采前高浓度赤霉素处理对“贵妃”杧果实色泽发育的抑制效应

以10年生"贵妃"杧植株为材料,设置赤霉素(GA_3)0、0.5、1.0、2.0和3.0 g/L等处理,分别于盛花期、幼果期和果实膨大期进行喷洒,比较不同处理对采后杧果果实色泽变化的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度GA_3处理对果皮色度a~*值均具有明显影响,浓度越高,抑制a~*值增大的效果越显著;GA_3处理可以显著抑制果皮叶绿素的降解,降低类胡萝卜素及花青素的合成;高浓度GA_3对叶绿素酶、查尔酮异构酶活性增加、5-氨基乙酰脱氢酶活性的降低具有明显的抑制效果。说明采前GA_3处理可以抑制采后"贵妃"杧果皮色泽转变,浓度越高对果皮转色的抑制效果越显著。     

杧果新品种攀育2号的选育

攀育2号杧果是从乳杧实生后代群体中筛选出的杧果新品种。树势强壮，枝条直立。果实椭圆形，果粉厚，肉质滑腻，风味浓甜，纤维极少，口感好，鲜食品质佳。单果质量307.0～369.0 g，可食率79.0%～85.4%，可溶性固形物含量(w，后同)18.3%～21.7%，总糖含量13.80%～16.96%，总酸含量0.061%～0.576%，维生素C含量13.6～70.3 mg·kg^-1,β-胡萝卜素含量5.78×10⁴μg·kg^-1。四川攀枝花地区果实发育期120～150 d，中熟，成熟期为7月下旬至8月中旬。高接树第2年初结果，大树改接换冠后3～5 a(年)每666.7 m²平均产量为1 384.5 kg。中抗畸形病和细菌性黑斑病。适宜在四川金沙江干热河谷种植。     

促进苹果着色的技术措施

<正>1科学施肥浇水分别在萌芽前、开花前后、果实膨大期追施氮肥。叶片含氮过多,会影响果实着色,进入8月份应停止施用氮肥,增施磷钾肥。在6⁸月份施磷酸二铵、硫酸钾,每株大树不少于0.5kg。叶面喷肥,坐果后每隔158月份施磷酸二铵、硫酸钾,每株大树不少于0.5kg。叶面喷肥,坐果后每隔15³0d喷施微肥。进入8月份喷0.3%30d喷施微肥。进入8月份喷0.3%⁰.5%磷酸二氢钾20.5%磷酸二氢钾2³次,可明显增加着色。采果前要适当控水,以防树体旺长,采前20d果     

榆林市西瓜甜瓜产业现状及发展对策

<正>1榆林西瓜甜瓜产业发展现状1.1气候环境榆林市位于陕西省的北部,黄土高原和毛乌素沙地南缘的交界处,气候属暖温带和温带半干旱大陆性季风气候,年平均气温7.9¹1.3℃,平均≥10℃的积温2 847.211.3℃,平均≥10℃的积温2 847.2⁴ 147.9℃,无霜期1344 147.9℃,无霜期134¹69 d,年平均降水量316169 d,年平均降水量316⁵13 mm,年辐射总量128.8513 mm,年辐射总量128.8¹44.3     

采前5-氨基乙酰丙酸处理对杧果果实理化特性和颜色发育的影响

以8年生矮化"Valencia Pride"杧果为材料,采前20 d,分别用5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)0、100、200、300、400 mg/L浸果,20 d后采摘,室温贮藏15 d,随机抽样测定果实理化性质指标。结果表明,ALA处理增加了果皮L~*和a~*值,降低了H°;提高了果实抗氧化酶活性、可溶性固形物含量,降低了可滴定酸含量,提高了固酸比;同时显著提高了感官评价员对杧果果实的接受性。以ALA 300 mg/L处理对供试杧果果实着色和品质提高效果最佳。     

