不同改良剂对镉污染土壤中小白菜吸收镉的影响

采用盆栽试验, 研究了施用石灰、钙镁磷肥、泥炭、碱渣4种土壤改良剂对外加镉污染的赤红壤上小白菜产量、镉吸收量、土壤有效态镉及pH的影响。结果表明: 外加1 mg·kg^-1和5 mg·kg^-1镉对小白菜生物量无显著影响, 且1 mg·kg^-1镉对小白菜生长有一定的促进作用; 施用改良剂对镉污染土壤上小白菜无显著增产效果。施用4种改良剂均能降低小白菜地上部镉含量, 作用效果为石灰≈泥炭>碱渣>钙镁磷肥。不同改良剂对小白菜根部镉含量影响不同, 泥炭和石灰在所有镉浓度下、钙镁磷肥在0和1 mg·kg^-1镉浓度下可显著降低根部镉含量, 而碱渣无明显作用, 种植两茬规律一致。土壤有效态镉含量与pH呈显著负相关; 施用石灰、碱渣、钙镁磷肥使土壤pH显著升高, 有效态镉含量显著降低, 从而降低小白菜对镉的吸收; 泥炭可显著提高土壤pH, 虽降低土壤有效态镉作用效果不显著, 但显著降低小白菜体内镉含量, 这可能与土壤中形成难以被植物吸收的镉有机结合物有关。两茬蔬菜种植结果显示, 施用后期改良剂对镉污染的抑制效果也较明显。     

Carbon mineralization in subtropical alluvial arable soils amended with sugarcane bagasse and rice husk biochars

Subtropical recent alluvial soils are low in organic carbon (C). Thus, increasing organic C is a major challenge to sustain soil fertility. Biochar amendment could be an option as biochar is a C-rich pyrolyzed material, which is slowly decomposed in soil. We investigated C mineralization (CO₂-C evolution) in two types of soils (recent and old alluvial soils) amended with two feedstocks (sugarcane bagasse and rice husk) (1%, weight/weight), as well as their biochars and aged biochars under a controlled environment (25 ±2 ℃) over 85 d. For the recent alluvial soil (charland soil), the highest absolute cumulative CO₂-C evolution was observed in the sugarcane bagasse treatment (1 140 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil) followed by the rice husk treatment (1 090 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil); the lowest amount (150 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil) was observed in the aged rice husk biochar treatment. Similarly, for the old alluvial soil (farmland soil), the highest absolute cumulative CO₂-C evolution (1 290 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil) was observed in the sugarcane bagasse treatment and then in the rice husk treatment (1 270 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil); the lowest amount (200 mg CO₂-C kg^-1 soil) was in the aged rice husk biochar treatment. Aged sugarcane bagasse and rice husk biochar treatments reduced absolute cumulative CO₂-C evolution by 10% and 36%, respectively, compared with unamended recent alluvial soil, and by 10% and 18%, respectively, compared with unamended old alluvial soil. Both absolute and normalized C mineralization were similar between the sugarcane bagasse and rice husk treatments, between the biochar treatments, and between the aged biochar treatments. In both soils, the feedstock treatments resulted in the highest cumulative CO₂-C evolution, followed by the biochar treatments and then the aged biochar treatments. The absolute and normalized CO₂-C evolution and the mineralization rate constant of the stable C pool (K_s) were lower in the recent alluvial soil compared with those in the old alluvial soil. The biochars and aged biochars had a negative priming effect in both soils, but the effect was more prominent in the recent alluvial soil. These results would have good implications for improving organic matter content in organic C-poor alluvial soils.     

The sorption of Cd and Zn by different soils in the presence of dissolved organic matter from sludge

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the important factors affecting metal mobility and phytotoxicity in the soils receiving sewage sludge. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DOM from anaerobically digested dewatered sludge on Cd and Zn sorption by three different soil types (calcareous clay loam, calcareous sandy loam and acidic sandy loam) of different physico-chemical properties through batch studies. The addition of DOM significantly reduced the Cd and Zn sorption capacity by a factor of 2.1–5.7 for Cd and 2.3–13.7 for Zn for these three soils as seen by their K values in the Freundlich equation compared to the control receiving no DOM, suggesting that DOM had a stronger inhibitory effect on Zn sorption than that of Cd. The reduction in metal sorption caused by DOM was very apparent in the pH range of 5 to 8, with a maximum inhibition on metal sorption occurring at pH 7–7.5 especially for Zn but the effect was minimal at lower pH. At a DOM concentration of < 200 mg C l^− 1, Cd and Zn sorption by all the three soils decreased with an increase in DOM concentration. At each given DOM concentration, the inhibition of metal sorption of the different soil types increased in the following order: acidic sandy loam < calcareous sandy loam < calcareous clay loam. DOM derived from sludge would significantly reduce metal sorption and increase its mobility through the formation of soluble DOM–metal complexes and poses risk of metal leaching and phytotoxicty in near-neutral and alkaline soils.     

