高产广适性小麦新品种‘扬麦20’的培育与推广应用

为了中国南方麦区高产广适性和弱筋小麦产业发展的需求,通过采用综合育种技术路线,育成了小麦新品种‘扬麦20’。试验结果表明其综合性状优异,中抗白粉病与赤霉病,纹枯病轻,较对照‘扬麦158’等增产3.4%~12.4%,主要品质指标符合国家弱筋专用小麦标准。该品种的育成与推广缓解了在南方麦区高产广适性品种的短缺问题,将促进小麦生产水平的提高与相关产业的发展。     

黄淮麦区Fhb1基因的育种应用

小麦赤霉病是由禾谷镰孢菌引起的一种世界性重要病害,严重威胁小麦生产安全。黄淮麦区作为我国小麦主产区,赤霉病危害日趋严重,因缺乏半冬性抗源,抗赤霉病育种进展缓慢。Fhb1基因是迄今发现的效应最大、抗性最稳定,也是被广泛应用于全球小麦赤霉病抗性育种的主效基因,但Fhb1基因在黄淮麦区尚未被广泛应用。本研究以感病品种矮抗58为轮回亲本, H35为Fhb1基因供体亲本,通过有限回交和分子标记辅助选择,同时利用双单倍体育种和传统系谱选育两种方法,培育出了一批综合性状较好、具有Fhb1基因的优良新品系,其中徐麦DH9和徐麦17252经多年鉴定均达到中抗水平。在以徐麦36和徐麦2023为杂交父本的后代品系中,含Fhb1基因的家系赤霉病平均抗性明显优于感病对照。Fhb1基因的导入显著提高了赤霉病抗性,但部分家系对赤霉病仍旧表现出高感水平,说明赤霉病抗性还受到Fhb1基因以外其他遗传因素的显著影响。本研究为Fhb1基因在黄淮麦区抗赤霉病小麦育种中的应用提供了成功的经验。     

基因聚合选育抗赤霉病小麦新品系百农4299

小麦赤霉病是一种严重危害小麦生产的真菌性病害,其抗性由多基因控制,抗性机制复杂。type Ⅰ(抗侵入)和type Ⅱ(抗扩展)是小麦抵御赤霉病侵害的2种最主要抗性类型。在抗赤霉病育种中兼顾2种抗性,对于保证生产上抗性的稳定和持久有着重要意义。在前期研究中,作者所在课题组从小麦地方品种望水白中克隆了抗赤霉病扩展的主效QTL Fhb1,精细定位了Fhb4和Fhb5,获得了功能性/紧密连锁的分子标记。本研究利用这些标记,以小麦品系NMAS022作为供体亲本,现代小麦品种百农4199作为受体亲本,通过分子标记辅助回交育种方法选育成了聚合望水白Fhb1、Fhb4、Fhb5的小麦新品系百农4299。与百农4199相比,百农4299在2年的田间试验中type Ⅰ抗性至少增加了73%～74%, type Ⅱ抗性至少增加了83%～88%(以病小穗数计),并且产量潜力也得到了提高。上述结果证明了通过分子标记辅助选择聚合不同类型抗赤霉病QTL以提高小麦赤霉病抗性的可行性。抗赤霉病小麦品系百农4299有望成为一个新的抗赤霉病小麦品种。     

小麦抗赤霉病的染色体工程育种研究进展

小麦赤霉病是世界范围内的破坏性疾病,选育小麦赤霉病抗病品种对小麦生产具有重要意义。本文综述了国内外小麦赤霉病抗病品种缺乏的现状,并认为难以解决的基因连锁冗余问题,是导致抗赤霉病育种没有突破性进展的关键;作者介绍了小麦染色体工程技术的研究进展,提出了多种染色体技术相结合来提高有利基因的获取效率,将给小麦赤霉病育种带来更大进步,本文为今后小麦抗赤霉病基因的定位以及相关种质资源的研究提供参考。     