温室桃树栽培技术要点

<正>1控树、促花在桃树花芽分化期(一般在7月初前后)采取以下措施。一是树冠喷洒300倍15%多效唑药液,每隔10¹5d喷1次,连续喷215d喷1次,连续喷2³次,抑制营养生长(生长中庸的树喷13次,抑制营养生长(生长中庸的树喷1²次、生长旺盛的树喷22次、生长旺盛的树喷2³次,以树冠枝条基本停长为度),促进花芽分化。二是促花期间控制灌水,防止刺激枝条旺长,最好覆盖地膜,注意雨后及时排水。三是主枝拉枝开角,要求达703次,以树冠枝条基本停长为度),促进花芽分化。二是促花期间控制灌水,防止刺激枝条旺长,最好覆盖地膜,注意雨后及时排水。三是主枝拉枝开角,要求达70⁷5°,促进     

自修复多层液膜和壳聚糖采前处理对杧果果实品质及保鲜的效应

以"桂热82号"杧为材料,采前30 d对杧果果实分别进行1%壳聚糖浸涂、自修复多层液膜浸涂及对照(清水)处理,探讨这两种保鲜方式对杧果采后果实品质的影响。结果表明,自修复多层液膜处理可以抑制杧果腐烂率、失重率、可溶性固形物含量的上升,延缓杧果硬度,可滴定酸、可溶性糖及维生素C含量的下降,更好地维持杧果果实品质,此外,自修复多层液膜处理还抑制了果实丙二醛含量、多酚氧化酶活性的上升,降低了膜脂系统的伤害,提高了杧果过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,提高了果实抗氧化能力。与1%壳聚糖浸涂处理相比,自修复多层液膜处理对杧果的果实品质和采后保鲜效应更好。     

‘瑞雪’苹果不同采收期果实品质及耐贮性

以不同成熟度‘瑞雪’苹果为试材，采用主成分分析法，研究了其贮藏过程中果实品质及生理指标变化，以期为‘瑞雪’苹果长期贮藏确定科学采收期提供参考依据。结果表明：色彩饱和度C、硬度、糖酸比、淀粉含量、乙烯释放速率可以作为确定‘瑞雪’苹果采收期的评判标准。采收期Ⅰ在采收时硬度最高，贮藏期间果实品质下降快，采收期Ⅱ贮藏期间硬度保持较好，而采收期Ⅲ贮藏期结束后具有较好的糖酸品质、外观色泽，较低的失重率和褐变率。‘瑞雪’苹果最适宜采收时期是采收期Ⅲ,该采收期在盛花期后约190 d、色彩饱和度C值约为38.58、糖酸比为45.31±0.02、硬度为（6.93±0.11）N·cm^-2、淀粉含量为（24.90±0.28）mg·kg^-1,乙烯释放速率为（8.84±1.23）CO₂μL·kg^-1·h^-1。     

枣树桃小食心虫发生规律与综合防治

<正>1形态特征1.1成虫体长5⁸ mm,前翅前缘中部有一蓝黑色三角形大斑,翅基和中部有7簇黄褐或蓝褐色斜立鳞毛。后翅灰白色。1.2卵椭圆形,深红色。卵壳上有许多近似椭圆形的刻纹,顶部环生28 mm,前翅前缘中部有一蓝黑色三角形大斑,翅基和中部有7簇黄褐或蓝褐色斜立鳞毛。后翅灰白色。1.2卵椭圆形,深红色。卵壳上有许多近似椭圆形的刻纹,顶部环生2³圈"Y"状毛刺。1.3幼虫成龄幼虫体长133圈"Y"状毛刺。1.3幼虫成龄幼虫体长13¹6 mm,头褐色,前胸背     

