PEG6000胁迫对大麦幼苗叶片表皮蜡质组分及其透性的影响

为了探究干旱胁迫条件下大麦幼苗叶片表皮蜡质组分和含量与品种保水能力的关系,采用PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究干旱胁迫对大麦幼苗叶片表皮蜡质组分、含量及叶片表皮透性的影响。结果发现,胁迫6d后,大麦幼苗叶片的表皮蜡质总量和各组分含量均呈极显著增加。气相色谱-质谱联用分析表明,大麦幼苗叶片表皮蜡质的主要组分为醇类、酸类、醛类、酮类、烷烃类、酚类、酯类及一些未知物质,其中含量较多的组分为醇类和酸类,其次为醛类,且这三种蜡质组成成分的增加量也相对较多,说明在大麦幼苗叶片蜡质组分中,醇类、酸类和醛类物质的合成是大麦幼苗叶片表皮蜡质对干旱胁迫响应的关键。表皮蜡质的合成受植物体内水分状况的调控,尤其是蜡质组分中的醛类、酮类、醇类和酯类物质的合成受胁迫影响较大,是构成表皮蜡质应激反应的主要成分。蜡质含量高的品种的失水率相对较低,在逆境胁迫下可以保持相对较高的含水量,但除品种垦啤6号外,其他品种的叶绿素浸出率均增加,这可能是由不完整的表皮或蜡质组分中大量的醇类物质造成的。     

青梅腌制过程中的风味物质变化

以腌制青梅果肉为样品，采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（HS-SPME-GC-MS）对青梅腌制过程中的风味成分分析鉴定，并进行统计分析。结果表明：其中，醛类物质14种、醇类9种、酯类7种、酸类3种、酮类3种、烷烃类12种和其他杂环类2种（占总挥发性的84.52％），共检测出50种挥发性成分。在腌制过程中，醛类和烷烃类与腌制时间显著负相关(p<0.01)，醇类风味物质含量与腌制时间呈弱负相关(p<0.05)，酯类物质含量与腌制时间显著正相关(p<0.01)。典型风味成分苯甲醛含量高达19.80％，腌制第2天，果肉中风味成分含量高且丰富，当腌制第8天时，风味成分变化趋于稳定。     

不同施肥处理对辣木叶挥发性化学成分的影响

本文研究了不同施肥处理方式对辣木叶挥发性化学成分及含量的影响。采用复合肥、尿素、氯化钾、钙镁磷肥对辣木幼苗进行施肥处理,以超声波清洗仪提取实验处理组的辣木叶挥发性化学成分,利用气相色谱质谱联用仪分析辣木叶挥发性化学成分及其质量分数。结果表明：施用尿素组、钙镁磷肥组、氯化钾组和复合肥组的辣木叶分别鉴定出了69、70、71、76种挥发性化合物,质量分数分别为77.56%、80.09%、86.62%、83.13%,空白对照组鉴定出了62种挥发性化合物,质量分数为75.98%。尿素组提高了醇类和烷烃类的含量、降低了羧酸类、醛类、酮类和烯烃类的含量;钙镁磷肥组提高了醇类和烷烃类的含量、降低了羧酸类、酮类和烯烃类的含量;复合肥组提高了醇类和烷烃类的含量、降低了羧酸类、醛类和烯烃类的含量;氯化钾组降低了羧酸类、醛类、烯烃类和酮类的含量。4个施肥处理组对醌类、环烯烃类、酰类、苯酚类等四类化合物含量的影响不显著。施肥处理对辣木叶挥发性化学成分组成和含量均有影响,不同种类的肥料处理影响效果也不同,提高辣木叶挥发性化学成分及含量的最佳肥料配比有待进一步的研究。     

