Photodegradation of fenitrothion and parathion in tomato epicuticular waxes

Photodegradation of (14)C-labeled fenitrothion ([O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate]) and parathion ([O,O-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate]) was conducted on a series of solid surfaces including isolated tomato fruit and leaf cuticle waxes. The wax-coated glass plate gave the comparative degradation of fenitrothion observed for the intact plant but both surfaces of octadecyl-capped silica gel and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) enhanced its volatilization. Photoinduced desulfuration and ester cleavage were common to both pesticides in waxes, but formation of the azo derivative was found to be a major degradation pathway characteristic of parathion. The modified electronic states of the nitro group by introduction of m-methyl group accounted for this different photoreactivity based on molecular orbital calculations.     

Effect of commercial processing on pesticide residues in selected fruits and vegetables

Commercial food processing operations such as washing, blanching, and cooking remove major portions of the pesticide residues that are currently permitted on the raw agricultural crop. These unit operations are reviewed for selected products, along with degree of residue removal at each step. For example, washing plus peeling removes 99% of carbaryl and malathion residues from tomatoes. Washing removes 83% of benomyl residue from tomatoes and further processing reduces the residue by 98% in tomato puree and catsup. Even in the most concentrated fraction from tomatoes (tomato paste), residues were below the initial level in the raw product.     

高压脉冲电场对果蔬生物力学性质的影响

高压脉冲电场预处理果蔬,使其组织细胞在产生可逆击穿下,进行真空冷冻干燥加工,可大大地提高脱水速率和降低冻干能耗。但认识其作用机理和优化工艺参数,需要进一步研究高压脉冲电场对果蔬材料生物力学性质的影响。该文研究了高压脉冲电场处理胡萝卜、白萝卜和苹果对其生物力学性质的影响,通过测定其剪切强度、弹性模量、材料硬度值和压缩屈服极限,并与对照组进行比较,结果表明预处理后材料的剪切强度、弹性模量及屈服极限均比对照组降低,胡萝卜的硬度值比对照组降低,而白萝卜和苹果的硬度值则高于对照组。运用SAS软件对试验数据进行多元回归分析获得了高压脉冲电场预处理果蔬的工艺参数以及相关寻优模型,为高压脉冲电场预处理工艺的确定提供参考。     

高压脉冲电场预处理对果蔬动态黏弹特性的影响

为了解高压脉冲电场（high pulsed electric field,HPEF）预处理对果蔬动态黏弹性的影响,该文应用DMA-Q800热动态力学性能分析仪对几种大众果蔬苹果、梨、萝卜、马铃薯等进行了动态压缩试验研究,获得了不同高压脉冲电场参数、不同振荡频率下果蔬的储能模量、损耗模量及损耗正切等黏弹性参数,并结合果蔬细观组织结构扫描电镜分析了高压脉冲电场预处理对果蔬动态黏弹性的影响机理。结果表明：果蔬的储能模量、损耗模量及损耗正切随频率的增加而增大,随着电场强度、脉冲宽度、脉冲时间的增大,苹果和马铃薯组织模量下降,白萝卜组织模量增加,梨试样组织模量先增大后减小,果蔬细观组织扫描电镜分析表明高压脉冲电场预处理引起的果蔬细胞结构、膨压及细胞间隙变化是造成果蔬动态黏弹性变化的主要原因,在25～90℃温度范围内,随温度的升高4种果蔬组织的储能模量、损耗模量呈下降趋势,梨和白萝卜的对照组试样先上升后下降。研究结果可为高压脉冲电场预处理果蔬实现低能耗冻干加工工艺参数优化等应用提供理性分析基础。     

果蔬介电特性研究综述

对食品介电特性的研究,不仅能使人们了解食品的射频或微波特性,研发出最具节能效果的介电加热设备,而且介电特性可用于食品品质的识别。为此,以果蔬为对象,概述了果蔬生物体的介电特性;介绍了测试信号的频率和电压以及环境温度和湿度等测试条件对果蔬介电特性的影响;综述了在果蔬含水率、成熟度、新鲜度、损伤和糖、酸度等品质因素对介电特性影响方面的研究进展;并指出目前研究存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

Olfactory perception of cysteine-S-conjugates from fruits and vegetables

Volatile sulfur compounds have a low odor threshold, and their presence at microgram per kilogram levels in fruits and vegetables influences odor quality. Sensory analysis demonstrates that naturally occurring, odorless cysteine- S-conjugates such as S-( R/ S)-3-(1-hexanol)- l-cysteine in wine, S-(1-propyl)- l-cysteine in onion, and S-(( R/ S)-2-heptyl)- l-cysteine in bell pepper are transformed into volatile thiols in the mouth by microflora. The time delay in smelling these volatile thiols was 20-30 s, and persistent perception of their odor occurred for 3 min. The cysteine- S-conjugates are transformed in free thiol by anaerobes. The mouth acts as a reactor, adding another dimension to odor perception, and saliva modulates flavors by trapping free thiols.     