山西省小麦品种(系)对赤霉病的抗性鉴定

以24份山西省小麦主推品种和51份山西省2015—2016年度冬小麦区域试验品种为材料,利用单花滴注方法,进行赤霉病抗性鉴定。结果表明,不同品种间赤霉病抗性存在很大差异,病小穗率变幅在5.0%~100.0%之间。参试品种中没有高抗赤霉病的品种,其中主栽品种仅长麦251表现中抗,占比为4.2%;区域试验品种中临麦7006、京麦1768和圣麦116等11个品种表现中抗,占21.6%,整体赤霉病抗性水平有待于改进。探讨了赤霉病鉴定方法和山西省小麦抗赤霉病育种的策略。     

小麦品种对赤霉病抗扩展性遗传的动态分析

小麦品种抗赤霉病性的遗传是属于多基因控制的数量性状。过去对小麦抗赤霉病性的研究多以静止的方法进行,仅以接种后某一固定时期植株发病情况为指标,这不能全面反映小麦品种抗赤霉病扩展性的遗传特征。作者发现,不仅不同品种对赤霉病扩展的反应不同,而且同一品种不同时期在抗扩     

小麦冬春轮回选择育种方法研究进展

江苏淮安地处中国南北气候分界线上(33°33′ N),冬季低于5℃的天数达112天,所有冬小麦都能通过春化,1月（最冷）平均气温在0.2℃以上,春小麦也可以安全越冬。经过多年研究与实践,利用中国独有的太谷核不育小麦、矮败小麦以及冬春性小麦品种在淮安地区开展冬春轮回选择育种,把轮回选择交配圃中生产的具有很高潜在育种价值的材料向全国更多地方的小麦育种单位提供,建立供种与优良材料部分返还制度,把冬春杂交、轮回选择和穿梭育种的优越性相结合,形成了一个投入小,效益高的小麦育种体系,并成功培育出了一系列小麦新品种,为提高小麦育种成效、丰富小麦育种手段开辟了新途径。总结了国内外轮回选择育种方法研究所取得的进展,并将以解决淮北地区小麦迟播、早熟、高产间矛盾;构建抗赤霉病轮回群体,创造出优异的赤霉病抗源;以轮回群体为材料诱导小麦单倍体育种;加强同国外科研单位的合作,引入国外优良种质资源,丰富群体的遗传变异;加强与矮败小麦育种体系单位的协作等方面的研究作为今后工作的重点,以期培育出适应性广、综合性状优良的小麦新品种。     

中强筋小麦新品种扬辐麦 13 的选育

为适应绿色、高效、优质小麦产业发展需求,江苏里下河地区农业科学研究所和江苏金土地种业有限公司以高产小麦品种扬辐麦 4 号为母本、优质抗病小麦品种镇麦 9 号为父本,利用辐射诱变与杂交技术相结合,育成高产、多抗、中强筋小麦新品种扬辐麦 13。2017-2020 年度完成江苏省淮南组小麦区域试验和生产试验;2021 年通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定（苏审麦 20210005）。扬辐麦 13 综合抗性强,中抗赤霉病、免疫白粉病、抗小麦黄花叶病、高抗穗发芽、抗倒伏;品质优,达到中强筋小麦标准。该小麦品种的推广应用有利于促进小麦的清洁、高效生产,适应农业高质量发展的要求。新品种在推广应用过程中还需做到适期播种、优化群体结构、合理肥料运筹、综合病虫害防治并及时收获。     