基于GC-MS法的离心浓缩椰浆风味成分及脂肪酸组成分析

选取气相色谱-质谱仪对离心浓缩椰浆样品的挥发性香气物质和脂肪酸的类型、含量进行研究。结果表明，共检测出20种香气成分，分为7大类化合物，包括酯类7种、有机酸3种、酮类3种、醇类4种、醛类1种、醚类1种、芳香族化合物1种。在检出的香气物质中，酯类所占比例最大，达60.50%，其次为酸类，所占比例为15.52%，酮类所占比例为12.78%。共鉴别出脂肪酸组分8种，其中饱和脂肪酸5种，约占总含量的72.31%，分别是葵酸(8.40%)、月桂酸(54.60%)、肉豆蔻酸(18.99%)、棕榈酸(8.68%)和硬脂     

广东红茶香气成分的比较研究

为了研究广东地方红茶香气物质并确定主要呈香特征,本研究采用顶空固相微萃取方法结合气质联用技术准确地鉴定了红茶样品中香气物质种类及其对总体香气的贡献。结果表明,研究鉴定了50多种香气化合物,主要包含醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类和烯类、烷烃类等,其中醇类是最主要的物质,其次是酯类和醛类。所体现的花香、甜香、果香是广东红茶的香气特征。香气化合物中芳樟醇、橙花醇、水杨酸甲酯、氧化芳樟醇、壬醛是五种最主要的呈香物质,平均含量分别占总香气的37.55%、11.90%、8.89%、5.4%和5.21%。英德系列红茶中醇类物质最多;白毛系列红茶中醛类、酮类物质最多;烯类物质以单丛和福建系列红茶含量较高。     

广东英德红茶代表产品的香气成分鉴定研究

为了探索英德红茶有别于其他红茶香气的物质基础和主要的芳香成分,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用技术,以云南滇红、印度阿萨姆红茶和斯里兰卡乌瓦红茶为对照,对产自广东省的英红9号、英红1号红茶和群体红茶3个代表性产品的主要香气组分进行了比较分析。结果表明：从广东英德红茶样品中共鉴定出50多种香气化合物,主要包含醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类、烯类和烷烃类等,其中相对含量最高的香气组分是醇类物质,平均含量占总香气的67.03%;其次是酯类和醛类,平均含量分别是12.85%和11.33%;香气化合物中芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、氧化芳樟醇、橙花醇和壬醛的相对含量占香气物质总量的60%以上,呈现花果香、甜香等风味的芳香化合物是广东英德红茶香气的主要特征成分。     

黄淮地区不同筋力冬小麦品种香气成分的GC-MS分析

为了研究小麦麦香味的物质组成,以黄淮地区三种不同筋力的4个冬小麦品种(强筋品种西农9718、弱筋品种普冰143、中筋品种小偃22和西农88)为原料,利用固相微萃取-气质联用技术定性定量分析了面粉和麸皮中的香气成分.结果表明,在西农9718、普冰143、小偃22和西农88小麦粉中分别检出58、57、56和58种香气成分,以烃类、醇类、酯类、羧酸类为主,其中又以C15烯烃为主.在对应的麸皮中分别检出57、57、57和56种香气成分,以烃类、醇类、酯类、羧酸类、醛类、酮类、杂环类为主,其中又以C6醇或酸为主.四个参试小麦品种的面粉和麦麸之间香气成分存在较大差异,而品种间的香气成分差异不大,说明香气成分与小麦筋力强弱无关.     

黄淮地区不同筋力冬小麦品种香气成分的GC MS分析

为了研究小麦麦香味的物质组成,以黄淮地区三种不同筋力的4个冬小麦品种（强筋品种西农9718、弱筋品种普冰143、中筋品种小偃22和西农88）为原料,利用固相微萃取气质联用技术定性定量分析了面粉和麸皮中的香气成分。结果表明,在西农9718、普冰143、小偃22和西农88小麦粉中分别检出58、57、56和58种香气成分,以烃类、醇类、酯类、羧酸类为主,其中又以C₁₅烯烃为主。在对应的麸皮中分别检出57、57、57和56种香气成分,以烃类、醇类、酯类、羧酸类、醛类、酮类、杂环类为主,其中又以C₆醇或酸为主。四个参试小麦品种的面粉和麦麸之间香气成分存在较大差异,而品种间的香气成分差异不大,说明香气成分与小麦筋力强弱无关。     