Determination of acequinocyl and hydroxyacequinocyl on fruits and vegetables by HPLC-DAD

A method for determining residues of the new reduced-risk pesticide acequinocyl and its deacetylated derivative hydroxyacequinocyl on fruits and vegetables (grapes, lemons, pears, and tomatoes) by HPLC is described. The pesticides were extracted from the fruits and vegetables with hexane and ethyl acetate solution (1:1, v/v), determined by HPLC-DAD at 250 nm and confirmed by LC/MS. No cleanup was necessary. This method is characterized by recoveries (0.01-4 mg/kg) > 77%, while the coefficient of variation was determined to be less than 11%. The limit of quantitation for both acequinocyl and hydroxyacequinocyl was 0.01 mg/kg for all matrixes.     

果蔬装载方式对处理帐内1-MCP浓度的影响

为指导贮前1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）处理时帐内果蔬合理的堆装,该文以南果梨、久保桃为试材,研究在1 m3小塑料密闭帐内不同装载量（空帐、满帐、半帐）、不同装载容器（纸箱、塑料周转箱）及加设风机对帐内1-MCP浓度的影响。结果表明：1-MCP在密闭4 h时气体释放量达到最大3.775 μL/L;处理过程中满帐装果的帐内1-MCP的浓度要高于半帐;使用塑料周转箱盛果的帐内1-MCP的有效浓度要明显高于使用纸箱;加设风机的帐内1-MCP的浓度要高于不加设风机,加设风机有利于1-MCP气体在帐内的均匀释放。     

Biologically important thiols in various vegetables and fruits

Biological thiols are important antioxidants, and recent studies showed that their contents vary depending on the groups of foodstuffs. Therefore, we investigated the levels of some biological thiols in various vegetables and fruits by using a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Biological thiols measured in some vegetables and fruits include glutathione (L-glutamyl-L-cysteinly glycine, GSH), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), captopril [CAP (C9H15NO3S)], homocysteine (HCYS), cysteine (CYS), and gamma-glutamyl cysteine (GGC). Our results show that biological thiol contents are between 3-349 nM/g wet weight in vegetables and 4-136 nM/g wet weight in fruits. CAP is only found in asparagus (28 nM/g wet weight). Furthermore, none of the biological thiols analyzed were found in cabbages, red grapes, blackberries, apples, and peaches. Therefore, various vegetables and fruits differ significantly in their thiol contents. Oxidation of these important thiols may occur and result in the production of toxic byproducts, if they are exposed to radiation and ozone treatment for sterilization purposes. Further studies should be performed to monitor the levels of these biological thiols.     

果蔬可食涂膜保鲜的应用和发展

论述了影响果蔬贮藏过程中的成熟和衰老的因素，分析了可食涂膜保鲜法的成膜材料、应用效果及涂膜方法。可食涂膜保鲜对延长果蔬的保藏期具有优良的效果，但因影响保鲜效果的因素较多，目前在国内可食涂膜还未广泛的应用。从仿生理论着手，分析耐贮果蔬表皮的形貌和成分，对完善果蔬涂膜保鲜的研究具有指导意义。可食涂膜还可作为某些可延缓果蔬衰老或品质下降的生物活性物质的载体，形成具有生理活性的包装，使可食涂膜具有更广阔的应用前景。     

基于格子Boltzmann方法分析果蔬真空冷冻干燥冻干速率

为实现果蔬真空冷冻干燥水分在线检测,研究果蔬冻干过程水分扩散运移规律及过程参数优化,该文基于格子Boltzmann方法以果蔬冻干过程孔隙度变化表达其冻干速率。由于果蔬在冻干过程中孔隙度会随着冰晶的升华而发生相应变化,水分扩散路径及孔隙度由外向内逐渐变化,运用格子Boltzmann方法和动力学能量守恒定律,模拟分析了果蔬冻干水分扩散速率变化分布情况,建立了孔隙度线性变化的多孔介质模型,结果表明多孔介质类果蔬孔隙度变化越大冻干速率就越大。试验验证以苹果为试材,在冻干1、3、5、7 h测取苹果样品含水率和对应的水分运移边界位置,并在苹果冻干样本水分运移边界处进行电镜微观拍片与孔隙度图像信息采集处理,获得相应的孔隙度试验值,通过对水分扩散边界位置与孔隙度相关性分析可知,苹果冻干过程孔隙度由内向外呈线性增加。进而导出含水率与孔隙度、孔隙度变化与干燥速率的相关关系,得知孔隙度的变化与冻干速率呈正比,试验验证与模拟结论相一致。表明多孔介质的孔隙度可作为物料内部流体传输的表征参数,可应用孔隙度的变化来表达冻干速率。该研究为冻干过程参数优化与机理分析提供了参考,在冻干水分在线监测等方面提供了应用基础。     

