黄土区退耕地隔坡水平沟整地对核桃生长发育的影响

隔坡水平沟整地技术显著地促进了旱坡地核桃幼树的生长发育,6年生核桃地径平均达6.12 cm,树高221 cm,冠幅245.5 cm×238.3 cm,新梢长85 cm,新梢粗1.82 cm,核桃生长迅速的特性得到了充分体现。剖根试验表明,1年生核桃幼树根系水平分布达119 cm~126 cm,垂直分布达60 cm~65 cm,水平根条数达14条~15条;3年生时,根系水平分布已达到143 cm~156 cm,根系最大分布范围已经交接;6年生时,根系已经向下延伸至4 m以下的坡面。幼树期产量迅速上升,7年生时平均产量达2.56 kg/株,1 728 kg/hm2,达到了盛果期产量的57.6%.     

用根箱法研究毛竹实生苗根系构型

运用根箱法研究了毛竹实生苗的根系构型特征,结果表明:毛竹实生苗没有明显主根,基部形成4~5条不定根;根宽深比为0.682,根宽小于根深;根长、根系数量、根表面积、根体积与根系平均直径在不同土层中的分布存在极显著差异,根长、根系数量、根表面积与根体积集中分布在0~20 cm土层,占总量64.2%~71.66%,随土层加深,各指标均下降,根系平均直径最大值、最小值分别出现在0~10 cm、20~30cm土层;水平方向毛竹实生苗根系干重的最大值出现在以竹苗为中心0~5 cm范围土层内,随着距离的增加逐渐减少;垂直方向上,84.6%根系干重集中分布在0~20 cm土层,随土层加深,根量减少,呈"T"形分布状态。     

“香玲”核桃结果母枝与结果枝性状相关性研究

以3年生"香玲"核桃幼树为材料,调查分析了结果母枝与结果枝间的性状相关性。结果表明,3年生"香玲"核桃幼树结果母枝长度集中在20.1~60.0cm,母枝粗度集中在10.1~25.0mm;结果枝长度集中在5.1~45.0cm,结果枝粗度集中在5.0~11.0mm;结果母枝长度和粗度与其抽生的结果枝个数、结果枝长、结果枝粗、坐果数及复叶数等5个性状间均呈极显著正相关,说明结果母枝是构成产量的重要因素,其生长发育的好坏,决定了结果枝的数量和质量。     

多年生花棒林不同平茬高度对死亡率和生长量的影响

为了使花棒更新复壮后及早达到一定的生长量,研究了不同平茬高度对死亡率、枝条生长和根系生长的影响。结果表明:10a生花棒平茬高度10、20、30、40cm均降低了死亡率,提高了枝条生长量和根系数量,其中平茬高度20cm处理的死亡率最低,为2.60%,较对照(CK)降低了10.23个百分点,萌枝数、新梢长、新梢粗、冠幅和直径≤2mm、2~10mm、≥10mm根系数量均最高,分别为21.85条/株、192.32cm、1.56cm、1.92m、148.32条/株、60.34条/株和26.08条/株,较对照(CK)分别提高了79.46%、106.29%、64.21%、54.84%、104.13%、111.65%和140.15%,且生长势表现为旺盛,差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。因此,建议多年生花棒采用20cm平茬来更新复壮,提高防沙固沙能力。     

云南松天然更新幼苗和幼树期的生长动态分析

为探究云南松天然更新幼苗(年龄≤1 a)和幼树(年龄>1 a)生长特征及不同器官生物量的分配关系,在云南昆明宜良禄丰村林场尖山林区约4.0 km2范围50余年生云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)人工林内,采用固定样地(17块5 m×5 m样地)开展连续4 a的天然更新幼苗和幼树生长调查。结果表明,样地内2年生、3年生、4年生幼树的平均地径分别为0.85~7.59、1.08~10.88、0.98~12.79 mm,平均树高分别为3.1~6.7、2.9~8.6、3.3~10.9 cm;1~9年生幼苗和幼树高与年龄呈指数相关。1~4年生的幼苗和幼树根系、胚轴、主杆、针叶的生物量分别为0.079~3.684、0.078~1.774、0.076~2.7474、0.270~9.186 g·株~(-1),仅根系的生物量比例(15.7%~21.2%)随年龄增长而明显增大。1~4年生幼苗和幼树的生物量主要分配于根系的构建,高生长缓慢而形成"蹲苗"现象。旱季土壤水分亏缺是天然更新云南松幼苗或幼树蹲苗的关键因素。     