顶空固相微萃取——气质联用技术分析余甘子叶片挥发性成分初探

采用顶空固相微萃取——气质联用技术对余甘子叶片的挥发性成分进行分析测定.结果表明,余甘子叶片中检测出73种香气成分,占总峰面积的97.51%.主要成分为醇类、酮类、烃类、酯类、醛类和其他化合物.醇类在余甘子叶片中含量最高,其中最主要的物质是苯甲醇(15.48%),其次是叶绿醇(3.71%)、1-十八烷醇(3.58%)和麦角甾醇(3.43%).酸类物质中以硬脂酸为主,占3.9%,β-紫罗兰酮和巨豆三烯酮亦是余甘子叶片香气成分的重要组成部分,分别占6.84%和4.69%;此外,还含有咖伦宾(3.97%)和秋水仙碱(3.78%)等物质.     

基于HS-GC-IMS的无核黄皮果实挥发性风味物质分析

为明确无核黄皮挥发性风味化合物组分,采用顶空气相-离子迁移色谱（headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, HS-GC-IMS）技术,并结合挥发性化合物的指纹图谱、峰强度及主成分分析（principal component analysis, PCA）,测定分析并比较4个不同成熟度无核黄皮果实的挥发性风味化合物组分差异。从无核黄皮果实中共鉴定出60个已知的和3个未知的挥发性风味化合物,已知的挥发性风味化合物包含13种醛类、12种醇类、9种烯烃类、6种酮类、2种酯类、2种醚类、1种苯和1种乙酸。挥发性风味物质指纹图谱显示,在特有的风味化合物方面,STAGE2的种类最多,STAGE4次之,STAGE1仅有2种,而STAGE3无明显的特有风味化合物。此外,STAGE1与STAGE2共有的风味化合物种类最多,STAGE3与STAGE4仅共有乙酸和乙醇。各化合物的信号峰强度值显示,各成熟度果实中含量均较为丰富的有己醛、戊烯醛、乙烯醇、石竹烯、α-水芹烯、柠檬烯、1-戊烯-3-酮和丁香酚甲醚。丁香酚甲醚和乙烯醇的峰强度最高,且表现为随果实成熟度的增强,其相对含量逐渐降低。主成分分析（PCA）显示不同成熟度果实的挥发性风味组分各自聚类,但STAGE1与STAGE2、STAGE3与STAGE4的距离分别较近。无核黄皮果实中主要的挥发性风味化合物是醛类和醇类,其次是烯氢类和酮类,不同成熟度果实分别具有共同的及特有的挥发性风味化合物特征峰区域,成熟度越接近,其风味化合物的组成也较为相近。本研究可为无核黄皮的成熟度、品质和标准判定、风味成分研究及精深加工产品开发等提供理论基础。     