Fate of diuron and terbuthylazine in soils amended with two-phase olive oil mill waste

The addition of organic amendments to soil increases soil organic matter content and stimulates soil microbial activity. Thus, processes affecting herbicide fate in the soil should be affected. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of olive oil production industry organic waste (alperujo) on soil sorption-desorption, degradation, and leaching of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] and terbuthylazine [N2-tert-butyl-6-chloro-N4-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], two herbicides widely used in olive crops. The soils used in this study were a sandy soil and a silty clay soil from two different olive groves. The sandy soil was amended in the laboratory with fresh (uncomposted) alperujo at the rate of 10% w/w, and the silty clay soil was amended in the field with fresh alperujo at the rate of 256 kg per tree during 4 years and in the laboratory with fresh or composted alperujo. Sorption of both herbicides increased in laboratory-amended soils as compared to unamended or field-amended soils, and this process was less reversible in laboratory-amended soils, except for diuron in amended sandy soil. Addition of alperujo to soils increased half-lives of the herbicides in most of the soils. Diuron and terbuthylazine leached through unamended sandy soil, but no herbicide was detected in laboratory-amended soil. Diuron did not leach through amended or unamended silty clay soil, whereas small amounts of terbuthylazine were detected in leachates from unamended soil. Despite their higher sorption capacity, greater amounts of terbuthylazine were found in the leachates from amended silty clay soils. The amounts of dissolved organic matter from alperujo and the degree of humification can affect sorption, degradation, and leaching of these two classes of herbicides in soils. It appears that adding alperujo to soil would not have adverse impacts on the behavior of herbicides in olive production.     

胶体存在时不同质地土壤对锌镉的吸附试验研究

以重金属离子Zn和Cd及胶体为对象,通过等温静态批量平衡吸附试验,分析了3种不同质地土壤对Zn、Cd单一吸附和等量竞争吸附特征,胶体对土壤吸附Zn、Cd的影响,并用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对试验结果进行了拟合。结果表明,随着平衡液中Zn2+、Cd2+浓度的增加,土壤对Zn、Cd的吸附量逐渐增大;3种质地土壤对Zn、Cd吸附量顺序为砂壤>粉壤>壤砂土;Zn2+、Cd2+共存时,土壤对这两种离子的吸附量比单一离子存在的情况下明显下降;胶体存在时抑制了土壤对Zn的吸附,促进了土壤对Cd的吸附;就本试验来说,Freundlich方程拟合效果优于Langmuir方程。     

Availability of triazine herbicides in aged soils amended with olive oil mill waste

Amendments are frequently added to agricultural soils to increase organic matter content. In this study, we examined the influence of alperujo, an olive oil mill waste, on the availability of two triazine herbicides, terbuthylazine and atrazine, in two different sandy soils, one from Sevilla, Spain, and the other from Minnesota. The effect of aging on herbicide sorption and bioavailability was also studied. Soils were amended with alperujo at a rate of 3-5% (w:w) in laboratory studies. Apparent sorption coefficients for the triazine herbicides were calculated as the ratio of the concentrations of each herbicide sequentially extracted with water, followed by aqueous methanol, at each sampling time. These data showed greater sorption of terbuthylazine and atrazine in amended soils as compared to nonamended soils, and an increase in the amount of herbicide sorbed with increasing aging time in nonamended soils. The triazine-mineralizing bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP was used to characterize triazine bioavailability. Less mineralization of the herbicides by Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP was observed in soils amended with alperujo, as compared to the unamended soils, and, despite the increase in sorption with aging in unamended soils, herbicide mineralization also increased in this case. This has been attributed to Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP first using alperujo as a more readily available source of N as compared to the parent triazines. In summary, addition of alperujo to the soils studied was shown to increase triazine herbicides sorption and hence to reduce its availability and potential to leach.     

