a period of 127 weeks. Recovery in an individual tree was considered when a plant showed symptom remission after having reached a maximum value of symptom severity. Recovery accounted for 53% of 464 trees that showed wilt symptoms during observations in the two environments. The remaining trees died. Recurrent wilt symptoms were not observed in recovered trees, and recovery was usually accompanied by the production of new green tissues. Recovery was clearly higher in trees inoculated with a non-defoliating (ND) isolate (86.4%) of the pathogen than in those inoculated with a defoliating (D) isolate (23.9%). The percentage of recovery and the level of resistance were significantly correlated. Recovery accounted for 92.1% of the cases in resistant and moderately susceptible cultivars, reaching 100% in plants inoculated with the ND isolate (Table 2); meanwhile it was three times lower (30.1% of the plants) in susceptible and extremely susceptible diseased trees. In the lathhouse, periodical tissue isolations for monitoring the progress of infections over a period of 127 weeks in recovered trees, showed that the pathogen could only be isolated from trees 19 weeks after inoculation. Pathogen isolation was significantly higher from susceptible and extremely susceptible cultivars (84.6%) than from resistant and moderately susceptible ones (33.3%). Results showed that if a tree overcomes infection by pathogen from a single inoculation, and it is able to begin a recovery process, it will not express wilt symptoms again in a pathogen-free environment. The pathogen remained inactive or dead over time in recovered trees. Thus, new infections from rootlets would be necessary for new symptom expression. Recovery from Verticillium wilt is an important natural mechanism that occurs in a high percentage of infected olive trees, and can complement the resistance of the cultivar, particularly in conditions of low inoculum densities of low virulence isolates of the pathogen in the soil.     

Integrated control of verticillium wilt of olive with cryptonol in combination with a solar chamber and fertilizer

A study was conducted during 2 years to determine the effects of three different control measures on the development of Verticillium wilt on olive trees cv. ‘Nabali’ at Al-Hallabat, Jordan. The causal agent of the wilt wasVerticillium dahliae Kleb. Treating diseased trees with Cryptonol (8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate) in a soil drench, or covering trees with a solar chamber for 15 days, was effective in suppressing disease development. The fertilizer treatment (NPK, 15:15:30) decreased disease severity and percent infection. All decreases are in comparison with the untreated control, and as recorded during the active phase of the pathogen. The treatments did not differ significantly from each other, and disease incidence in treated trees remained lower than in the control throughout the examined period.     

Resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato as discerned by spread of Pseudomonas (Burholderia) solanacearum in the stem tissues

Different criteria were compared for assessing bacterial wilt resistance in 13 tomato genotypes varying in disease susceptibility. Wilt severity and bacterial invasiveness at collar and midstem were compared in the field under cooler (March to May, 20–28°C) and warmer months (June to August, 23–29°C), which were unfavourable and favourable to wilt symptom expression, respectively. A model was proposed for determining resistance regardless of climatic conditions prevalent during field experimentation. This model was based on an estimate of bacterial invasiveness termed the colonization index. Using a qualitative imprint method we confirmed that the more resistant the genotype, the lower the bacterial colonization of the stem. The colonization index accounted both for wilted plants and for infected asymptomatic plants in which Pseudomonas solanacearum populations failed to produce wilt. The colonization index at midstem was the more useful indicator of resistance under favourable conditions. When environmental conditions were unfavourable to wilt, colonization index at collar level discerned resistant genotypes more clearly. The results formed the basis for a model for predicting the degree and stability of resistance in tomato.     

桑细菌性枯萎病病原菌的分离鉴定与全基因组序列分析

为明确华南蚕区桑树细菌性枯萎病主要病原菌的种类,本研究从广西、广东等地桑园采集了多份桑树细菌性枯萎病病样,采用分离培养、形态学鉴定和分子生物学鉴定的方法,对病原菌进行了分离鉴定,并通过药敏试验分析病原菌的耐药性。结果表明,结合柯赫氏法则,将分离到的桑枯萎病病原菌鉴定为产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca,编号AKKL-001(菌种保藏号GDMCC No.1.1602)。该病原菌属革兰氏阴性菌,基因组全长6 149 586 bp,含有5 792个基因,GC含量55.80%;药敏试验结果表明,病原菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛、头孢噻吩、链霉素、麦迪霉素等抗生素具有耐受性。本研究报道了桑细菌性枯萎病病样上分离的产酸克雷伯氏菌,为桑细菌性枯萎病病原菌的研究提供理论依据,全基因组测序的结果为桑细菌性枯萎病的相关致病机制研究奠定了基础。     

利用拮抗的Pseudomonas spp.和无致病力的P.solanacearum防治青枯病的研究

 从番茄、烟和木麻黄根围土壤中分离了606个Pseudomonas spp.菌株,94a和22a对番茄、烟和花生青枯病有一定效果。用番茄青枯菌和花生青枯菌通过Co⁶⁰辐射和紫外光诱变的无致病力菌株,25c、55b对番茄青枯病;45b对花生青枯病;107b对花生青枯病;有一些效果。但不够理想。试验结果证明从植物根围土壤筛选有拮抗作用的P.spp.有可能用于防治青枯病。     

番茄青枯病生物防治研究进展

番茄青枯病是番茄生产上最严重的病害之一,化学防治效果不佳,且对环境不友好。本文概述了国内外应用无致病力青枯菌菌株、拮抗细菌和生物技术等方法对番茄青枯病进行生物防治的研究进展,并对生物防治存在的相关问题及应用前景进行了讨论。