澳洲坚果叶茶的品质特征及挥发性成分分析

为了解澳洲坚果叶茶的品质特征及香气成分,以春季澳洲坚果一芽三叶为原料,依据炒青茶的制作方法加工成澳洲坚果叶茶,采用同时蒸馏萃取法结合GC-MS分析澳洲坚果叶茶的香气组成,同时结合感官审评和化学分析测定其品质。结果表明：澳洲坚果叶茶外形匀整饱满、滋味浓、口感厚重、香气浓醇、有特殊香气;化学成分分析表明其总灰分为(5.00±0.09)%、水浸出物为(39.00±0.27)%、多酚为(5.90±0.14)%,游离氨基酸(2.80±0.01)%,且不含咖啡碱,饮用品质良好。澳洲坚果叶茶的挥发性成分共鉴定出38种,根据化学结构差异可分为醛类13种,醇类6种,酮类6种,吡嗪类5种,酚类3种,脂肪酸类2种,烃类、吡咯类和呋喃类各1种,并以酚类、醇类、醛类、吡嗪类为主,相对含量分别为36.86%、20.98%、18.35%和14.46%;2°,4,4°,-三甲氧基查耳酮（20.25%）、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚（11.88%）、顺-2-戊烯-1-醇（10.52%）、1-戊烯-3-醇（6.71%）、壬醛（6.64%）是澳洲坚果叶茶中含量最高的5种挥发性成分。特征香气成分分析表明,醇类、醛类、酮类、吡嗪类等可能对澳洲坚果叶茶香气品质构成产生重要影响,而无特殊香气的酚类等对澳洲坚果叶茶香气品质的贡献程度也有一定的研究价值。     

Effect of hydrostatic high pressure pretreatment on flavor volatile profile of cooked rice

The impact of high hydrostatic-pressure (HHP) processing on the volatile profile of cooked Japonica rice (Wuchang) and Jasmine rice (Complete Wheel) was investigated by SPME–GC/MS. Presoaked samples were treated at 200, 400 and 600 MPa for 10 min and then cooked for volatile compound analysis. Seventy-seven compounds were identified in two cooked rice varieties: 20 aldehydes, 16 alcohols, 14 ketones, 9 arenes, 7 esters, 5 alkanes, 3 olefins and 3 hetero-cycle compounds. Results showed that both pressure level (P < 0.01) and rice variety (0.01 < P < 0.05) significantly impact the volatile compounds in rice and there is also an interaction between pressure and rice variety (P < 0.01). Overall, HPP decreased the amount of aldehydes more obviously in Complete Wheel rice than that in Wuchang variety. Both 200 and 400 MPa increased the levels of alcohols, ketones, esters and olefins, but reduced those of heterocycles, alkanes and arenes. Similar volatile change trends were found at 600 MPa except the concentration of each component was closer to that of control group. Based on the changes in the three key flavor compounds in rice (aldehydes, alcohols and ketones), the HPP process could be a suitable alternative to traditional pretreatment for improving flavor in cooked rice.     

Effect of hydrostatic high pressure pretreatment on flavor volatile profile of cooked rice

The impact of high hydrostatic-pressure (HHP) processing on the volatile profile of cooked Japonica rice (Wuchang) and Jasmine rice (Complete Wheel) was investigated by SPME–GC/MS. Presoaked samples were treated at 200, 400 and 600 MPa for 10 min and then cooked for volatile compound analysis. Seventy-seven compounds were identified in two cooked rice varieties: 20 aldehydes, 16 alcohols, 14 ketones, 9 arenes, 7 esters, 5 alkanes, 3 olefins and 3 hetero-cycle compounds. Results showed that both pressure level (P < 0.01) and rice variety (0.01 < P < 0.05) significantly impact the volatile compounds in rice and there is also an interaction between pressure and rice variety (P < 0.01). Overall, HPP decreased the amount of aldehydes more obviously in Complete Wheel rice than that in Wuchang variety. Both 200 and 400 MPa increased the levels of alcohols, ketones, esters and olefins, but reduced those of heterocycles, alkanes and arenes. Similar volatile change trends were found at 600 MPa except the concentration of each component was closer to that of control group. Based on the changes in the three key flavor compounds in rice (aldehydes, alcohols and ketones), the HPP process could be a suitable alternative to traditional pretreatment for improving flavor in cooked rice.     

