高粱抗病虫优异种质资源鉴定与筛选研究

1996～2000年,在田间采用人工接菌法进行高粱抗病性鉴定和利用田间自然发生的害虫种群与人工辅助接虫相结合的方法进行高粱抗虫性鉴定,对l282份高粱种质资源进行了高粱丝黑穗病、高粱靶斑病、高粱蚜虫和玉米螟等4种病虫害的抗性同步鉴定。划清了被鉴定资源对不同病虫害的抗性等级,筛选出兼抗2种病虫害的双抗性资源93份,兼抗3种病虫害的多抗性资源9份。这些抗病虫特性优异高粱资源,对于我国高粱抗病虫育种和选育多抗性品种具有重要的利用价值。     

高粱种质资源抗高粱蚜鉴定与评价研究

１９９６－１９９９年在田间自然感虫和人工接虫相结合的条件下,对１２６６份高粱种质资源进行了高梁抗蚜性鉴定,筛选了９份高抗材料和２３份抗性材料,对这批材料同步进行了高粱黑穗病、高粱靶斑产现任玉米螟等抗性鉴定,筛选出了１３份抗高粱蚜瘘抗其它病虫害的双抗或多抗材料 。     

高粱种质资源抗高粱靶斑病鉴定与评价

1996～1999年在田间人工接种诱导发病的条件下，对1476份高粱种质资源和40个高粱杂交种或杂交组合进行了抗高粱靶搬病抗性鉴定。从中鉴定筛选出419份抗高粱靶搬病的种质资源，9个高抗和7个抗高粱靶搬病的高粱杂交种或杂交组合。     

大豆蚜虫抗性鉴定技术及抗性资源筛选

探讨人工气候箱和田间网室2种接蚜鉴定方法对大豆蚜虫的鉴定效果,并用田间网室鉴定方法对109份黑龙江省栽培大豆进行蚜虫抗性分析.结果表明:田间网室和人工气候箱均能准确鉴定大豆品种的抗性;所有鉴定品种间抗性差异明显,但是没有免疫和高抗品种,抗性材料37份,占总检测材料的33.9%.     

大豆对食叶性害虫的抗性与农艺性状的关系

在田间自然虫源条件下,对５０３份国内外大豆种质资源抗虫性进行了鉴定,筛选出对本地大豆食叶性害虫表现抗性的资源５份,感性的资源６份。研究了其中１８２份种质资源抗虫性与农艺性状的关系,结果表明,大豆抗虫性与开花期、成熟期、结荚习性、茸毛色、茸毛密度、茸毛长短、种皮色、单株分枝数、茎秆粗度等性状显著相关,而与花色、叶色、叶形、生育习性、株高、底荚高、百粒重、单株荚数、粒形、茸毛着生状、茸毛粗细等性状相独立。     

花生种质资源抗花生青枯病鉴定

通过对3381份(国内2257,国外1124份)花生种质资源的田间自然病圃和人工接种鉴定,共获得高抗花生青枯病的种质资源55份,中抗43份。其中国内资源高抗的50份,中抗的39份,国外资源高抗的5份,中抗4份。不同类型的资源以及同一类型不同地区来源的资源其抗性表现差异极大。并筛选出一批经济性状优良的高抗种质。     

转基因抗虫性水稻恢复系选育及特性分析

将优质抗稻瘟病水稻恢复系成恢177与转基因水稻Bt明恢63杂交并回交1次,采用PCR分析、试纸条检测、室内和田间人工接虫鉴定抗虫性,并结合系谱法选择农艺性状,病圃接种鉴定稻瘟病抗性,育成具转基因抗虫性的水稻新恢复系Bt5198。采用离体茎秆法接种二化螟卵块,新恢复系Bt5198和Bt明恢63的幼虫死亡率均为100%。在田间人工接虫条件下,该恢复系对二化螟和三化螟均表现高抗,与4个不育系配制的杂种F1仍保持良好的抗虫性,且杂种优势明显。两年稻瘟病抗性鉴定结果表明,新恢复系Bt5198的叶瘟和颈瘟抗性水平与成恢177相当,明显优于Bt明恢63。Bt5198的种子发芽率和花粉量与成恢177相当,Bt基因导入水稻恢复系不会对种子生活力和制种产量造成显著影响。在无选择标记基因的转基因后代中,结合利用试纸条检测和室内、田间人工接虫鉴定是筛选Bt基因抗虫性的有效方法。     

国外引进抗草甘膦棉花种质资源田间鉴定及其特性分析

为研究棉花种质资源对草甘膦的抗性，在苗期采用叶片涂抹药剂的方法，用41%（质量分数）草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对国外引进的4份棉花种质资源进行田间草甘膦抗性鉴定。同时，对4份种质资源的农艺及品质性状进行了调查。抗性鉴定结果表明：在3 000 mL·hm^－2的推荐用量下，4份种质资源均有很好的抗性；制剂用量增大1倍后，4份种质资源出现不同程度的药害反应，其中18TJ2抗性好，达到高抗水平。田间性状调查结果表明：18TJ2、18TJ3、18TJ4矮秆特征明显，18TJ4属于高衣分种质资源，18TJ3属于低衣分种质资源，18TJ1、18TJ2、18TJ3的纤维断裂比强度较优。     

导入抗真菌基因的Bt棉花种质对黄萎病、棉铃虫的抗性初报

对62份导入抗真菌基因的Bt棉花种质材料的抗虫性及抗病性进行初步鉴定,鉴定结果为47份材料高抗棉铃虫,38份材料抗黄萎病,高抗棉铃虫同时抗黄萎病的材料33份.鉴定结果表明,导入抗真菌基因后,在耐黄萎病的基础上,大部分材料转为抗至高抗,同时对棉铃虫的抗性也有所增强.     

大豆对食叶性害虫抗性机制的研究

１９９３～１９９６年,利用田间自然虫源,以叶面积损失率为指标,进一步鉴定了从６７２４份大豆资源中筛选出的４６份抗感材料对食叶性害虫的抗性表现。从中选出３份抗虫和３份感虫的材料,用以研究自然虫源下豆卷叶螟、斜纹夜蛾、大造桥虫和筛豆龟蝽的产卵选择性,并在实验室和网室人工接虫条件下,研究了抗感材料对斜纹夜蛾的抗虫性机制。结果表明,田间自然虫源下抗感材料以叶面积损失率为指标的综合抗性相差显著;４种重要食叶性害虫在抗虫品种上的产卵量较少;用抗虫品种叶片饲养斜纹夜蛾幼虫,表现为食量减少、体重变小、死亡率增加、历期延长以及蛹重减轻等,而对蛹死亡率和蛹历期的影响不明显。大豆对食叶性害虫具有明显的排趋性和抗生性,尤以后者为重要。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).