基于电子鼻系统的水果腐败过程表征方法

为了研究水果腐败过程的新的表征方法,该文采用便携式电子鼻系统试验研究了苹果、梨、桃子、李子、葡萄5种水果的腐败过程,采用非线性随机共振技术提取水果霉变程度特征信息,苹果腐败过程中产生的挥发特征气体量不断上升,而梨、桃子、李子和葡萄在该过程中挥发气体量先达到最大值后下降,结果表明电子鼻系统可以快速表征水果的腐败过程,这为水果腐败机理研究提供了一种新表征技术手段。     

三种李果皮蜡质的结构与成分比较

为探明不同品种李果皮蜡质特性,选择3种李(空心李、蜂糖李和脆红李)为试验材料,采用扫描电子显微镜观察果皮表面结构,通过非靶向气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)代谢组学技术对果皮蜡质的成分进行分析。结果表明,空心李果皮有大量堆叠的片状和杆状蜡质结构,蜂糖李果皮有颗粒状蜡质晶体以及大量片状蜡质结构,脆红李果皮有片状和大量堆叠的杆状蜡质结构。空心李果皮蜡质含量最高,蜂糖李次之,脆红李最低。3种李果皮蜡质中共检测出7类87种成分,其中伯醇含量最高、烷烃次之、酮类含量最少。主成分分析显示3种李果皮蜡质组分相对含量差别较大,组分区分明显;聚类热图分析显示空心李与脆红李的蜡质成分相近,与蜂糖李蜡质成分差异较大。李果皮上的片状结构蜡质与蜡质成分中醇类和烷烃含量高相关,并且对称二元醇和三萜类化合物对杆状蜡质以及白霜状蜡质的形成起到重要作用。本研究结果为进一步开展贮藏时期李果皮蜡质结构和成分变化研究提供了理论依据。     

Residues and half-life times of pyrethrins on peaches after field treatments

The behavior of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (PB) on peaches has been studied after field treatment. Three experiments were carried out at 1, 5, and 10x the concentration recommended by the manufacturer. In all experiments, the initial deposition was below the maximum residue level (MRL), and the half-life time calculated in the 10x experiment for total pyrethrins within 2.3 days was in agreement with the preharvest interval (PHI) recommended. In a model system, the photodegradation rates of the pyrethrins in three commercial products were compared with pyrethrum pale (PP), with and without the presence of peach waxes. The pyrethrins in formulations containing PB showed higher half-life times but were not influenced by the presence of waxes, whereas in the case of PP that does not contain any PB, photodegradation was significantly affected by the presence of waxes.     

Distribution of conjugated and free phenols in fruits: antioxidant activity and cultivar variations

Total and free phenolic contents of 16 commonly consumed fruits (comprising 9 apples, 4 pears, and one each of peach, plum, and kiwi fruit cultivars) were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Total phenol contents varied from 272 to 475 mg of CtE/100 g of fresh weight. Of the apple cultivars studied, Braeburn and Empire had the highest and lowest total phenol content, respectively. The apple cultivars ranked in the following decreasing order: Braeburn > Red Delicious > Crisp Pink > Granny Smith > Royal Gala > Bramley > Golden Delicious > Fuji > Empire. Among pear cultivars, the order was Forelle > Taylor's > Peckham's > Conference. Peach and plum equally had high contents. The percentage of conjugated phenolics ranged between 3 (Red Delicious) and 77% (Empire) of the total phenols. Comparison of different cultivars of the same fruit and between different fruits showed broad variations in both phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity; a weak correlation (R(2) = 0.58) was observed between the phenolic content of the fruits and the total antioxidant activity, as estimated by the FRAP assay. The calculated dietary intake of total, free, and conjugated phenols from average per capita consumption of apples and pears in different regions of the U.K. varied between 104-126, 53-64, and 51-62 mg of CtE/day, respectively.     

山西吉县梨、李子土壤水分动态变化及其耗水研究

以山西省吉县梨、李子为研究对象,通过对两种果树0~100 cm各层水分状况进行量测,分析了土壤水分时空变化规律及降水量对土壤水分状况的影响,揭示了两种果树的耗水动态。结果表明:两种果树土壤水分在生长季内变化规律基本一致,土壤表层由于受降雨影响变率比较大。在雨季,60 cm以下土层含水量一般小于表层且受降雨影响较小;梨树土壤含水量与降雨量相关性较好,其相关系数为0.62,而李子由于本身土壤含水量较高,与降雨量相关系数为0.40,受降雨影响小于梨树;同时,梨树耗水量大于李子,梨树在4,5,6月份处于水分亏缺期,需要适时进行浇灌。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