蓝莓根系分布特性研究

通过对4个蓝莓品种根系分布特性的研究,结果表明：根径≤1mm的根系数量最多,〉5mm的根系最少。根系在0—30cm的土层中分布最为集中,在30～60cm的土层中迅速减少。在浅土层内分布根系的长度大,随着土层深度增加,细根长度迅速减小,只有夏普蓝在50—60cm土层内仍有细根分布,表明其抗旱性能高于其他品种。不同蓝莓品种的细根（根径〈3mm）生物量由大到小依次为夏普蓝、蓝雨、奥尼尔、海岸,分别占各自根系总生物量的89．6％、92．0％、88．8％、92．2％。     

不同复垦措施对铁尾矿砂废弃地复垦效果的研究

以河北省临城县南沟村铁尾矿砂废弃迹地为试材,采用田间调查和室内测定相结合的试验方法,研究了不同复垦措施对苹果幼树生长发育以及铁尾矿砂废弃地治理效果的影响。结果表明：壤土与尾矿沙混合填充深度1 m的1号地苹果幼树长势良好,其干径、基径、主枝粗等均极显著大于采用壤土填充深度仅50 cm的2号地,差值分别达到0.74 cm、0.52 cm、0.52 cm;1号地苹果幼树根系活力显著高于2号地;1号地土壤孔隙度大于2号地,全N、全P、速效K含量以21~30 cm土层最高,分别为0.128%、0.23%、0.135 mg/g,有效Fe含量以0~10 cm土层最高,为0.027 mg/g;2号地全N、全P、速效K含量以11~20 cm土层最高,分别为0.135%、0.16 g/kg、0.11 mg/g,有效Fe含量以0~10 cm土层最高,为0.013 mg/g。     

低山丘陵区山杏直播造林技术

山杏耐干旱瘠薄,适应性强,经济价值高,是干旱低山丘陵区造林的先锋树种,也是赤峰市调整林业产业结构,大力发展经济林的主栽良种。一、山杏直播造林方法与分析1!整地:不同整地方法和整地季节,直接影响山杏的高生长(见表1)。通过试验对比看出,最佳整地季节为雨季前,回填表土深度是提高苗木高生长量的关键。整地方法:一般为鱼鳞坑、穴状方坑两种,整地时,熟土和表土放在坑的上沿,生土、石块下沿筑埂,整地达到深度后,回填表土和熟土至穴深80%,达不到回填深度的取客土回填,坑面成反坡。2"播种:经过不同时间的直播山杏出苗对比实验(见表2),最佳播种…     

遮阴处理对‘绿岭’核桃品质及产量的影响

为了解‘绿岭’核桃对光照的需求及适应性,研究了不同遮阴程度(80%、50%、30%)对‘绿岭’核桃品质及产量的影响。结果表明:80%遮阴处理核桃种仁的脂肪含量极显著低于其它处理和CK,仅为57.38%,淀粉和可溶性糖含量极显著高于其它处理和CK,分别为3.08%和3.53%;80%遮阴处理的核桃单果质量极显著低于其它处理和CK,仅为8.34 g,其纵径、横径和侧径极显著低于其它处理和CK,分别为36.07、26.6、26.59 mm;80%遮阴处理的核桃密度和硬壳厚度极显著低于其它处理和CK,仅为0.46 g/cm3和0.66 mm;不同遮阴处理的坏果数量极显著高于CK,80%遮阴处理的坏果数量极显著高于其它处理和CK,达到216.83个/株;80%遮阴处理的内果皮发育不良率极显著高于其它处理和CK,达到68.17%;不同遮阴处理的核桃产量极显著低于CK,80%遮阴处理下的核桃产量极显著低于其它处理和CK,仅为1.04 kg/株。     

呼盟草原栗钙土造林技术试验研究

根据对实验地采取不同的整地方式，分析土壤含水量、有机质的含量、树木生长、树木根系等生长因子变化，得出结论：特殊的整地方法———深耕、分层、回填表土、置换钙积层整地法可以提高造林的成活率     

江南油杉细根生物量空间分布及其对土壤水分的响应

[目的]探明广西不同栽培区江南油杉细根生物量的空间分布共性及其对土壤水分的响应机制.[方法]以广西3个栽培区江南油杉人工幼林为研究对象,采用根系全株分层挖掘和根系形态结构分析法,定量分析江南油杉幼树不同径级细根生物量密度、根长密度和表面积密度的空间分布特征.[结果]1)江南油杉幼林期细根生物量在垂直方向上主要分布在0～...     