Fractionation of soil phosphorus in organic amended farms located on savanna sandy soils of Venezuelan Amazonian

In Venezuelan Amazonian, some producers have established small agroforestry systems of production on sandy savanna soils by a long-term addition (more than 25 years) of animal manures at a low dressing (2 Mg ha⁻¹) as fertilizer input. As a result of the organic fertilizers regime, the original savanna soil has been changed in terms of soil quality parameters. The main objective of the study was to investigate using sequential fractionation of soil P the impact of organic manures on the amount and partitioning of bioavailable P in soils of the Amazonas. Fractionation was carried out on Typic Ustipsamments amended with three different organic manure sources for extended periods. In general, after fertilization, all Pi and Po fractions increased significantly. The increase was striking in the resin-Pi and HCl-Pi, and among the organic P fractions, the changes were highest for the NaOH-Po sonicated and non-sonicated fractions. The total P increment was more relevant when soils were amended with chicken manure (1,194 mg Pt kg⁻¹) and less relevant for the farm soil treated with compost (500 mg Pt kg⁻¹), where the soil amended with cattle waste presented an intermediate value in total soil P (851 mg Pt kg⁻¹). The importance of this field study was to assess the sustainability of long-term established organic management characterized by the low inputs, and this information is poor in the Amazonas.     

Bioavailability of Cd and Zn in soils treated with biochars derived from tobacco stalk and dead pigs

Purpose

Previous studies show that application of biochar can reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. A plant growth experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of tobacco stalk- and dead pig-derived biochars on the extractability and redistribution of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in contaminated soil, and the impact on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plant growth.

Materials and methods

The top 20 cm of a soil contaminated with Cd and Zn was used in this study. Biochars derived from tobacco stalk and dead pig were applied to the soil at four application rates (0, 1, 2.5, and 5 %), and tobacco plants were grown. After 80-days growth, the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), CaCl₂-extractable heavy metals and fractions of heavy metals in soil samples, as well as the plant biomass and the concentrations of heavy metals in the plant were determined.

Results and discussion

The plant growth experiment demonstrated that tobacco stalk biochar and dead pig biochar significantly (P?<?0.05) increased the pH, but had no significant effect on the electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil. The CaCl₂-extractable Cd and Zn content decreased as the application rates increased. The concentration of extractable Cd and Zn decreased by 64.2 and 94.9 %, respectively, for the tobacco stalk biochar treatment, and 45.8 and 61.8 %, respectively, for the dead pig biochar treatment at 5 % application rate. After biochar addition, the exchangeable Cd was mainly transformed to fractions bound to carbonates and Fe-Mn oxides, while the Zn was immobilized mainly in the fraction bound to Fe-Mn oxides. Tobacco stalk biochar increased the tobacco plant biomass by 30.3 and 36.2 % for shoot and root, respectively at the 5 % application rate. Dead pig biochar increased the tobacco plant biomass by 43.5 and 40.9 % for shoot and root, respectively, at the 2.5 % application rate. Both biochars significantly (P?<?0.05) decreased the Cd and Zn accumulation by tobacco plant.

Conclusions

As a soil amendment, tobacco stalk biochar was more effective at removing Cd, whereas dead pig biochar was more effective at removing Zn, and a higher application rate was more effective than a lower application rate. Overall, biochar derived from tobacco stalk was more effective, than dead pig biochar, at remediating soil contaminated with Cd and Zn, as well as promoting tobacco growth.

     

Changes in tolerance of soil microbial communities in Zn and Cd contaminated soils

Trace metals are present in the soil matrix in different forms, and this obscures the relationship between the amounts of metals, their biological availability and effects. Chemical methods have been devised to directly measure the biological available pools of trace metals, but such methods need to be validated against measured exposure of organisms in the soil. We studied acquired Zn- and Cd tolerance of the soil microbial community as a reporter of its exposure, and compared it with chemical determination of Zn and Cd in 10 soils differing in pH, organic matter content, texture, vegetation-/cultivation history and metal contamination. The tolerance was measured as LC₅₀ (i.e. the metal concentration which inhibits 50% of the activity) in suspensions of extracted soil bacteria, by measuring the incorporation rate of [³H] thymidine at different metal concentrations. Chemical determination of Cd and Zn in soils included total concentrations by aqua regia extractions (AR), and total concentrations in extracted pore water (PW). In addition was the ‘effective concentration’ (C_E) determined using the Diffusion Gradients in Thins films method (DGT). The LC₅₀ values correlated better with PW (r²=0.90 for Cd and r²=0.97 for Zn) and C_E (0.90 for Cd and 0.98 for Zn) compared to the correlation with AR (0.72 for Cd and 0.82 for Zn). After excluding a single extremely contaminated soil from the analysis, the correlation of LC₅₀ with AR was much poorer (r²=0.03 (ns) for Cd and r²=0.48 for Zn), whereas correlations remained significant for both PW (0.90 for Cd and 0.87 for Zn) and C_E (0.54 for Cd and 0.84 for Zn). In conclusion, PW fraction of Cd and Zn appear to be the best predictor of trace metal exposure of the soil microorganisms.     

