山西芦芽山自然保护区星鸦的繁殖生态

2007～2009年,在山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区对星鸦的繁殖生态进行了研究,结果表明：在本区星鸦主要分布在海拔1 500～2 500 m的针叶林或针阔混交林带;繁殖前3月的种群密度为0.25只/km,繁殖后的8月种群密度为0.43只/km;繁殖期为4～7月,最早产卵期为4月19日,窝卵数为3～5枚,孵化期为17～18 d,孵化率为83.2%,巢内育雏期18～19 d,幼乌离巢率为96%;星鸦的食物主要以昆虫为主,占总食物量的76.7%。     

山西芦芽山自然保护区三道眉草鹀的繁殖生态

2008～2009年,在山西芦芽山自然保护区对9窝三道眉草鹀的繁殖生态进行了观察,该鸟在本区3月种群遇见率为2.9只/km,9月后为5.07只/km,繁殖后比繁殖前增长42.8%;繁殖期为4～7月,营巢期6 d,窝卵数3～5枚,孵卵期12～13 d,孵化率为86%,成活率89.5%,巢内育雏12～13 d,巢外育雏7～8 d。     

山西芦芽山自然保护区斑翅山鹑的生态研究

2011-2013年3-9月,在山西芦芽山自然保护区对斑翅山鹁的繁殖习性进行了观察研究,结果表明：本区斑翅山鹑为留鸟,在海拔1 400-1 480 m的低山丘陵灌草带种群数量居多,在海拔1 600-1700 m的低山疏林灌丛带较少,海拔1 700 m以上的地区没有该鸟活动。繁殖前3月的种群平均密度为0.15只/hm^2,繁殖后的9月种群平均密度为0.25只/hm^2。3月末至6月进入繁殖期,年繁殖1次,1雄1雌制;雌雄共同营巢,营巢期6-7 d;窝卵数13-15枚,雌鸡孵卵,孵化期23-24 d,孵化率93.8%,成活率88.6%,繁殖力6.5只;雏在巢时间5-7 h,雏鸟早成性,雌雄鸡共同完成巢外育雏。近年来,斑翅山鹑的种群数量呈下降趋势,应加强保护。     

山西芦芽山自然保护区四声杜鹃的生态习性观察

2009～2011年5～8月,在山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区对四声杜鹃的生态习性进行了观察。结果表明,四声杜鹃在本区为夏候鸟,最早5月上旬迁来,最晚8月下旬迁走,居留期为99～111 d。迁来后,该鸟在本区主要在低山疏林地带和村庄附近活动,活动较为敏锐和隐蔽,常能听到叫声,但很少暴露在人前。四声杜鹃在本区的种群密度6、7月最大,每公里遇见数分别为1.17只和1.25只;在8月种群密度最小,每公里遇见数0.47只,种群密度平均为0.89只/km。该鸟为卵寄生性繁殖,自己不营巢,本区发现雌鸟把卵产在山噪鹛的繁殖窝里,让山噪鹛代其孵化和育雏,本窝寄生卵2枚,卵重3.3 g和3.5 g,卵大小为22×17 mm～23×18 mm。卵经山噪鹛义鸟孵化18 d后出壳,雏鸟仍由山噪鹛喂育14 d后离巢。四声杜鹃主要以昆虫为食,昆虫食物量占总食物量的95.5%,其中松毛虫所占比例最大,占昆虫食物重量的24.1%。该鸟为重要的农林益鸟,应予以保护。     

山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区黑啄木鸟的种群密度和繁殖习性

2008～2010年,在山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区对黑啄木鸟的生态习性进行了观察,采用常规路线统计法,统计其种群密度,并对其繁殖生态进行观察。结果表明该鸟在本地为留鸟,主要栖息于山区针阔混交林中,种群密度最大为0.417只/km,平均种群密度为0.261只/km。繁殖后比繁殖前种群密度增长了32%。繁殖期为4～6月,营巢期9～10 d,窝卵数为4～5枚,平均卵重12.1 g,大小为36.1 mm×24.3 mm。卵为椭圆形,白色光滑无斑。孵化期为13～15 d,雏鸟晚成性,24～25 d离巢,孵化率为86.36%,繁殖成功率为84.21%。主要以昆虫为食,且多为农林害虫,为森林益鸟,应加以保护。     