Stand age and fine root biomass, distribution and morphology in a Norway spruce chronosequence in southeast Norway

We assessed the influence of stand age on fine root biomass and morphology of trees and understory vegetation in 10-, 30-, 60- and 120-year-old Norway spruce stands growing in sandy soil in southeast Norway. Fine root (< 1, 1-2 and 2-5 mm in diameter) biomass of trees and understory vegetation (< 2 mm in diameter) was sampled by soil coring to a depth of 60 cm. Fine root morphological characteristics, such as specific root length (SRL), root length density (RLD), root surface area (RSA), root tip number and branching frequency (per unit root length or mass), were determined based on digitized root data. Fine root biomass and morphological characteristics related to biomass (RLD and RSA) followed the same tendency with chronosequence and were significantly higher in the 30-year-old stand and lower in the 10-year-old stand than in the other stands. Among stands, mean fine root (< 2 mm) biomass ranged from 49 to 398 g m(-2), SLR from 13.4 to 19.8 m g(-1), RLD from 980 to 11,650 m m(-3) and RSA from 2.4 to 35.4 m(2) m(-3). Most fine root biomass of trees was concentrated in the upper 20 cm of the mineral soil and in the humus layer (0-5 cm) in all stands. Understory fine roots accounted for 67 and 25% of total fine root biomass in the 10- and 120-year-old stands, respectively. Stand age had no affect on root tip number or branching frequency, but both parameters changed with soil depth, with increasing number of root tips and decreasing branching frequency with increasing soil depth for root fractions < 2 mm in diameter. Specific (mass based) root tip number and branching density were highest for the finest roots (< 1 mm) in the humus layer. Season (spring or fall) had no effect on tree fine root biomass, but there was a small and significant increase in understory fine root biomass in fall relative to spring. All morphological characteristics showed strong seasonal variation, especially the finest root fraction, with consistently and significantly higher values in spring than in fall. We conclude that fine root biomass, especially in the finest fraction (< 1 mm in diameter), is strongly dependent on stand age. Among stands, carbon concentration in fine root biomass was highest in the 30-year-old stand, and appeared to be associated with the high tree and canopy density during the early stage of stand development. Values of RLD and RSA, morphological features indicative of stand nutrient-uptake efficiency, were higher in the 30-year-old stand than in the other stands.     

华北低丘山区核桃-决明子复合模式的根系分布

采用分层挖掘法,对株行距为3 m×8 m的核桃-决明子复合模式中的根生物量、总根长密度、吸收根的根长密度和根系直径等进行了调查。结果表明：核桃单作的总根长密度比核桃间作的高7%左右,且在各个土层中吸收根的根长密度都高于核桃间作,而二者的总根生物量和根系直径则差异较小。决明子单作的根系直径比间作决明子的大27.73%,但二者的根长密度和根生物量则差异不大。在核桃-决明子复合模式中,核桃总根生物量和吸收根长均占复合模式总根量的一半以上,其中,在水平方向上,决明子在树行南侧2.5、4.0 m位置根系分布最多,而树行南北1.5 m范围内则较少;核桃根系则主要分布在树行两侧1.5 m范围内。垂直方向上,核桃在30~80 cm土层中的根生物量和吸收根长分别占其总量的64.79%和61.17%,而59.54%的决明子根系分布在0~20 cm土壤中。     

Variation in soil water uptake and its effect on plant water status in Juglans regia L. during dry and wet seasons