宁麦9号及其衍生品种的赤霉病抗性分析及抗性溯源

针对小麦赤霉病抗性,利用与3个抗扩展性QTL位点、1个抗侵染性QTL位点和1个控制低毒素积累的QTL位点紧密连锁的11个分子标记,对中抗赤霉病小麦品种宁麦9号及其10个衍生品种进行抗性溯源,同时利用单花滴注、病麦粒接种和ELISA方法分别进行赤霉病抗扩展、抗侵染和低毒素积累抗性进行鉴定。结果表明,宁麦9号拥有抗扩展性主效QTL位点Fhb1和Fhb2,其赤霉病抗性来源于亲本扬麦6号。10个衍生品种中,生选4号与宁麦9号的遗传背景高度相似,扬辐麦4号与宁麦9号的遗传相似系数最小。宁麦衍生系的抗扩展与低毒素积累抗性相关性较高,但抗侵染性受环境影响较大,表现更为复杂。不同衍生品种的抗扩展性有差异,但总体毒素含量水平较高。衍生品种宁麦13抗性位点数多于宁麦9号,且赤霉病抗性水平最高,与宁麦9号均可作为抗性亲本直接应用于小麦抗赤霉病育种。本研究为今后赤霉病抗性基因的进一步研究和小麦抗赤霉病分子育种提供理论参考。     

小麦赤霉病抗性与农艺性状的相关性

小麦赤霉病抗性与农艺性状的相关性杨崇力,赵玲瑛(浙江省农业科学院作物研究所杭州310021)本研究运用一些学者最新发展的数量遗传学统计模型,深入探讨小麦抗赤霉病与产量性状的各种遗传相关及其地位,为小麦抗病育种提供参考。1材料与方法选用浙麦1号、丽麦1……     

Breeding for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat—Progress and challenges

Fusarium head blight is among the most extensively studied fungal diseases of wheat and other small grain cereals due to its impact on yield and quality, but particularly due to its potential to produce mycotoxins, which are harmful to humans and animals. Since our last comprehensive review on QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection for FHB resistance in wheat in 2009, numerous studies have been conducted to identify, validate or fine-map resistance QTL. The main aim of this review is to update and summarize findings on FHB resistance breeding of wheat published during the last decade. Furthermore, we compiled a user-friendly table listing FHB resistance QTL data providing a valuable resource for further FHB resistance research. The role of morphological and phenological traits on FHB resistance and possible consequences for resistance breeding are discussed. This review concentrates current knowledge on breeding for FHB resistance and suggests strategies to enhance resistance by deploying molecular breeding methods, including marker-assisted and genomic selection.     

望水白和苏麦3号构建的DH群体赤霉病抗性比较

利用抗病品种望水白和苏麦3号分别与感病品种Alondra’s杂交，F1花药培养诱导单倍体，经染色体加倍构建了2个DH群体。2001－2003年连续3年在赤霉病常发重病区福建省建阳市进行了赤霉病抗性鉴定。通过聚类分析把2个DH群体分成稳定的抗病DH系、稳定的感病DH系、稳定的中抗DH系以及抗性不稳DH系4类，4种类型在2个DH群体中的比例     

Evaluation of resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium graminearum</Emphasis> in oats

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a serious threat for the production of high-quality oats, a crop known for its health beneficial traits. The fungal pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, which is the main causal agent of FHB in cereals has become more common in the main oat production areas. FHB reduces yield quality due to the accumulation of several mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol. Strong environmental dependence of infection and variable causal agents make FHB only partly controllable by agricultural or manufacturing practices. This underlines the need for resistant cultivars. In recent years various improvements in the FHB resistance breeding of oats have been reported including improved inoculation and screening methods as well as resistance and association studies. This review demonstrates the current techniques used in the phenotyping of oats resistance to FHB. Resistance found in breeding material and gene bank accessions is described and several resistance related traits are discussed. In addition, an outlook to the future prospects of FHB resistance breeding in oats is provided.     