山西芦芽山保护区大斑啄木鸟的生态观察

2005～2007年在山西芦芽山保护区对大斑啄木鸟的生态进行了观察,观察表明,该鸟在本地区为留鸟,繁殖后比繁殖前的种群数量增加85.7%:3月下旬开始交配,4月上甸产卵,窝卵数3～6枚,孵卵期11 d,孵化率94.1%,繁殖成功率87.5%,育雏期21 d;食物以农林害虫等动物性食物为主,占90.4%,植物性食物占9.6%。     

山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区生态旅游环境容量分析

通过对芦芽山保护区生态旅游景区环境容量的调查分析,表明芦芽山生态旅游景区年环境容量为472 480人次,游客年容量为3303 840人次,实际年游客量为160 276人次,为游客年容量的52.75％.并对芦芽山自然保护区今后开发生态旅游提出了合理的建议和措施,从而使保护区的生态效益、经济效益、社会效益得到充分发挥,生态旅游得到可持续发展.     

山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区的现状及管理对策

芦芽山国家级自然保护区是保护以世界珍禽褐马鸡和以云杉、华北落叶松次生林植物群落为主的综合性自然保护区。本文对该保护区的地理历史概况、野生动植物资源状况、社区经济概况、保护区建立建设的重要性、保护区建设管理现状等进行了阐述，并提出了保护区存在的问题及具体的管理对策。     

芦芽山自然保护区生物多样性概述

山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区地处山西省吕梁山脉北端,目前已查明保护区内有高等植物4门102科954种;脊椎动物26目68科300种;其中鸟类有17目47科248种,兽类有6目15科41种,两栖爬行类有3目6科11种,真菌种类有9目26科75种;是华北地区有重要科学研究价值和保护价值的生物物种基因库。     

山西芦芽山保护区楔尾伯劳的生态习性研究

楔尾伯劳为食虫益鸟,被列为山西省重点保护鸟类。2008～2010年3～9月对山西芦芽山自然保护区的楔尾伯劳的生态习性进行了研究。结果表明:楔尾伯劳在本地区为夏候鸟。最早迁来本区日期为3月22日,最晚迁离本区日期为9月22日,居留期179～181 d,且每年迁徙日期相对稳定。种群密度为0.39只/km,在油松、辽东栎、山杨针阔混交林带种群数量最多为0.5只/km,在村边农田地带种群数量较少为0.25只/km。繁殖期4～6月,巢多筑于针阔混交林隐蔽条件较好的地带,年繁殖1窝,4月下旬开始筑巢,5月初产卵,日产1枚,窝卵数5～6枚,卵呈椭圆形,乳白色或灰白色,被有不规则的锈褐色斑点和条纹,孵化期16～17 d,孵化率85.7%,巢内育雏15～18 d,离巢后的幼乌仍需亲乌喂育9～12 d,方可独立生活。食物主要以昆虫为主。     

植物繁殖生态学研究进展

植物繁殖生态学是种群生态学中发展迅速的一个分支,已成为生态学中的研究热点之一。20世纪80年代初期,繁殖生态学由学科雏形走向成熟,近年来,植物繁殖生态学的研究主要集中在繁育系统、传粉生态、繁殖构件、繁殖分配和繁殖投资。在查阅了国内外文献的基础上对植物繁殖生态学的研究历史和内容及进展进行了较为综述。     

羊驼生殖器官的解剖与生殖生理学特性

综述了羊驼生殖器官的解剖结构与发情、排卵、交配、妊娠和分娩等生殖生理学特征及生殖相关问题。雄性羊驼生殖器官主要特征是睾丸相对较小,缺精囊腺,阴囊位置靠近肛门,阴茎为纤维性类型,阴茎形成S形弯曲,交配时伸出包皮,包皮口朝后,排尿时尿流向后方。雌性羊驼生殖器官主要特征是子宫为双角子宫,子宫颈皱襞不发达,子宫黏膜结构与猪和马的相似。羊驼为单胎动物,交配诱导排卵,通常是单个排卵,即仅有一个卵泡破裂。雌性羊驼无明显的发情表现,性成熟母羊驼空怀状态随时接受交配,交配为卧式交配。妊娠率较高,妊娠与否可以通过多种妊娠检测方法来确定;自然情况下很少有难产发生,遇有特殊情况才需要助产。     