Growth and uptake of Cd and Zn by Leucaena leucocephala in reclaimed soils as affected by NaCl salinity

Heavy metal accumulation in reclaimed soils is increasing rapidly in developing countries where the use of saline waters for irrigation is a common practice, even though salinity-heavy metal interactions are not fully understood. An example for this development is the Bangar area of Egypt where the application of contaminated amendments during the last 30 years has increased the Cd and Zn concentrations in topsoils from 0.08 to 0.76 mg · kg^—1 and from 17 to 73 mg · kg^—1 respectively. This work aimed at evaluating the uptake of Cd and Zn by Leucaena leucocephala, a leguminous tree cropped for fodder and green manure, as affected by the addition of 10 mM NaCl to irrigation water. During a 6 month field experiment, salinized and control plots were compared with respect to soil solution composition and root development as well as the uptake of Cd and Zn and their translocation to the leaves. NaCl treatment raised the concentration of organic carbon, Cd and Zn in soil solution and enhanced the uptake of Cd and Zn significantly. Salinized plants showed shorter roots, reduced retention of Cd and Zn in roots and stems and considerable translocation of both elements to the leaves. This work demonstrates that NaCl salinity affects not only the bioavailability of soil Cd and Zn but also modifies plant functions related to their acquisition and translocation to the leaves. The results provide evidence that the risk of transfer of heavy metals to the food chain and their leachability to the ground water may be greater under saline conditions than generally assumed.     

秸秆炭化后还田对不同镉污染农田土壤中镉生物有效性和赋存形态的影响

通过土壤培养试验和生物盆栽试验,研究不同镉污染土壤上作物秸秆炭化后还田对不同镉污染土壤中镉的赋存形态和生物有效性影响,结果表明：在碱性的镉污染土壤上,秸秆炭化后还田降低了玉米地上部生物量,但对玉米地上部镉含量和镉吸收量无显著影响;在酸性的模拟镉污染土壤上秸秆炭化后还田对玉米生长无影响,但还田含镉的油菜秸秆黑炭显著增加了玉米地上部镉含量和镉吸收量;还田不含镉的玉米秸秆黑炭对镉污染土壤中DTPA提取态镉含量没有明显影响,但还田含镉的油菜秸秆黑炭显著增加了镉污染土壤中DTPA提取态镉含量;施用含镉的油菜秸秆黑炭增加了镉污染土壤中水溶和交换态镉含量;施用玉米和油菜秸秆黑炭均显著降低了模拟镉污染土壤中水溶和交换态镉含量;增加了松有机结合态、碳酸盐结合态和紧有机结合态镉含量;模拟镉污染土壤施用玉米和油菜秸秆黑炭6个月后土壤中水溶和交换态镉仍然是土壤镉的主要赋存形态,水溶和交换态镉占土壤全镉的70%以上。综合以上结果可知,秸秆黑炭不能降低污染土壤中镉的生物有效性和植物对土壤镉的吸收量。     

Solubility control of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in contaminated soils