宕昌县黑木耳主栽品种液体培养基配方筛选

为筛选出适合宕昌县黑木耳液体菌种的最佳培养基配方,采用单因素试验,设置6个不同配方,对比不同配方中菌丝萌发时间、菌球直径、菌球密度、菌球生物量,以及接种至菌棒后的菌丝生长速度、满棒时间、产量和转化率的差异。结果显示,P3培养基中液体菌种菌丝萌发期(1.33 d)最短,菌球直径(4.05 mm)、密度(25.67个/mL)、生物量(4.60 g·L^-1)均最大;接种至菌棒后,菌丝生长速度快(0.4 cm·d^-1)、满袋期短(40.67 d)、产量高(85.93 g/棒)、转化率高(12.28%),经方差分析得出,不同配方组间差异显著(P<0.05)。综上,通过单因素试验筛选出适合当地黑木耳主栽品种的最佳配方为马铃薯200 g·L^-1、葡萄糖30 g·L^-1、蛋白胨3g·L^-1、麸皮30 g·L^-1。     

Plant growth,yield, and fruit quality of ‘Fallglo’ and ‘Sunburst’ mandarins on four rootstocks

Vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality of ‘Fallglo’ and ‘Sunburst’ mandarins on ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, ‘Orlando’ tangelo, and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin were evaluated under subtropical climate of Northern São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2000 through 2006 harvest seasons. ‘Fallglo’ mandarin trees had the highest cumulative yield on ‘Rangpur’ lime, and the smallest on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and ‘Orlando’ tangelo. Plants of this cultivar had the highest yield efficiency on ‘Rangpur’ lime, and the lowest on ‘Orlando’ tangelo. ‘Sunburst’ mandarin trees began to bear fruits later than ‘Fallglo’ mandarin trees, with no differences in yield induced by the rootstocks. ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin induced the most vigorous growth in ‘Fallglo’ mandarin as compared to plants on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo. On the other hand, the largest trees of ‘Sunburst’ mandarin were registered on ‘Orlando’ tangelo, and the smallest on ‘Rangpur’ lime. ‘Sunburst’ mandarin had higher alternate bearing than ‘Fallglo’ regardless the rootstock. Fruit weight and juice content were not affected by the rootstock. These two mandarin scion cultivars may be considered adequate alternatives to produce good fruit quality for the fresh fruit market. ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Rangpur lime are suitable rootstocks for ‘Fallglo’ mandarin, whereas all rootstocks evaluated are adequate for ‘Sunburst’ mandarin.     

Tree performance and fruit yield and quality of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin grafted on 12 rootstocks

The citriculture in Brazil, as well as in other important regions in the world, is based on very few mandarin cultivars. This fact leads to a short harvest period and higher prices for off-season fruit. The ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) is among the earliest ripening mandarin cultivars, and it is considered to be tolerant to citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Schaad et al.) and to citrus variegated chlorosis (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.). Despite having regular fruit quality under hot climate conditions, the early fruit maturation and absence of seeds of ‘Okitsu’ fruits are well suited for the local market in the summer (December through March), when the availability of citrus fruits for fresh consumption is limited. Yet, only a few studies have been conducted in Brazil on rootstocks for ‘Okitsu’. Consequently, a field trial was carried out in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, to evaluate the horticultural performance of ‘Okitsu’ Satsuma mandarin budded onto 12 rootstocks: the citrandarin ‘Changsha’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) × Poncirus trifoliata ‘English Small’; the hybrid Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) × ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macfad.); the trifoliates (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.) ‘Rubidoux’, ‘FCAV’ and ‘Flying Dragon’ (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa); the mandarins ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ (C. reticulata Blanco) and ‘Sunki’ (Citrus sunki (Hayata) Hort. ex. Tanaka); the Rangpur limes (C. limonia Osbeck) ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’; ‘Carrizo’ citrange (Citrus sinensis × P. trifoliata), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata × C. paradisi), and ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. paradisi × Citrus tangerina cv. ‘Dancy’). The experimental grove was planted in 2001, using a 6 m × 3 m spacing, in a randomized block design. No supplementary irrigation was applied. Fruit yield, canopy volume, and fruit quality were assessed for each rootstock. A cluster multivariate analysis identified three different rootstock pairs with similar effects on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of ‘Okitsu’ mandarin. The ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate had a unique effect over the ‘Okitsu’ trees performance, inducing lower canopy volume and higher yield efficiency and fruit quality, and might be suitable for high-density plantings. The ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’ Rangpur limes induced early-ripening of fruits, with low fruit quality. ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ and ‘Sunki’ mandarins and the ‘Orlando’ tangelo conferred lower yield efficiency and less content of soluble solids for the latter rootstock.     