酵母菌对果蔬采后病害防治的研究进展

该文对酵母菌对果蔬采后病害防治的研究现状进行了综述，其中包括防治效果、防治机理、防治的优势及最新研究成果。许多酵母菌对果蔬采后病害具有明显的抑制作用，酵母菌抑制霉菌的机理主要在于营养与空间的竞争、对病原菌的直接寄生作用及诱导寄主产生抗病性。酵母菌与其它生防微生物相比，具有拮抗效果好、不产生毒素、可以和化学杀菌剂共同使用等优点。使用生物工程技术改造拮抗酵母菌从而提高其生防效果，是酵母菌对果蔬采后生物防治的最新研究领域。该文还指出了酵母菌对果蔬采后生物防治存在的问题，并对未来的研究提出了新的思路。     

果蔬真空-蒸汽脉动漂烫机的设计与试验

针对现有漂烫机漂烫时蒸汽和物料之间存在空气间层热阻,蒸汽不能迅速向物料传递热量而导致的漂烫不均匀、装载量小等问题,设计了一种真空-蒸汽脉动漂烫机。该漂烫机由抽真空系统、蒸汽系统、漂烫罐体以及自动控制系统构成,抽真空系统可以及时去除漂烫罐体内冷空气和漂烫之后的蒸汽。采用计算流体力学软件Fluent对漂烫罐体内气流流场进行模拟,结果显示增加扰流板和扰流孔后内部流场均匀,计算值和模拟值最大相对误差为5.2%。以漂烫百合为例进行了漂烫机的性能验证试验,结果表明:真空-蒸汽脉动漂烫均匀性良好,百合片在60℃热风干燥时间一致为11h,干后色泽无显著性差异。干燥时间随漂烫时间和循环次数的增加而先减小后增大,随真空度的增加而增大。当真空度为10kPa,真空时间为5s,漂烫时间为30s时,循环3次百合漂烫后的干燥时间最短,色泽变化较小。该研究解决了现有蒸汽漂烫机存在的漂烫不均匀、装载量小等问题,为其后续推广应用提供了参考。     

气调包装条件下果蔬呼吸强度模型的研究进展

该文综述了国内外近几十年来气调包装(MAP)条件下果蔬呼吸强度模型的研究情况。探讨了在一定的贮藏时间内果蔬呼吸强度与袋内氧气浓度、二氧化碳浓度和温度的关系以及利用计算机技术进行MAP的最佳设计等方面的问题,从而为MAP技术更好地应用于果蔬保鲜提供参考。     

Evolution of antioxidant capacity during storage of selected fruits and vegetables

Interest in the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is, to a large extent, due to its content of bioactive nutrients and their importance as dietary antioxidants. Among all of the selected fruits and vegetables, strawberries and black grapes have relatively high antioxidant capacities associated with high contents of total phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and flavonols. More interesting, the results of this study indicated that in most fruits and vegetables storage did not affect negatively the antioxidant capacity. Better, in some cases, an increase of the antioxidant capacity was observed in the days following their purchase, accompanied by an increase in phenolic compounds. In general, fruits and vegetables visually spoil before any significant antioxidant capacity loss occurs except in banana and broccoli. When ascorbic acid or flavonoids (aglycons of flavonols and anthocyanins) were concerned, the conclusions were similar. Their content was generally stable during storage.     

Disparities in the availability of fruits and vegetables between racially segregated urban neighbourhoods

OBJECTIVE: Public health professionals continue to see the benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption on population health. While studies that evaluate the availability of produce are sparse in the medical literature, disparities in availability may explain the disproportional intake of produce for some people. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the availability and variety of produce located in two racially and economically diverse urban neighbourhoods. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 50% of the supermarkets, small grocery stores, delicatessens, and fruit and vegetable markets located in specific neighbourhoods were randomly sampled and surveyed between September 2004 and July 2005. Food stores were evaluated for the availability of 20 types of fresh fruits and 19 types of fresh vegetables, as well as their varieties and whether they were canned, frozen or previously prepared. 2000 US Census information was used to determine characteristics of the geo-coded census tracts where the food stores were located. SETTING: Brooklyn, New York. RESULTS: A supermarket was located in approximately every third census tract in predominantly white areas (prevalence = 0.33) and every fourth census tract in racially mixed areas (prevalence = 0.27). There were no supermarkets located in the predominantly black areas. With the exception of bananas, potatoes, okra and yucca, a lower proportion of predominantly black area stores carried fresh produce, while supermarkets carried the largest variety of produce types. Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables were found in the majority of stores, whereas prepared and organic produce was limited to predominantly white area stores. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that the availability and variety of fresh produce is associated with neighbourhood racial composition and may be a factor contributing to differences in intake among residents.     

混联式太阳能果蔬烘干机的研制

为了解决新疆地区传统果蔬干制工艺存在的问题,提高农产品加工质量,根据该地区的气候特点及农产品特点,确定了混联式太阳能果蔬烘干机的总体结构方案,完成了集热、控制和烘干等主要系统设计计算、参数设定,成功进行了葡萄烘干试验,通过葡萄烘干试验表明,比传统干燥方式缩短时间66.7%,绿级品率由低于35%提高到79.19%,该设备可提高新疆农产品的干制效率,促进该地区农业的发展。