小麦品种赤霉病抗性的遗传研究

利用8个不同抗性小麦品种双列杂交的F1及其亲本,以赤霉病病粒率为抗性指标,研究了小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传。结果表明,参试品种间存在3～4对赤霉病抗性基因的差异,苏麦3号、宁麦9号和扬麦158具有较多控制赤霉病抗性遗传的显性基因,对于减少它们杂交后代的病粒率有较高的一般配合力。小麦赤霉病抗性符合加性-显性模型。赤霉     

Characterization of Chinese wheat germplasm for resistance to Fusarium head blight at CIMMYT, Mexico

Fusarium head blight (FHB) poses a challenge for wheat breeders worldwide; there are limited sources of resistance and the genetic basis for resistance is not well understood. In the mid-1980s, a shuttle breeding and germplasm exchange program launched between CIMMYT-Mexico and China, enabled the incorporation of FHB resistance from Chinese bread wheat germplasm into CIMMYT wheat. Most of the Chinese wheat materials conserved in the CIMMYT germplasm bank had not been fully characterized for FHB reaction under Mexican environments, until 2009, when 491 Chinese bread wheat lines were evaluated in a FHB screening nursery in Mexico, and 304 (61.9 %) showed FHB indices below 10 %. Subsequent testing occurred in 2010 for plant height (PH), days to heading (DH), and leaf rust response. In 2012, 140 elite lines with good agronomic types were further evaluated for field FHB reaction and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation. Most of the tested lines showed good resistance: 116 (82.9 %) entries displayed FHB indices lower than 10 %, while 89 (63.6 %) had DON contents lower than 1.0 ppm. Significant negative correlations were observed between FHB traits (FHB index, DON content, and Fusarium damaged kernels) and PH, DH, and anther extrusion. A subset of 102 elite entries was selected for haplotyping using markers linked to 10 well known FHB quantitative trait loci (QTL). 57 % of the lines possessed the same 2DL QTL marker alleles as Wuhan 1 or CJ 9306, and 26.5 % had the same 3BS QTL allele as Sumai 3. The remaining known QTL were of low frequency. These materials, especially those with none of the above tested resistance QTL (26.5 %), could be used in breeding programs as new resistance sources possessing novel genes for FHB resistance and DON tolerance.     

Effect of 3B, 5A and 3A QTL for Fusarium head blight resistance on agronomic and quality performance of Canadian winter wheat

The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) the correlations between Fusarium head blight (FHB) index, deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation and percentage of Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) with agronomic and quality traits and (ii) the effect associated with the presence of single QTLs for FHB resistance on agronomic and quality traits in winter wheat. The population was derived from the cross between ‘RCATL33' (FHB resistance derived from ‘Sumai 3’ and ‘Frontana’) and ‘RC Strategy’. Parental lines and recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were genotyped with SSR markers associated with the 3B, 5A and 3A QTLs. The population was planted in FHB‐inoculated nurseries and in agronomy trials. Lines in the 3B QTL class had the lowest FHB index, DON content and FDK level and did not have a significantly lower yield, thousand kernel weight or protein content compared with the lines grouped in other QTL classes (including no QTL class). Marker‐assisted selection of the 3B QTL for FHB resistance into high‐yielding FHB‐susceptible winter wheat is the recommended approach for the development of lines with increased FHB resistance without significant yield and quality penalties.     

两个小麦抗赤霉变异系的抗性及RAPD分析

在禾谷镰刀菌粗毒素胁迫下,通过幼胚培养无性系的筛选,获得了QK-02和HK-04两个抗赤霉病的小麦变异系,与其供体亲本相比,抗赤性明显提高,其它个别性状虽略有改变,但其综合性状表现与其亲本基本相似。用524个随机引物对两个变异系和各自亲本及苏麦3号进行RAPD分析,结果显示,变异系QK-02与亲本西农1376间存在多态片段的引物有11个,变异率为2.1%,在这些多态片段中,S3471220和S3751360在苏麦3号上也能检测到;变异系HK-04与亲本花育888间有15条引物有多态片段,变异率为2.86%,在这些多态片段中,S149620在苏麦3号上也能检测到。RAPD分析结果表明,两个抗赤霉变异系与亲本的抗病性差异是由于遗传物质的改变引起的,其抗赤霉病性是可以稳定遗传的。在抗病变异系与亲本及苏麦3号上筛选到的3个分子标记（S3471220、S3751360和 S149620）可能与小麦赤霉病抗性有关。     