Identification of S-alleles in pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. ‘Rocha’ and other European cultivars

In this work we report the cloning and identification of S-RNase alleles responsible for gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) of ‘Rocha’ pear and of 13 other European pear cultivars that might be used as its pollinators. Partial sequences of S-RNase alleles were amplified by PCR with specific primers hybridising in conserved regions of previously identified S-RNase alleles of Pyrus communis, cloned and sequenced and the S-genotype of eight pear cultivars was fully determined. Three cultivars (‘General Léclerc’ (SqSl), ‘Tosca’ (SbSl) and ‘Alexandrine Douillard’ (SbSk)) shared no S-alleles with ‘Rocha’ (SaSe) and shall be totally compatible with this cultivar. None of the cultivars analysed showed an identical amplification pattern to the one observed in ‘Rocha’, so the other cultivars shall be at least semi-compatible. One new allele was identified in P. communis cv. ‘Beurré d’Avril’ (designated as St). The determination of both S-RNase alleles of cvs ‘Rocha’, ‘Beurré Precoce Morettini’ (SeSk) and ‘Tosca’ and the identification of one S-RNase allele in cvs ‘Carapinheira’ (Sb), ‘Amêndoa’ (Se), ‘Pérola’ (Sk) and ‘Beurré d’Avril’ (St) are important contributions for the effort recently developed worldwide to establish groups of sexual compatibility among European pears.     

Horticultural performance of ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange onto twelve rootstocks

Despite its outstanding position, the Brazilian citriculture is established on a very limited pool of varieties that limits its expansion and restricts the fruit availability throughout the year. This situation determines the urgent necessity of developing alternative scion and rootstock cultivars, with good performance under local conditions. ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) is a late-harvest cultivar, suitable both for the juice processing industry and the fresh fruit market, being described as tolerant to citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Schaad et al.), and less affected by citrus variegated chlorosis (Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.). A study was conducted in Bebedouro, São Paulo State, Brazil, to evaluate the horticultural performance of ‘Folha Murcha’ sweet orange budded onto 12 rootstocks: the citrandarin ‘Changsha’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) × Poncirus trifoliata ‘English Small’; the hybrid ‘Rangpur’ lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) × ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus paradisi Macfad.); the trifoliates (P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.) ‘Rubidoux’, ‘FCAV’, and ‘Flying Dragon’ (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa); the ‘Sun Chu Sha Kat’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco); the ‘Sunki’ mandarin (Citrus sunki (Hayata) Hort. ex. Tanaka); the ‘Rangpur’ limes (C. limonia Osbeck) ‘Cravo Limeira’ and ‘Cravo FCAV’; ‘Carrizo’ citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (P. trifoliata × C. paradisi), and ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. paradisi × Citrus tangerina cv. ‘Dancy’). The experimental grove was planted in 2001, using a 7 m × 4 m spacing, in a randomized block design, with five replications and two plants per plot. No supplementary irrigation was applied. Fruit yield, canopy volume, tree tolerance to drought and to citrus variegated chlorosis, and fruit quality were assessed for each rootstock. Trees grafted onto the ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate were smaller in size, but had largest yield efficiency when compared to those grafted onto other rootstocks. Lower alternate bearing index was observed on trees budded onto ‘Cravo FCAV’ ‘Rangpur’ lime. Both ‘Rangpur’ lime rootstocks and the ‘Sunki’ mandarin induced higher tree tolerance to drought. The ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate induced better fruit quality and higher tolerance to citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) to ‘Folha Murcha’ trees. A cluster multivariate analysis identified three groups of rootstocks with similar effects on ‘Folha Murcha’ tree performance. Among the 12 evaluated rootstocks, the ‘Flying Dragon’ trifoliate has a unique effect on plant growth, tolerance to drought and CVC, fruit yield and fruit quality of ‘Folha Murcha’ trees, and may be better suited for high-density plantings.     