Characterization and comparison of predominant aroma compounds in microwave-treated wheat germ and evaluation of microwave radiation on stability

The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of microwave (MW) output power and treatment time on moisture content, lipase and lipoxygenase activities as well as colour changes of wheat germ (WG). In addition, the key aroma compounds in different MW-power-treated WG, which is of importance to the flavour of WG products, were also investigated. The obtained results showed that MW treatment maintained the inherent colour of WG and significantly reduced the moisture content (maximum reduction of 95%) and the activities of lipase and lipoxygenase (maximum reduction of 65% and 99%, respectively). In terms of aroma compounds, with the increase of the MW output power, the content of esters, alkanes, alcohols and acids decreased, while the content of heterocyclic compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, aldehydes and ketones increased, providing more compounds with roasted flavour and less volatiles with grass-like flavour. Therefore, MW treatment was an effective stabilization method for WG utilization.     

不同发育阶段番石榴果实中挥发物成分变化

采用固相微萃取法(SPME)和气质联用(GC-MS)技术对不同发育阶段的番石榴果实的挥发性物质进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,挥发物的主要成分包括萜烯类、酯类、醇类和醛类四大类,其中萜烯类和醇类物质的相对含量随着果实的成熟而减少,酯类和醛类物质则随着果实的成熟而增加。总共分析出35种挥发性物质,青果、成熟果和完熟果中的共同挥发物有9种,分别是己醛、反-2-已烯醛、叶醇、正己醇、β-石竹烯、乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸己酯、α-古巴烯、2-正戊基呋喃,其总的相对含量分别为81.61%、76.36%和85.57%。     

Volatile Compounds of Dry Beans (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus vulgaris</Emphasis> L.)

Volatile compounds of uncooked dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars representing three market classes (black, dark red kidney and pinto) grown in 2005 were isolated with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 62 volatiles consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alkanes, alcohols and ketones represented on average 62, 38, 21, 12, and 9 x 10(6) total area counts, respectively. Bean cultivars differed in abundance and profile of volatiles. The combination of 18 compounds comprising a common profile explained 79% of the variance among cultivars based on principal component analysis (PCA). The SPME technique proved to be a rapid and effective method for routine evaluation of dry bean volatile profile.     

Metabolic profiling and analysis of volatile composition of durum wheat semolina and pasta

Although pasta is generally not considered for its aromatic properties, some evidence proves that cereal flours release volatile compounds and they might have an effect on the aroma of the transformed products. This work reports on the characterization of the volatile components of semolina and pasta obtained from four durum wheat cultivars (Triticum durum Desf., cvs. PR22D89, Creso, Cappelli, Trinakria). Semolina samples were characterized through polar metabolite profiling and fatty acid analysis to identify potential precursors of the volatile components. The results show significant differences among the samples tested with cv. Trinakria characterized by the highest content of sugars and fatty acids. Volatile composition was investigated both in semolina and in cooked pasta using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and identified by GC–MS. Thirty-five volatile compounds including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, terpenes, esters, hydrocarbons and a furan were identified. Significant differences were observed between semolina and pasta samples in terms of composition and amount of the volatile compounds. During cooking an increase in aldehyde content, the appearance of ketones and a decrease in alcohol content were observed. Correlations between metabolites and volatiles demonstrate that the flavour of cooked pasta may differ significantly depending on the durum wheat cultivar employed.     

微波真空干燥对咖啡豆风味成分的影响研究

在单因素实验的基础上,以微波功率、物料质量为影响因素,采用不同组合微波功率进行工艺优化,探索不同微波真空条件(单一功率、物料质量、组合功率)下生咖啡豆色泽、脂肪、蛋白质、咖啡因、葫芦巴碱、绿原酸、有机酸及挥发性成分的变化规律,并采用一元方差分析(ANOVA)对不同处理下生咖啡豆的风味成分进行统计学分析。结果表明:不同组合功率干燥可以在缩短单一功率干燥时间的同时,对咖啡豆中色泽、脂肪、蛋白质、咖啡因、葫芦巴碱、新绿原酸、苹果酸保护较好;不同组合功率干燥条件下共定性出41种挥发性化合物,酸类、醛类、烷烃烯烃类及醇类为生咖啡豆中四类主要的挥发性化合物,酯类化合物和其它类别化合物含量相对较低。