We developed a semiempirical equation from metal complextion theory which relates the metal activity of soil solutions to the soil's pH, organic matter content (OM) and total metal content (MT). The equation has the general form: where pM is the negative logarithm (to base 10) of the metal activity, and a, b and c are constants. The equation successfully predicted free Cu²⁺ activity in soils with a wide range of properties, including soils previously treated with sewage sludge. The significant correlation of pCu to these measured soil properties in long-contaminated soils suggests that copper activity is controlled by adsorption on organic matter under steady state conditions. An attempt was made from separate published data to correlate total soluble Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in soils to soil pH, organic matter content and total metal content. For Cu, the total Cu content of the soil was most highly correlated with total soluble Cu. Similarly, total soluble Zn and Cd were correlated with total metal content, but were more strongly related to soil pH than was soluble Cu. Smaller metal solubility in response to higher soil pH was most marked for Zn and Cd, metals that tend not to complex strongly with soluble organics. The organic matter content was often, but not always, a statistically significant variable in predicting metal solubility from soil properties. The solubility of Pb was less satisfactorily predicted from measured soil properties than solubility of the other metals. It seems that for Cu at least, solid organic matter limits free metal activity, whilst dissolved organic matter promotes metal solubility, in soils well-aged with respect to the metal pollutant. Although total metal content alone is not generally a good predictor of metal solubility or activity, it assumes great importance when comparing metal solubility in soils having similar pH and organic matter content.     

Distribution coefficients of Cd, Co, Ni, and Zn in soils

Batch adsorption experiments were conducted with a mixture of solutes at low equilibrium concentrations of Cd (0.7-12.6 μg1⁻¹), Co (18-118μg1⁻¹, Ni (22-330 μg 1⁻¹), and Zn (40-1480 μg1⁻¹) in 38 different soils. Statistical correlations indicated that metal sorption onto the soils was influenced by the presence of clays and hydrous oxides of Fe and Mn. Based on calculated distribution coefficients for these metals, Co will generally exhibit the highest mobility in soils, but the mobility of Zn will increase faster with decreasing pH. Two types of empirical relationships are developed from these data to estimate values for the distribution coefficients.     

热带土壤上连续9年施入污水污泥后重金属Zn, Cd和Pb的分离研究

A long-term field experiment was carried out in the experiment farm of the Sao Paulo State University, Brazil, to evaluate the phytoavailability of Zn, Cd and Pb in a Typic Eutrorthox soil treated with sewage sludge for nine consecutive years, using the sequential extraction and organic matter fractionation methods. During 2005-2006, maize (Zea mays L.) was used as test plants and the experimental design was in randomized complete blocks with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of four sewage sludge rates (in a dry basis) : 0.0 (control, with mineral fertilization), 45.0, 90.0 and 127.5 t ha^-1, annually for nine years. Before maize sowing, the sewage sludge was manually applied to the soil and incorporated at 10 cm depth. Soil samples (0-20 cm layer) for Zn, Cd and Pb analysis were collected 60 days after sowing. The successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil did not affect heavy metal (Cd and Pb) fractions in the soil, with exception of Zn fractions. The Zn, Cd and Pb distributions in the soil were strongly associated with humin and residual fractions, which are characterized by stable chemical bonds. Zinc, Cd and Pb in the soil showed low phytoavailability after nine-year successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil.     

施用碱稳定固体的酸性土壤的Cu和Zn的形态分布

Fractionation of metals in a granite-derived acid sandy loam soil amended with alkaline-stabilised sewagesIudge biosolids was conducted in order to assess metal bioavailability and environmental mobility soil solution was extracted by a centrifugation and filtration technique. Metal speciation in the soil solution wasdetermined by a cation exchange resin method. Acetic acid and EDTA extracting solutions were used forextraction of metals in soil solid surfaces. Metal distribution in different fractions of soil solid phase was determined using a three-step sequential extraction scheme. The results show that the metals in the soilsolution existed in different fractions with variable lability and metals in the soil solid phase were also presentin various chemical forms with potentially different bioavail ability and environmental mobility Alkaline-stabilised biosolids could elevate solubility of Cu and proportion of Cu in organically complexed fractionsboth in soil liquid and solid phases, and may therefore increase Cu mobility. In contrast, the biosolids lowered the concentrations of water-soluble Zn (labile fraction) and exchangeable Zn and may hence decrease bioavailability and mobility of Zn. However, Fe and Mn oxides bound and organic matter bound fractions are likely to be Zn pools in the sludge-amended soil. These consequences possibly result from the liming effect and metal speciation of the sludge product and the difference in the chemistry between the metals in soil.     

Fractionation by column chromatography of lipids and lipid sulfur extracted from soils

Total lipids extracted from eight soils were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography, to yield fractions representing less-polar lipids, glycolipids and polar lipids. The distribution between these lipid classes was similar for all soils, with glycolipids dominant (mean 64%) and polar lipids least abundant (mean 4%). In contrast, lipid S distribution showed considerable variation among samples of diverse origin. The polar lipid fraction accounted for 7–36% of lipid S, despite the small proportions present. Significant concentrations of S(0.03–2.3%) were found in all Chromatographic fractions, indicating a variety of sulfolipid forms. These findings indicate that silicic acid column chromatography is a useful preparatory tool to characterize sulfolipid constituents of soil.     