Temporal and spatial variations in the water status of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) and the soil in which they were growing were traced by analyzing the differences in hydrogen isotopes during spring and summer in a 7-year-old walnut stand. Walnut root dynamics were measured in both dry and wet seasons. Walnut roots were mainly distributed in the upper soil (0-30 cm depth), with around 60% of the total root mass in upper soil layers and 40% in deep soil layers (30-80 cm depth). The upper soil layers contributed 68% of the total tree water requirement in the wet season, but only 47% in the dry season. In the wet season, total roots, living roots and new roots were all significantly more abundant than in the dry season. There were significant differences in pre-dawn branch percentage loss of hydraulic conductance (PLC), pre-dawn leaf water potential and transpiration between the dry and wet seasons. Water content in the upper soil layers remarkably influenced xylem water stable-hydrogen isotope (δD) values. Furthermore, there were linear relationships between the xylem water δD value and pre-dawn branch PLC, pre-dawn leaf water potential, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate. In summary, J. regia was compelled to take a larger amount of water from the deep soil layers in the dry season, but this shift could not prevent water stress in the plant. The xylem water δD values could be used as an indicator to investigate the water stress of plants, besides probing profiles of soil water use.     

天然柄扁桃优树选择研究

对荒漠草原区和山地区2种不同条件下的天然柄扁桃生长状况进行调查,通过初选和复选,采用主成分分析法,确定了天然柄扁桃优树指标及标准。结果表明:荒漠草原区入选优树的标准为灌丛高≥1.42 m,平均单枝基径≥1.82 cm,平均单枝分枝长≥24.01 cm,种子长径≥11.50 mm,叶面积≥1.03 cm2,平均单枝分枝数≥16.00条;山区入选优树的标准为灌丛高≥1.61 m,总结实量≥663个,平均单枝分枝长≥25.42 cm,种子长径≥11.69 mm,千粒重≥354.16 g,平均单枝分枝数≥13.00条。     

Root distribution of Senna siamea grown on a series of derived-savanna-zone soils in Togo, West Africa

Although crucial for assessing the functioning of alley cropping systems, quantitative information related to the hedgerow tree root distribution remains scarce. Soil mapping and destructive soil sampling was used to assess the impact of soil profile features on selected root characteristics of Senna siamea hedgerows, growing in alley cropping systems in three sites (Glidji, Amoutchou, and Sarakawa) representative for the derived savanna of Togo, West Africa. While the soil profiles in Glidji and Sarakawa contained a clay accumulation horizon, the Amoutchou profile was sandy up to 1 m. The number of small roots (diameter < 2 mm), quantified on a soil profile wall, decreased with depth in all sites. For most soil depths, the abundance of small roots tended to be higher near the tree base, e.g., ranging from 5.3 dm⁻² in Amoutchou to 21.4 dm⁻² in Glidji for the 0–20 cm layer, than in the middle of the alley, e.g., ranging from 3.1 dm⁻² in Amoutchou to 13.8 dm⁻² in Glidji for the 0–20 cm layer. Root length density (RLD) of the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers was significantly higher in Glidji than in Amoutchou (P < 0.05) and in Sarakawa (P = 0.08). Differences in RLD between sites were not significant for layers below 30 cm. For each layer, root weight densities (RWD) were similar in all sites, e.g., ranging from 0.44 mg cm⁻³ in Amoutchou to 0.64 mg cm⁻³ in Glidji in the 0–10 cm layer, indicating that the roots in the Glidji topsoil had a smaller overall diameter than in Amoutchou. In Amoutchou, the relative RLD was lower than in Glidji or Sarakawa for the top 40 cm of soil, while the inverse was observed for the layers between 50 and 100 cm deep and this was related to the sandy soil profile in Amoutchou. Another consequence of the sandy profile was the larger tap root diameter below 50 cm in Amoutchou compared to Sarakawa. For all sites, significant (P < 0.001) linear regressions were observedbetween RLD's, RWD's, and the abundance of small roots, although the variation explained by the regression equations was highest for the relationship between RLD and RWD. The potential of the hedgerows to recover nutrients leached beyond the reach of food crops or the safety-net efficiency was evaluated for the tree sites. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of simulated drought stress on the fine roots of Japanese cedar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>) in a plantation forest on the Kanto Plain,eastern Japan