Changes in fox squirrel anti-predator behaviors across the urban–rural gradient

Predator stimuli created by humans in the urban environment may alter animals’ anti-predator behaviors. I hypothesized that habituation would cause anti-predator behaviors to decrease in urban settings in response to humans. Additionally, I hypothesized that populations habituated to humans would show reduced responses to other predator stimuli. I observed three populations of squirrels (urban, suburban and rural) responses to human approaches, red-tailed hawk vocalizations (Buteo jamaicensis) and coyote (Canis latrans) vocalizations. Mahalanobis distances of anti-predator behaviors in response to human approaches were consistent with the urban–rural gradient. Flight initiation distances (X ² = 26.33, df = 2, P < 0.001) and amount of time dedicated to anti-predator behavior (X ² = 10.94, df = 2, P = 0.004) in response to human approaches were also consistent with the urban–rural gradient. Supporting the habituation hypothesis, naive juvenile squirrels increased flight initiation distances (X ² = 35.89, df = 1, P < 0.001) and time dedicated to anti-predator behaviors (X ² = 9.46, df = 1, P = 0.002) relative to adult squirrels in the same urban environment. Time dedicated to anti-predator behaviors differed among all three sites in response to both coyote (X ² = 9.83, df = 2, P = 0.007) and hawk (X ² = 6.50, df = 2, P = 0.035) vocalizations. Responses to both vocalizations on rural sites (coyote = 45%, hawk = 55%) greater than twice that found on the urban sites (coyote = 11%, hawk = 20%). This is possibly the first case of a transfer of habituation demonstrated under field conditions.     

Production of inter-section hybrids between Primula filchnerae and P. sinensis through ovule culture

Inter-section hybrids were obtained in the reciprocal crosses between Primula filchnerae (2n = 2x = 24) of Sect. Pinnatae and P. sinensis ‘Fanfare’ (2n = 2x = 24) of Sect. Auganthus by rescuing ovules on half-strength (1/2) Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 50 g l⁻¹ sucrose, 2.5 g l⁻¹ gellan gum, 0.1 mg l⁻¹ α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.1 mg l⁻¹ 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 50 mg l⁻¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃). In ovule culture, germination occurred with radicle elongation but no plumule was observed. The radicle kept on the initial medium showed root proliferation with callus formation. When the calluses were transferred to (1/2)MS media containing 30 g l⁻¹ sucrose and 3 g l⁻¹ gellan gum, without plant growth regulators (PGRs) or with 1 mg l⁻¹ zeatin and 0.1 mg l⁻¹ NAA, plantlets were regenerated. The plants thus obtained were confirmed to be hybrids through flow cytometry (FCM) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses. The hybrid obtained when P. filchnerae was used as the maternal parent was diploid, whereas hexaploid hybrid was obtained when using P. sinensis as the maternal parent. The hexaploid hybrid might be produced through chromosome doubling of a triploid originated from the fertilization of P. sinensis with unreduced pollen of P. filchnerae.     