采用野外测定与室内分析相结合的方法,对红叶李林、李园、梨园、桃园的入渗特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,红叶李林与李园、梨园和桃园相比,砂粒含量分别增加5.78%,16.17%和19.59%,粘粒含量分别减少5.34%,10.46%和13.57%,其土壤有机质含量、总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度是4种土地利用方式中最高的;4种土地利用方式下土壤入渗特征差异明显,土壤渗透性能表现为红叶李林李园梨园桃园,这表明红叶李林能够有效延缓地表径流的发生;不同土地利用方式下土壤入渗能力与砂粒含量、有机质含量、非毛管孔隙度及总孔隙度呈正相关,与粉砂粒含量、粘粒含量、土壤容重和毛管孔隙度呈负相关,且4种土地利用方式的土壤入渗过程均可通过考斯加可夫公式进行高精度拟合。     

Adulteration of apple with pear juice: emphasis on major carbohydrates, proline, and arbutin

Detection of juice-to-juice adulteration based on chemical composition studies is a common method used by government regulatory agencies and food companies. This study investigated the use of major carbohydrate (fructose, glucose and sucrose), polyol (sorbitol), proline, and phenolic profiles as indicators of pear adulteration of apple juice (PAAJ). For this work, a total of 105 authentic apple juice samples from 13 countries and 27 authentic pear juice samples from 5 countries were analyzed. Because the major carbohydrate ranges for these juices showed significant overlap their use as markers for PAAJ detection would be very limited. It was found that sorbitol and proline means for apple and pear were significantly different; however, their broad natural ranges would afford PAAJ at levels up to 30% without detection. In addition, careful selection of the pear juice used as the adulterant would further limit the usefulness of these markers for PAAJ detection. Arbutin was conclusively identified as a marker for pear juice on the basis of its presence in all 27 authentic pear samples and its absence (<0.5 microg/mL) in all 105 apple juice samples analyzed in this study. The application of the developed HPLC-PDA method for arbutin analysis to detect PAAJ at levels as low as 2% (v/v) was demonstrated. A confirmation method for the presence of arbutin in pure pear juice and apple adulterated with pear juice was introduced on the basis of the hydrolysis of arbutin to hydroquinone employing beta-glucosidase, with reactant and product monitoring by HPLC-PDA.     

Effects of Perchlorate Stress on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

The main objective of the present study is to measure the levels of heavy metals in important fruit species such as apple, apricot, and nectarine and their nine, five, and six cultivars, respectively. This work investigates the accumulation of Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cr in flowers of above species, to measure the levels of heavy metal contamination. The obtained results revealed that amounts of heavy metals significantly varied among cultivars at the same species and were within the permissible amounts in general. The Cd was not detected in apricot, nectarine, and the most of apple cultivars. Results for floral Fe, and also for Cu and Zn, which are the most important micronutrients for fruit production, suggest that levels of these elements might be used for assessing the storage of these elements during the previous season. We assume that the production of apple, apricot, and nectarine is safe, and there is no risk of contamination with heavy metals.     

Apple and pear peel and pulp and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets

The aim of this study was to assess the bioactive compounds of apple and pear peel and pulp in vitro and their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant potentials in vivo. The antioxidant potentials measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), beta-carotene bleaching (beta-carotene), and nitric oxide inhibition radical scavenging (NO) tests in apple peel and pulp were significantly higher than in pear peel and pulp, respectively. The ethanol extract of apple peels showed the strongest inhibition of lipid peroxidation as a function of its concentration and was comparable to the antioxidant activity of butylated hydroxyanisole. The pear pulp extract had the weakest antioxidant ability, whereas other extracts such as apple pulp and pear peel were nearly equal. The antioxidant activities comprised contributions from polyphenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids and correlated well with polyphenols and flavonoids. The correlation coefficients between polyphenols and antioxidant activities by DPPH, beta-carotene, and NO were as follows: 0.9207, 0.9350, and 0.9453. Contrarily, the correlation coefficient between the content of dietary fiber and the antioxidant activities test was low. The content of all studied indices in apple and pear peel was significantly higher than in peeled fruits (p < 0.05). Diets supplemented with fruit peels exercised a significantly higher positive influence on plasma lipid levels and on plasma antioxidant capacity of rats than diets with fruit pulps.     

