干旱胁迫对香根草生长及光合生理主要特征的影响

对干旱、半水淹和对照(正常灌水)等三种处理香根草在30 d后的生长状况,以及退水、复水40 d后三种处理香根草对光合有效辐射(PAR)增强的光合生理主要特征进行研究.结果表明复水、退水后,干旱、半水淹处理香根草Pn、Tr和WUE均已恢复正常,说明香根草具有相当强的抗旱耐涝能力.     

刈割对热研13号柱花革光合特性的影响

在盆栽条件下,用20,40和60 d 3个刈割周期与5,15和25 cm 3种留茬高度组合为9个刈割处理,对热研13号柱花草的光合特性进行研究.结果表明:刈割周期和留茬高度的互作对柱花草光合特性的影响,气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)达到显著水平,其他指标均不显著.高频次低留茬(20 d 5cm)刈割处理的柱花草光合速度(Pn),Gs,胞间CO2间浓度(Ci)和Tr均最高,分别达到了20.52 μmolC02/(m2·s),0.49μmol/(m2·s),318.89μL/L和11.32 mmol/(m2·s).而低频次高留茬(60 d 25cm)刈割处理柱花草的WUE最高,达到了2.75μmol CO2/(mmol·H2O).     

干旱胁迫对香根草生长及光合生理主要特征的影响

对干旱、半水淹和对照(正常灌水)等三种处理香根草在30d后的生长状况,以及退水、复水40d后三种处理香根草对光合有效辐射(PAR)增强的光合生理主要特征进行研究。结果表明:复水、退水后,干旱、半水淹处理香根草Pn、Tr和WUE均已恢复正常,说明香根草具有相当强的抗旱耐涝能力。     

遮荫对5种园林植物光合特性的影响

研究了遮荫对5种园林植物光合特性的影响。试验结果表明:在有效光辐射为50~100μmol/(m2·s)时,净光合速率呈先迅速增加、后明显降低的变化规律,其中,江南星蕨(Microsorum fortunei)和阔叶凤尾蕨(Pteris esquirolii)的净光合速率为1 200μmol/(m2·s),其光补偿点分别为10.25和9.35μmol/(m2·s);鸟尾花(Crossandra infundibuliformis)、珊瑚花(Cyrtanthera carnea)和叉花草(Strobilanthes hamiltoniana)的净光合速率接近1 500μmol/(m2·s),光补偿点依次为32.66,16.95和18.78μmol/(m2·s);在60%和85%遮荫下分别测定光能利用率的净光合速率及蒸腾速率日变化,总趋势与净光合速率和光补偿点的变化趋势相似,证明江南星蕨和阔叶凤尾蕨是喜阴植物,鸟尾花、叉花草和珊瑚花具有一定的耐荫性。     

4种结缕草光合特性及叶绿素含量的比较研究

以结缕草属4个不同种为试验材料,采用叶绿素测定仪以及光合测定仪,测定4种结缕草光合特征参数以及叶绿素含量。结果表明:(1)4种结缕草叶绿素含量由大到小依次为:日本结缕草,中华结缕草,沟叶结缕草,细叶结缕草;(2)日本结缕草和沟叶结缕草的光补偿点(LCP)为40μmol/(m2.s),接近于自然光照条件下阳性植物的光补偿点30μmol/(m2.s);(3)中华结缕草和细叶结缕草的LCP较高,为80μmol/(m2.s),光饱和点(LSP)都平均为1200μmol/(m2.s);(4)4种结缕草的表观量子效率(AQY)与自然光照条件下植物的AQY(0.03~0.06 mol/mol)一致,但是中华结缕草却显著高于其他3种,因此,可初步推断结缕草为阳性、且耐荫性较强的草坪草,并且中华结缕草以其优异的表现成为亚热带地区草坪草建坪中的最佳草种。     