Drought stress was simulated in a 28-year-old Japanese cedar plantation (Kanto Plain, Japan) between April and October 2004 by removing throughfall using rain shelters. Changes in fine-root parameters caused by this drought treatment were examined by sequential soil coring. Drought effects on fine roots were analyzed separately for particular soil depths (0–5, 5–15, and 15–25 cm) and root diameters (<1 and 1–2 mm). Generally, fine-root biomass and root tip numbers decreased by the drought treatment. Drought stress was most intense for fine roots in the topsoil and weakest for fine roots in the deepest soil layer. Fine roots less than 1 mm in diameter were affected more severely than 1- to 2-mm roots. The effect of drought treatment was most remarkable for the number of white root tips, which decreased to 17% of the control at the soil depth of 0–5 cm. These results suggest that white root tip is the most suitable indicator of drought stress. Simulated drought reduced production of fine roots less than 1 mm and 1–2 mm in diameter. Fine-root mortality was stimulated for roots less than 1 mm, but not for 1- to 2-mm roots. These results suggest that fine roots with larger diameters can survive drought stress at a level simulated in this study, but processes of fine-root production were inhibited regardless of the diameter classes. The duration of drought stress and phenology of fine roots should also be considered in diagnosing the effects of drought on fine-root parameters.     

农林间作对核桃幼林生长的影响

对4种不同间作模式的核桃林地进行调查研究。结果发现,不同间作模式对土壤物理性状的影响较小,除土壤总孔隙度外,土壤容重、毛管持水量和毛管孔隙度的差异性不显著;但对林木生长的影响较大,林木地径、树高、枝下高和冠幅的差异达到显著性水平,枝梢数、花芽数和标准枝长度差异达到极显著水平。其中,间作花生和红薯的核桃林Ⅲ最优,其次是间作小麦和花生的核桃林Ⅱ,而间作小麦和玉米的核桃林Ⅳ最差。间作物的高度是影响核桃幼林光照条件的重要因素。     

四川核桃栽培适宜性区划研究

采用主成分分析法,确定了影响四川核桃生长发育的主导气候因子为,年均温、≥10℃积温、年极端低温、年日照时数、年降水量、1月平均气温和7月平均气温.通过对气候因子和土壤因子的适宜性综合分析,结合四川核桃主产区气候条件和生物学特性,得出全省核桃主要适宜的生态指标为,海拔400～2 800 m、土壤pH值5.5～8.5、土层厚度≥60 cm、≥10℃积温3 000 ～6 500℃,年平均气温9～18℃、年极端低温≥- 15℃、年降水量400～1 200 mm、年日照时数≥1 300h、1月平均气温≥-1℃、7月平均气温≤28℃.由此将四川划分为四川盆地北缘、东北缘核桃中心栽培区,川西高山峡谷核桃中心栽培区,川西南山地泡核桃中心栽培区,四川盆地中部核桃、泡核桃一般栽培区4个栽培区,对各区域核桃适宜性进行了评价,为四川核桃产业发展提供了科学依据.     

深圳丘陵地带不同植被类型森林土壤有机碳组分和团聚体分布特征研究

研究森林土壤有机碳组分和团聚体分布特征,对摸清森林土壤结构形成及其碳稳定机制有重要科学意义。本研究以深圳市丘陵地带针叶林、阔叶人工林和次生阔叶林等3种不同植被类型、70个调查点森林土壤为研究对象,各调查点按0~10 cm和＞10~30 cm剖面进行采样,对土壤有机碳组分和团聚体含量进行分析。结果表明,3种植被类型表层土壤（0~10 cm）的有机质（OM）和全氮（TN）含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,而亚表层土壤（＞10~30 cm）养分间的差异均未达到显著水平。不同植被类型土壤各有机碳组分均存在差异,表层土壤有机碳组分均高于亚表层,且以活性有机碳含量最高。此外,不同植被类型表层土壤间的差异主要体现在微团聚体上（＜0.25 mm）,亚表层土壤则主要体现在微团聚体和1~2 mm团聚体上。除表层土壤电导率（EC）与惰性有机碳间的相关性外,两层土壤的EC、OM和TN含量与4种有机碳组分均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.001）;＞10 mm团聚体对有机碳矿化有显著正向调控,＞2~5 mm团聚体则表现为显著负影响。由此认为,3种植被类型间土壤养分和有机碳组分含量存在差异,且表层土壤的含量总是高于亚表层;不同土壤团聚体间的差异主要体现在微团聚体上;土壤养分含量是调节有机碳矿化的关键因子。