侵蚀性雨型分类及不同植被类型对棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

为探讨不同雨型下的植物措施对棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀特征的影响,利用k-均值聚类方法将2018—2019年山东省泰安市下港坡面径流场16次侵蚀性降雨进行分类,结合径流场产流、产沙等监测数据,分析了不同雨型对4种植被措施下坡面土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：(1)以降雨历时、降雨量和平均雨强为特征指标,侵蚀性降雨可分为A类(长历时、大雨量、大雨强)、B类(中历时、中雨量、中雨强)和C类(短历时、小雨量、小雨强)3种雨型。(2)与种植玉米相比,A、B雨型下,减流量均呈现板栗花生间作>苹果树>李子树的趋势。在土壤流失量方面：A雨型下,与李子树相比,减沙量呈现板栗花生间作>苹果树>玉米的趋势;B雨型下,与玉米相比,板栗花生间作的减沙率为84.2%,李子树的减沙率为31.2%,苹果树的减沙率为85.1%;C雨型下,减沙量呈现苹果树>李子树>板栗花生间作的趋势。(3)种植玉米的坡耕地土壤侵蚀情况最为严重,平均每年的土壤流失量为18.04 t/hm²;与之相比,板栗花生间作可降低79.57%的土壤侵蚀率,苹果树和李子树可分别降低73.36%,18.55%的...     

Analysis of diversity in the fruit tree genetic resources from a Mediterranean island

A large number of genotypes of different fruit tree species have been described in Sardinia, where the plant species have evolved by adaptation to the Mediterranean environment. In this work results are summarized of a long-term survey carried out in the island by the authors since the early 1980s. Ten fruit tree species have been surveyed and collections of the traditional varieties were established. Some are major staple crops such as olive and grape, others such as almond, cherry, plum, fig, apple and pear are nowadays less cultivated, and still others have been more recently introduced like apricot and cactus pear. Data on the level of inter and intra-species diversity are given, as illustrated by representative morphological traits. The results of isozymes and RAPD-PCR analysis on the species Ficus carica genotypes are included, to assess genetic relationship among accessions. Observations on composition, as well as on state of conservation of selected traditional varieties are reported, and the main causes of genetic erosion are listed.     

Phenolic acids in berries, fruits, and beverages

The contents of soluble and total phenolic acids were analyzed in samples of 29 berries and berry products, 24 fruits and fruit peels, and 12 beverages. Variation of phenolic acids in berries was also studied. Soluble phenolic acids were extracted with methanolic acetic acid, and a tentative quantification was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total phenolic acid content was determined by HPLC after alkaline and acid hydrolyses. The content of total phenolic acids as aglycones in the above samples varied from 0 (pear cider) to 103 mg/100 g fresh weight (rowanberry). Besides rowanberry, the best phenolic acid sources among berries were chokeberry (96 mg/100 g), blueberry (85 mg/100 g), sweet rowanberry (75 mg/100 g), and saskatoon berry (59 mg/100 g). Among fruits, the highest contents (28 mg/100 g) were determined in dark plum, cherry, and one apple variety (Valkea Kuulas). Coffee (97 mg/100 g) as well as green and black teas (30-36 mg/100 g) were the best sources among beverages. Caffeic acid dominated in all of these samples except in tea brews. Variation in the phenolic acid contents of the berries was either small or moderate.     

Specific detection of potentially allergenic peach and apple in foods using polymerase chain reaction

Two PCR methods were developed for specific detection of the trnS-trnG intergenic spacer region of Prunus persica (peach) and the internal transcribed spacer region of Malus domestica (apple). The peach PCR amplified a target-size product from the DNA of 6 P. persica cultivars including 2 nectarine and 1 flat peach cultivar, but not from those of 36 nontarget species including 6 Prunus and 5 other Rosaceae species. The apple PCR amplified a target-size product from the DNA of 5 M. domestica cultivars, but not from those of 41 nontarget species including 7 Maloideae and 9 other Rosaceae species. Both methods detected the target DNA from strawberry jam and cookies spiked with peach and apple at a level equivalent to about 10 μg of total soluble proteins of peach or apple per gram of incurred food. The specificity and sensitivity were considered to be sufficient for the detection of trace amounts of peach or apple contamination in processed foods.     

电激励信号的频率和电压对果品电特性的影响

采用无损接触检测及交叉试验法研究了电激励信号的频率和电压对果品电特性的影响。研究结果表明：在0.2～2.5 V的电压范围内，苹果电参数存在一电压临界值。若信号电压小于临界值，苹果的电容、电阻以及损耗角正切值保持不变，若电压大于该值，随着电压的增大，电容和电阻值迅速下降，损耗角正切值急剧增大；电压临界值与频率有关，在5～100 kHz的频段内，30 kHz下的电压临界值最大；猕猴桃、梨同苹果电参数的频率特性相同，而且也存在电压临界值；10 kHz下，苹果、猕猴桃和梨的电压临界值分别为0.8、1.8和1.4 V。文中提出了基于电压临界值的果品种类识别方法，验证结果表明，该方法对苹果、猕猴桃和梨的识别率分别为100%，93%和90%。     