俄罗斯百脉根种质材料的光合特性研究

利用德国GFS-3000光合仪,以百脉根品种里奥、迈瑞伯、佐治亚为对照,测定了从俄罗斯引进到西北绿洲地区的61份百脉根种质材料的光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)等光合特性指标,通过灰色关联度加权分析及聚类分析综合评价了供试种质材料的光合性能。结果表明:61份种质材料可分为3类,第Ⅰ类12份种质材料,光合性能较优,其中,排在前5位的材料分别为Zxy08p-4693、Zxy06p-2376、Zxy09p-5642、Zxy09p-6464、Zxy09p-6300,该类材料的光合速率在18.12~23.39μmol/(m~2·s),胞间CO_2浓度在305.49~365.90μmol/mol,气孔限制值在0.28~0.34μmol/(m~2·s);第Ⅱ类包括引进的26份材料及对照佐治亚、迈瑞伯,光合性能中等,该类材料的光合速率在14.59~20.12μmol/(m~2·s),胞间CO_2浓度在197.32~335.53μmol/mol,气孔限制值在0.32~0.54μmol/(m~2·s);第Ⅲ类为Zxy06p-2287,Zxy08p-4528和Zxy09p-5809等20份材料及对照里奥,光合性能差,该类材料的光合速率在10.41~16.86μmol/(m~2·s),胞间CO_2浓度在217.70~319.64μmol/mol,气孔限制值在0.34~0.51μmol/(m~2·s)。     

糖蜜草的光合特性研究

糖蜜草为禾本科牧草,是复垦和水土保持的良好植物。5月份选取晴天用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定糖蜜草的光合特性。结果表明,糖蜜草的光合日变化呈双峰型,有明显的“午休”现象且受气孔调节。10∶00出现第1个峰值,Pn为18.8μmol/(m2.s),14∶00左右出现第2个峰值,Pn为14.4μmol/(m2.s),变化趋势与蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)等因子相同。糖蜜草叶片的光饱和点(LSP)为1800μmol/(m2.s),光补偿点(LCP)为44μmol/(m2.s),表观量子效率(AQY)为0.066 molCO2mol,CO2饱和点(CSP)为699μmol/CO2/mol,CO2补偿点(CCP)为4.31μmolCO2/mol,羧化效率(CE)为0.0183μmol/(m2.s),表明糖蜜草是一种喜光的C4型阳性植物。     

不同光照强度下翦股颖草坪质量变化动态

在南京地区夏季高温季节,采用自然光照(日最大光强1900 μmol/m2·s 左右)、轻度遮荫(日最大光强1100 μmol/m2·s 左右)、中度遮荫(日最大光强550 μmol/m2·s 左右)和重度遮荫(日最大光强90 μmol/m2·s左右)4种光照强度,对7个翦股颖品种的草坪质量性状指标进行观测.结果表明,在日最大光强＞550 μmol/m2·s范围内,7个供试品种的草坪质量均随光强减弱而提高,品种间相比,南选1号和L-93的草坪质量较好,品种高地草坪质量最差;在日最大光强低于90 μmol/m2·s的环境下,各品种草坪质量均极差,应选择更耐荫抗热的地被植物.     

黄土高原不同地形封育草地的土壤呼吸日动态与影响因子分析

采用动态密闭气室红外CO₂分析法(IRGA)对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同地形的封育草地土壤呼吸速率日动态进行了测定,并分析了土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤水分、地下生物量和地形间的关系。研究结果显示,草地的土壤呼吸日动态呈单峰曲线,最小值为0.393~1.103 μmol/(m²·s),出现在凌晨;最大值为1.034～1.405 μmol/(m²·s),出现在14时左右,可以用正弦曲线拟合;而且不同样地间土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度间的关系均可用指数函数描述。土壤日均呼吸速率在不同地形的草地间存在差异,平坦草地为1.229 μmol/(m²·s),东北坡15°, 30° 和45° 草地分别为1.138, 1.033和0.890 μmol/(m²·s);西南坡15°, 30° 和45° 草地分别为1.036, 0.859和0.379 μmol/(m²·s);土壤呼吸速率随坡度的增大而减小,东北坡土壤呼吸速率小于西南坡,与不同样地间土壤水分和地下生物量的变化趋势一致,而且研究结果表明土壤呼吸的这种差异主要是受地形影响的土壤水分和地下生物量空间分布差异性决定的,而不同样地间土壤平均温度差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

黑籽雀稗的光合生理特性研究

利用Li-6400便携式光合分析仪测定黑籽雀稗的光合特性。结果表明,黑籽雀稗的光合日变化呈双峰型,有明显的“午休”现象。11:00左右出现第1个峰值(Pn为28.8 μmol/m²·s),15:00左右出现第2个峰值(Pn为21.59 μmol/m²·s),变化趋势与气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等因子相同。黑籽雀稗叶片的光饱和点(LSP)为1 700 μmol/(m²·s),光补偿点(LCP)20 μmol/(m²·s),表观光量子效率(AQY)0.073 9 mol/mol,CO₂饱和点(CSP)600.01 μmol/mol,CO₂补偿点(CCP)21.89 μmol/mol,羧化效率(CE)0.084 6 μmol/(m²·s)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.