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of a durum wheat ×Thinopyrum distichum hybrid used as a new source of resistance to Fusarium head blight in the greenhouse

Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is a serious and damaging disease of wheat. Although some hexaploid wheat lines express a good level of resistance to FHB, the resistance available in hexaploid wheat has not yet been transferred to durum wheat. A germplasm collection of Triticum durum× alien hybrid lines was tested as a potential source of resistance to FHB under controlled conditions. Their FHB reaction was evaluated in three tests against conidial suspensions of three strains of F. graminearum at the flowering stage. Two T. durum×Thinopyrum distichum hybrid lines, ‘AFR4’ and ‘AFR5′, expressed a significantly higher level of resistance to the spread of FHB than other durum‐alien hybrid lines and a resistant common wheat line ‘Nyu‐Bay’. Genomic in situ hybridization using total genomic DNA from alien grass species demonstrated that ‘AFR5’ had 13 or 14 alien genome chromosomes plus 27 or 28 wheat chromosomes, while ‘AFR4’ had 22 alien genome and 28 wheat chromosomes. All of the alien chromosomes present in these two lines belonged to the J genome. ‘AFR5’ is likely to be more useful as a source of FHB resistance than ‘AFR4’ because of its relatively normal meiotic behaviour, high fertility and fewer number of alien chromosomes. ‘AFR5’ shows good potential as a source for transferring FHB resistance gene into wheat. The development of T. durum addition lines carrying resistance genes from ‘AFR5’ is underway.     

Field evaluation of resistance to kernel infection and mycotoxin accumulation caused by Fusarium head blight in western Japanese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

Fusarium head blight (FHB) remains a serious problem that causes yield and grain quality losses, and mycotoxin accumulation in wheat production in western Japan. A 3-year field trial with artificial FHB inoculation was conducted to evaluate varietal characteristics of FHB resistance among 31 wheat cultivars/lines cultivated in western Japan, including one standard line. Severity of FHB, frequency of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), deoxynivalenol concentration (DON), nivalenol concentration (NIV), and grain yield showed significant differences among years and among cultivars/lines. Interaction between years and cultivars/lines was also significant in these traits, but F values were larger for cultivars/lines than for the interaction. Correlation analysis showed that cultivars/lines with lower FHB severities tended to have lower FDK, DON and NIV, and a higher yield. Resistance to kernel infection (RKI), residuals calculated by regressing FDK against FHB severity, and resistance to mycotoxin accumulation (RTA), residuals calculated by regressing DON + NIV against FDK, also differed significantly among cultivars/lines. These results indicated that varietal differences in response to FHB symptom development, RKI and RTA exist among wheat cultivars/lines in western Japan. Such information is important to aid producers in controlling the disease and for breeders to improve FHB resistance and reduce mycotoxin accumulation in commercial wheat cultivars.     

利用“永久F2”群体定位抗赤霉病QTL

为了研究抗赤霉病侵染性的遗传, 利用感赤霉病品种南大2419和抗赤霉病品种望水白杂交单粒传获得的重组自交系群体132个株系间的随机配对组合, 构建了一个包含198个株系的“永久F2”群体。通过两年抗侵染田间试验和QTL作图, 定位了6个抗侵染QTL, 其中抗性等位位点源于望水白的Qfhi.nau-4B和Qfhi.nau-5A以及源于南大2419的Qfhi.nau-2B的效应较为稳定。Qfhi.nau-4B和Qfhi.nau-5A的效应较大且以加性效应为主, 前者存在部分显性基因效应。此外, 还检测到4对显著的互作位点。这些结果进一步说明赤霉病抗性遗传的复杂性, 同时也表明在利用望水白进行抗赤霉病育种时早代选择抗侵染性是可行的。