Effects of the commercial product based on Trichoderma harzianum on plant,bulb and yield characteristics of onion

Effects of the commercial product TrichoFlow WP™ (Agrimm Technologies Ltd., New Zealand), based on the fungus Trichoderma harzianum, on quality characteristics and yield of bulb onion was investigated. Bulb sets of the local cultivar Kantartopu was planted in soil with in and between row distances of 0.15 m and 0.40 m, respectively. The product, at considerably high dosages of 5 g m⁻², 10 g m⁻² and 15 g m⁻², was mixed with water and sprinkled once to the plots at planting. Analyses of data at harvest did not show statistical significance for Trichoderma effect on total bulb yield, bulb diameter, leaf length, number of shoot apex, %titratable acidity, number of internal (fleshy) leaves, number of external (papery) leaves, %soluble solids and %bulbs with diameters of 20–39 mm, 40–69 mm and ≥70 mm. The yields obtained from the plots treated with the dosages of 5 g m⁻², 10 g m⁻² and 15 g m⁻² and the control plots were 1063.7 kg da⁻¹, 1051.0 kg da⁻¹, 1066.5 kg da⁻¹ and 985.0 kg da⁻¹, respectively. Our results showed that high dosages of the Trichoderma product were not effective in enhancing onion bulb and yield characteristics under the given conditions.     

Cybrid/hybrid plants regenerated from somatic fusions between male sterile Satsuma mandarin and seedy tangelos

Somatic hybridization provides an alternative for transferring mitochondria-encoded cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Herein, symmetric protoplast electrofusion was conducted between embryogenic callus protoplasts of Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Guoqing No. 1 (G1), a CMS cultivar, and mesophyll-derived protoplasts of seedy ‘Page’ tangelo [C. reticulata Blanco × (C. reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf.)] or ‘Nova’ tangelo [C. reticulata Blanco × (C. reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Macf.)], to transfer CMS trait. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 14 plants recovered from G1 + ‘Page’ tangelo that displayed typical morphological character of ‘Page’ were diploid, and 6 plants regenerated from G1 + ‘Nova’ tangelo were tetraploid. Genetic compositions of regenerated plants from the two fusions were determined by SSR, CAPS and chloroplast-SSR analysis. Cybrid nature of diploids from G1 + ‘Page’ tangelo with nuclear DNA from ‘Page’, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the G1 and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) derived from either parent was confirmed. Tetraploid plants from G1 + ‘Nova’ tangelo were identified as somatic hybrids with random cpDNA inheritance. The regenerated cybrid and hybrid plants hold great potential for Citrus seedless breeding at diploid or triploid levels.     

Production protocol development for greenhouse cut Linaria, Lupinus, and Papaver flowers

Linaria maroccana Hook. f. Ann., ‘Lace Violet’, Lupinus hartwegii ssp. cruikshankii Lindl. ‘Sunrise’ and Papaver nudicaule L. ‘Meadow Pastels’ seeds were directly sown into 105 cell plug trays and received either ambient light or supplemental high intensity discharge (HID) lighting. For each species, a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial was used with two light intensities during propagation, three transplant stages, and three night temperatures. Seedlings were transplanted at the appearance of 2–3, 5–6, or 8–9 true leaves. Transplanted Linaria and Papaver seedlings were placed at 5/11, 10/16, or 15/21 ± 1 °C night/day temperatures and Lupinus seedlings were placed at 15/24, 18/25, or 20/26 ± 2 °C night/day temperatures. For this study, the optimum production temperature for Linaria was 10/16 °C as the cut stems produced at 15/21 °C were unmarketable and production time was excessively long at 5/11 °C. At 10/16 °C, Linaria seedlings should be transplanted at the 2–3 leaf stage to maximize stem number, stem length and profitability. For Lupinus the optimum temperature was 15/24 °C due to long stems and high profitability per plant. Lupinus seedlings should be transplanted at the 2–3 leaf stage when grown at 15/24 °C to obtain the longest and thickest stems; however, $/m² week was higher for plants transplanted at the 8–9 leaf stage due to less time in finishing production space. For Papaver, the 15/21 °C temperature was optimal as that temperature produced the longest stems in the shortest duration, resulting in the highest $/m² week. At 15/21 °C Papaver plants should be transplanted at the 2–3 leaf stage. Supplemental HID lighting had no effect on any of the species.