HPLC-DAD-ESIMS analysis of phenolic compounds in nectarines, peaches, and plums

The phenolic compounds of 25 peach, nectarine, and plum cultivars were studied and quantified by HPLC-DAD-ESIMS. Hydroxycinnamates, procyanidins, flavonols, and anthocyanins were detected and quantified. White and yellow flesh nectarines and peaches, and yellow and red plums, were analyzed at two different maturity stages with consideration of both peel and flesh tissues. HPLC-MS analyses allowed the identification of procyanidin dimers of the B- and A-types, as well as the presence of procyanidin trimers in plums. As a general rule, the peel tissues contained higher amounts of phenolics, and anthocyanins and flavonols were almost exclusively located in this tissue. No clear differences in the phenolic content of nectarines and peaches were detected or between white flesh and yellow flesh cultivars. There was no clear trend in phenolic content with ripening of the different cultivars. Some cultivars, however, had a very high phenolic content. For example, the white flesh nectarine cultivar Brite Pearl (350-460 mg/kg hydroxycinnamates and 430-550 mg/kg procyanidins in flesh) and the yellow flesh cv. Red Jim (180-190 mg/kg hydroxycinnamates and 210-330 mg/kg procyanidins in flesh), contained 10 times more phenolics than cultivars such as Fire Pearl (38-50 mg/kg hydroxycinnamates and 23-30 mg/kg procyanidins in flesh). Among white flesh peaches, cultivars Snow King (300-320 mg/kg hydroxycinnamates and 660-695 mg/kg procyanidins in flesh) and Snow Giant (125-130 mg/kg hydroxycinnamates and 520-540 mg/kg procyanidins in flesh) showed the highest content. The plum cultivars Black Beaut and Angeleno were especially rich in phenolics.     

新型高效叶面肥——高乐在蔬菜果树生产中的应用效果

通过对美国生产的全营养、高浓度、无公害新型叶面肥高乐,在当地主要经济作物蔬菜(秋黄瓜、甘蓝)和果树(梨、苹果)上的应用研究,证明蔬菜喷施高乐具有显着的增产效果,对于果树也有明显提高商品性状和增产作用.在今后为达到低成本、高产出、高收益、无公害的农业生产中,具有广阔的应用前景.     

The response of fruit trees in Michigan to trickle irrigation

Abstract

Trickle irrigation was evaluated in 2 seasons on sour cherry, plum, peach, and apple. Rates of water applied were 0, 1.9, 3.8, and 7.6 liters per hour (LPH) in 1975, and 0, 3.8, 7.6, and 15.2 LPH in 1976. Peach yields were increased both years. Apple yields were increased in 1976. Leaf content of Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Al in sour cherry; P, Cu, B, and Al in peach; and P, Na, Fe, Cu, and Al in plum was increased by irrigation.     

高压脉冲电场预处理对果蔬动态黏弹特性的影响

为了解高压脉冲电场（high pulsed electric field,HPEF）预处理对果蔬动态黏弹性的影响,该文应用DMA-Q800热动态力学性能分析仪对几种大众果蔬苹果、梨、萝卜、马铃薯等进行了动态压缩试验研究,获得了不同高压脉冲电场参数、不同振荡频率下果蔬的储能模量、损耗模量及损耗正切等黏弹性参数,并结合果蔬细观组织结构扫描电镜分析了高压脉冲电场预处理对果蔬动态黏弹性的影响机理。结果表明：果蔬的储能模量、损耗模量及损耗正切随频率的增加而增大,随着电场强度、脉冲宽度、脉冲时间的增大,苹果和马铃薯组织模量下降,白萝卜组织模量增加,梨试样组织模量先增大后减小,果蔬细观组织扫描电镜分析表明高压脉冲电场预处理引起的果蔬细胞结构、膨压及细胞间隙变化是造成果蔬动态黏弹性变化的主要原因,在25～90℃温度范围内,随温度的升高4种果蔬组织的储能模量、损耗模量呈下降趋势,梨和白萝卜的对照组试样先上升后下降。研究结果可为高压脉冲电场预处理果蔬实现低能耗冻干加工工艺参数优化等应用提供理性分析基础。     

固封精油熏蒸对油桃采后保鲜效果的影响

为开发一种新的植物精油保鲜方法,本试验用琼脂平板固封百里香精油和薄荷精油,制成精油香膏,使精油缓慢释放,用于熏蒸油桃,并采用固相微萃取-气质联用(SPME-GCMS)分析精油香膏熏蒸时盒内空气中精油活性成分的变化,同时比较不同精油香膏熏蒸对油桃果实腐烂指数、失重率、硬度、抑菌能力以及可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸和类...