繁殖障碍奶牛生殖系统的超声检查

应用B超诊断法对黑龙江省几个奶牛场的繁殖障碍奶牛进行卵巢和子宫检查,获得了奶牛卵巢和子宫疾病的超声影像图,并分析了引起奶牛不孕的卵巢和子宫疾病的超声影像图特点,以期为B超诊断奶牛繁殖障碍疾病提供参考。     

我国的自然保护区及草地类自然保护区的建设与发展

概述了自然保护区的意义、我国自然保护区的概况及草地类自然保护区的现状和存在问题, 提出了积极申报草地类国家级自然保护区、加强保护区建设与管理、充分发挥保护区作用的建议。     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅱ: Reproductive Diseases

With the rapid development of dairy breeding and the scale feeding level,the average individual milk yield of dairy herds in China has been greatly improved over the last few decades.However,the reproductive performance of dairy cows,especially in high-producing dairy cows,has declined continuously and affected severely dairy farm profitability.Reproductive performance of dairy cows was influenced by many factors including environment,herd management,genetics and various diseases.It has become more evident that genital tract diseases(also known as reproductive diseases) decreased reproductive performance of dairy cows during the last 10 years.The effect of reproductive diseases on reproduction of dairy cows has received more attention.This paper briefly described the incidence of reproductive diseases such as metritis,various types of endometritis and retained fetal membrane and ovarian diseases such as ovarian cyst,persistent corpus luteum in China and abroad.This paper highlighted the effects of reproductive diseases on reproductive performance such as days open,calving interval,pregnancy rate,estrus detection,days to first breeding and breeding index.Moreover,we analyzed in more detail the possible mechanisms by disrupting endocrine signaling,damaging intrauterine environment and causing ovarian dysregulation.Lastly,we looked forward to the future research direction of reproductive diseases of dairy cows that provided data reference and theoretical support for improving the management measures of scale feeding,reducing the incidence of reproductive diseases,improving the production and reproductive capacity of dairy herds in China.     

Reproductive Disorders of Crossbred Dairy Cows in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia and Their Effect on Reproductive Performance

The study was conducted to estimate the proportion of reproductive disorders and to determine factors affecting reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows under four different production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The principal postpartum reproductive disorders were retained fetal membranes (14.7%) and uterine infection (15.5%). Anoestrus was the major postpartum reproductive problem in the mixed crop–livestock production system (38.6%) and was significantly associated with this production system. Apart from anoestrus, the occurrence of reproductive disorders was not significantly associated with a production system. Most of the reproductive disorders occurred as a complex rather than as a single abnormality. Two or more abnormal conditions were seen in 11.4% of the cases. Each reproductive trait measured was affected adversely by reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders in each production system, lactation group and suckling and non-suckling group had longer intervals from calving to first service and to conception (p < 0.001) and required more services per conception (p < 0.001). Pregnancy rate and conception to first service were 84.7% and 51.7%, respectively, for cows without reproductive health problems; and 64.2% and 15.1%, respectively, for cows with reproductive disorders (p < 0.001). Overall, intervals from calving to first service were shorter (p < 0.05) than in younger cows. Intervals from calving to first service and to conception were longer in suckling than in non-suckling cows (p > 0.05). Cows with a good body condition score (>3.5) at calving had shorter calving to first service and conception intervals than cows in poor condition (p < 0.001). The results showed that reproductive abnormalities, coupled with poor body condition, are important factors that contributed to reproductive inefficiency. An appropriate reproductive health management, a reliable artificial insemination service and supplementary feeding could be the management options to reduce or alleviate some of the problems.