黑水虻对畜禽粪便的转化以及在饲料中的应用进展

利用生物转化方法不但能将畜禽粪便资源化,还能减少粪便对环境的污染,做到节能减排。作为饲用昆虫的一种,黑水虻的幼虫可以将畜禽粪便、餐厨垃圾等有机废弃物通过生物转化作用转变为安全、环保、优质的饲料资源。本文主要对黑水虻在畜禽粪便中的生物转化作用,以及其在动物饲料中的应用进行综述,以期为黑水虻规模化处理畜禽粪便及日后产业化利用提供参考。     

有机废弃物饲料资源化的研究进展

随着人民生活水平和农业生产水平的提高，有机废弃物越来越多。文章综述了近年来国内外利用餐饮废弃物、农业植物纤维废弃物及畜禽粪便等农业废弃物转变为高蛋白饲料的技术及有关研究进展情况，对有机废弃物的资源化综合利用及今后的发展方向进行了探讨。     

蝇蛆及其提取物在动物生产中的应用

蝇蛆不仅可作为一种新型的优质动物性蛋白饲料资源,而且其多种提取物也具有很高的潜在开发和应用价值。蝇蛆在促进畜禽代谢,提高畜禽生产性能、提高抗氧化应激、增强抗病能力、加速肉品中风味物质沉积、改善肉品质等方面具有一定效果。利用畜禽粪便作为蝇蛆的培养基,可对畜禽粪便进行资源化利用,这也是目前处理畜禽排泄物,消纳畜禽粪便污染的常用方法之一。该文综述了蝇蛆及其提取物的饲料资源化利用及其在畜禽生产中的应用等方面的研究进展,为蝇蛆及其提取物应用以及新型饲料添加剂的进一步开发和利用提供参考。     

利用黑水虻幼虫处理畜禽粪便的技术要点及前景展望

随着我国畜牧业的快速发展,畜禽粪便污染和饲料资源紧缺成为不可忽视的问题。黑水虻是一种资源性昆虫,其幼虫可高效处理动物粪便、餐余等有机废弃物,并产生虫体蛋白质和脂肪等营养物质,其虫沙也是一种优质的有机肥料。经应用实践证实,收获的幼虫是虾蟹等甲壳类动物的优质功能性原料,可提高甲壳类动物的成活率及生长速度。目前,在利用黑水虻幼虫处理畜禽粪便方面,行业已探索出自动及环境可控的养虫设备,并在处理效率及幼虫的保存等关键技术上获得显著突破。因此,黑水虻幼虫资源化处理畜禽粪便的技术已处于产业化应用阶段。。     

黑水虻对畜禽废弃物治理的研究进展

黑水虻(Hermitia illm L.)是一种广泛分布的昆虫,幼虫取食动物尸体粪便、腐烂有机物等,能被用作有机废弃物的无害化处理,减少了环境污染。幼虫虫体干物质达42%~43%,粗蛋白质占干重的42%~44%,粗脂肪占31%~35%,含有丰富的必需氨基酸,是畜禽饲料的优质资源。     

我国畜牧业环境问题及其合理解决措施初探

近年来我国畜牧业在快速发展的同时 ,带来了一系列环境问题 ,主要表现在 :畜牧业已成为一个很大的污染源 ,畜禽废弃物不加处理的任意排放已造成水、空气和土壤的污染 ;水体的富营养化。畜禽废弃物的排放 ,造成水体中 N、P、K等营养物质富集 ,促进了藻类大量繁殖 ,威胁鱼类生存 ,造成水质下降 ;畜产品的污染。畜产品中农药、抗生素、重金属的残留 ,已造成畜产品品质下降 ,影响人的身体健康 ,不利于畜牧业的可持续发展。要实现畜牧业的可持续发展 ,畜禽废弃物必须实行无害化处理和资源化利用 ,以确保畜牧业生产和环境保护相协调。作者认为合理解决环境问题的措施是运用酶制剂开发环保饲料 ,提高饲料转化率 ;研究健体养殖技术 ,应用微生态制剂和中草药制剂 ,提高畜禽免疫力 ;研究开发防臭技术 ;废弃物资源化利用。粪便开发成饲料、肥料 ;实施畜牧业生态工程 ;制定法律法规 ,加强环境监测。     

对洞口县畜禽废弃物资源化利用工作的探讨

文章对畜禽废弃物资源化利用量、现状、模式、方法、措施、资金筹积、建设项目等进行研究,以洞口县为例,对整县推进畜禽废弃物资源化利用,达到农业部农业废弃物资源化利用试点县畜禽粪污减排85%、病死畜禽处理100%的目标等工作情况进行介绍,供同行参考和探讨。     

农户畜禽粪便资源化利用意愿及影响因素的实证分析

畜禽粪便的不合理处置对农村生态破坏影响较大,同时也造成一定的资源浪费。论文基于福建省37个县(区)177份调研数据,利用Logistic模型对农户畜禽粪便资源化利用意愿的影响因素进行实证分析。研究表明:农户性别、文化程度、养殖规模、农业技术培训情况、对农村环境的关注度、注重环保情况、废弃物利用价值认知、所在村庄农业废弃物集中处理设施情况、获取有关农业废弃物回收利用技术的相关信息情况与农户对畜禽粪便资源化利用的意愿呈显著的正相关关系,年龄与农户对畜禽粪便资源化利用的意愿呈负相关关系,最后提出提高农户对畜禽粪便资源化利用意愿的对策建议。     

我国畜牧养殖业中的环境问题及解决措施

近年来我国畜牧业在快速发展的同时,带来了一系列环境问题,主要表现在：畜牧业已成为一个很芙的污染源．畜禽废弃物不加处理的任意排放已造成水、空气和土壤的污染;水体的富营养化。畜禽废弃物的排放,造成水体中N、P、K等营养物质富集,促进了藻类大量繁殖,威胁鱼类生存,造成水质下降;畜产品的污染。畜产品中农药、抗生素、重金属的残留,已造成畜产品品质下降,影响人的身铺健康,不利于畜牧业的可持续发展。要实现畜牧业的可持续发展,畜禽废弃物必须实行无害化处理和资源化利用,以确保畜牧业生产和环境保护相协调。合理解决环境问题的措施有：运用酶制剂开发环保饲料,提高饲料转化率;研究健体养殖技术,应用微生态制剂和中草药制剂,提高畜禽免疫力：研究开发防臭技术：废弃物资源化利用。粪便开发成饲料、肥料、沼气;实施畜牧业生态工程;制定法律法规,加强环境监测。     

关于门源县粪污资源化利用的调研报告

依托畜禽粪污资源化利用设施协同周边村庄厕所粪污,将厕所粪污、畜禽养殖废弃物一并处理并资源化利用,杜绝粪便随意排放,防止水源、土壤、空气污染。强化农业包装物、残膜等农业废弃物回收处理,并提高农作物秸秆利用率。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -