罗望子多糖的提取及应用

罗望子多糖(TSP)是从豆科植物罗望子种子中提取的一种天然物质。经试验,探讨了影响从其种仁粉中提取罗望子多糖色泽和收率的因素,以此总结出从罗望子种仁中提取罗望子多糖的方法。进而论述了罗望子多糖在日用化学工业等领域中的应用。     

罗望子多糖分级提取及其与黄原胶凝胶骨架材料缓释性能研究

将罗望子多糖胶粉分别在50和100℃(TSP50和TSP100)条件下分级提取与纯化,其提取得率分别为28.71%和36.24%。X射线衍射图谱结果表明,在100℃下提取的罗望子多糖分级组分的结晶度明显高于50℃条件下提取的组分的结晶度。采用湿法造粒制备罗望子分级多糖与黄原胶不同质量配比的控释茶碱的缓释材料,并比较分析了其缓释性能。体外释药结果表明,在药物释放12 h时,仅含罗望子多糖骨架片的药物累积释放率最大,TSP50和TSP100分别达到载药量的93.4%和81.6%。当罗望子多糖和黄原胶的质量比例为40∶60时,TSP50和TSP100的药物累积释放量最小,分别为67.2%和67.4%,表现出最为持续的药物释放性能。溶胀性能结果表明,罗望子多糖和黄原胶质量比例为40∶60时,制备的骨架片均在溶胀6 h时表现出最高溶胀率,TSP50和TSP100溶胀率分别为285%和312%。     

罗望子林人工植被系统对元谋干热河谷退化生态系统的治理效应研究

为对云南元谋干热河谷退化生态系统进行治理,选择罗望子作为治理该区退化坡地的主栽树种,营建了罗望子林人工植被系统。通过对该系统相关林木的生长,土壤、大气等生态因子大量观测数据的比较分析表明:在元谋干热河谷区,选择罗望子作为主栽树种营建罗望子林人工植被系统治理退化坡地的生态效应明显。主要表现为:(1)土壤退化得到明显控制(土壤物理性状获得改善,土壤肥力得到提高);(2)水土流失程度减轻;(3)干热气候得以调节,风速有所降低;(4)植物缺水程度减轻,能够正常健康生长。     

酸角综合利用的现状及发展趋势

酸角用途广泛,可作果用、医用、加工成饮料或食品、提取罗望子多糖和抗氧化物,以及园林绿化等多种用途,本文综述了近20年来酸角的国内外综合利用现状,指出目前国内外酸角的开发利用多集中在果肉的加工利用,罗望子多糖的提取和应用,并根据酸角利用中存在的问题。对今后开发利用的发展趋势提出了几点建议。     

罗望子及其栽培技术

罗望子(Ｔａｍａｒｉｎｄｕｓｉｎｄｉ ｃａＬ .) ,又名酸角、酸子、酸豆、酸梅、罗晃子 ,为苏木科罗晃子属常绿乔木。我国广东、广西、海南、福建、台湾、云南、四川等省区有引种栽培。罗望子高达 2 5ｍ ,树皮纵裂 ;荚果肥厚 ,扁圆筒状 ,外果皮薄脆 ,中果皮厚肉质 ;种子椭圆状 ,每果中含 3～ 10粒 ,深褐色 ,具光泽。1　生物学、生态学特性罗望子最适宜在温度高、日照长、气候干燥 ,干湿季节分明的地区生长。正常生长发育、开花结果需要在平均 10℃以上 ,年积温 75 0 0℃左右 ,降雨量在 10 0 0ｍｍ以下和日照时数在 2 2 0 0ｈ以上的环境条件…     

云南罗望子野生资源调查及生态适宜种植区划探讨

通过对云南省罗望子自然分布区资源属性特点、类型、适生因子及现状的调查,了解罗望子的经济及生态价值;对适生因子进行了初步研究,提出了云南罗望子种植区划的参考指标。     

马来海松酸锌的合成及表征

以马来海松酸酐和醋酸锌为原料,在无水乙醇溶液中反应成功合成了马来海松酸锌.研究了反应条件对产物的影响;采用络合滴定法测定了产物中锌的含量;采用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDAX)和X射线衍射(XRD)等对产物进行了分析和表征.结果表明:醋酸锌和马来海松酸物质的量比为3∶1,反应温度为328 K,反应时间为5h反应得到高纯度的马来海松酸锌,产率可达94％以上.利用该方法制得的马来海松酸锌属于大分子化合物,产物中的—COO -与Zn2+发生了化学键合.     

肉豆蔻酸异丙酯的合成工艺研究

以肉豆蔻酸(十四酸)和异丙醇为原料,经酯化反应合成肉豆蔻酸异丙酯.选择催化剂,考察不同物料配比、催化剂用量、不同反应温度、时间等因素对产物中酯含量影响,确定了适宜的工艺条件:肉豆蔻酸与异丙醇的摩尔比为1∶5,催化剂用量4%(以肉豆蔻酸的质量计),反应温度(84±1)℃,反应时间6 h,产物中酯含量81.5%.同时测定了产品的主要性能指标,与文献值基本相符.     

酸角种子多糖对菠萝常温保鲜效果的研究

<正> 在水果化学保鲜中,筛选天然无毒保鲜剂是一个十分重要的课题;国内外对魔芋多糖进行过一些研究。为此,我们用热带地区盛产的酸角豆种子多糖对菠萝保鲜的效果进行了试验。酸角(Tamarindus indica Linn),又名罗望子,豆科常绿乔木,其荚果的果肉可供鲜食,制作酸味调料和清凉饮料;种子子叶中含多糖65％,主要由葡萄糖、木糖、半乳糖组成。该多糖无毒无味,具凝结和稳定作用,可作冰淇淋等食品添加剂,且具有良好的成膜作用和保水作用。     

罗望子胶结构、性能、生产及其在食品工业中的应用

介绍了罗望子胶的结构、性能、生产及其在食品工业中用作增黏稳定剂、冰晶稳定剂、胶凝剂、品质改良剂等;并论述了罗望子胶在国内外的发展现状。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.