Transfer of Cd, Pb, and Zn to water spinach from a polluted soil amended with lime and organic materials

Purpose

The transfer of heavy metals from soil to crops comprises several steps, including soil-to-root and subsequent root-to-shoot tranfer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the different steps of soil-to-crop transfer of Cd, Pb, and Zn.

Materials and methods

This study was carried out with a greenhouse pot experiment using a soil polluted with Cd, Pb, and Zn which was amended with rice straw, pig manure, sheep dung, or peat, with and without lime. Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) was used as the test crop and was grown after a season of rice cultivation.

Results and discussion

The results showed that all the amendments promoted the root-to-shoot transfer of Cd, Pb, and Zn. The soil-to-root transfer factors (TFs) of Pb and Zn tended to increase with increasing available Pb and Zn in the soils, while no clear relationship between the TF of Cd and available soil Cd was observed. The root-to-shoot TF of Cd, Pb, and Zn tended to decrease with increasing available amounts in the soils and were negatively correlated with the concentrations of the metals in the roots (r _Cd?=?0.820, r _Pb?=?0.789, r _Zn?=?0.769).

Conclusions

The soil-to-root transfer of Cd, Pb, and Zn was significantly different from the root-to-shoot transfer. The soil-to-root transfer was mainly influenced by the amount of available metal in soil, whereas the root-to-shoot transfer was mainly controlled by the concentrations of the metals in the root.     

Microbial activity and hydrolase activities during decomposition of root exudates released by an artificial root surface in Cd-contaminated soils

The aim of this study was to assess the stimulatory effects of different low molecular weight organic compounds commonly present in root exudates on microbial activity and hydrolase activities, and the effects of high Cd concentrations in sandy soils collected from contaminated field plots on the stimulatory effects. Glucose, glutamic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, or a mixture of all compounds were released by an artificial root surface in a simplified rhizosphere system. The effects were measured at <2 mm (rhizosphere soil layer) and >4 mm (bulk soil layer) distance from the root surface, 7 d after the root exudates release. Results showed that different root exudates were mineralized at different extent and had different stimulatory effects on microbial growth estimated by dsDNA content of soil, and on hydrolase activities, mostly localized in the rhizosphere soil layer. Mineralization of root exudates, microbial growth and stimulation of most of the measured hydrolase activities were drastically reduced by high Cd concentrations in soil.     

Characterizing phosphorus availability in waste products by chemical extractions and plant uptake

Background: The fertilizer value of phosphorus (P) in waste products relies heavily on its availability to the subsequent crop. Aim: We studied the link between extractable P in waste products and apparent P recovery (APR, i.e., difference in plant P uptake between P amended and un‐amended soils divided by the amount of P added) using spring barley grown on three sandy soils. Methods: The products included sewage sludge, biomass ash, struvite, compost, meat and bone meal, biochar from sewage sludge, and industrial sludge. Soft rock phosphate and triple‐superphosphate (TSP) were included for comparison. Availability of P was characterized by extraction with water and solutions of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonium acetate, ammonium fluoride and anion exchange resin membranes. TSP was used to establish mineral‐fertilizer‐equivalents (MFE). Water and bicarbonate extractions were also applied to products incubated with soil before extraction. Results: The APR ranged 26 to 31% for TSP and 0 to 30% for waste products. APR correlated most strongly with bicarbonate extractable P. The correlation increased when products were incubated with soil before extraction. Conclusions: We conclude that bicarbonate extraction is a good indicator of potential P availability. However, interactions between waste products and soil properties modify P availability.     

The flux of Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn in mining polluted soils

The monitoring of heavy metal deposition onto soils surrounding old Pb-Zn mines in two locations in the UK has shown that relatively large amounts of Cd, Pb, Zn and, in one case, Cu are entering the soil annually. Small particles of ore minerals in windblown mine tailings were found to be contributing up to 1.46 g m^?2 yr^?1 of Pb, 1.41 g m^?2 yr^?1 of Zn and 0.027 g m^?2 yr^?1 of Cd. However, when these inputs from bulk deposition are compared with the concentrations of the same metals within the soil profiles it is apparent that relatively little long-term accumulation is occurring. Metals are being lost from the soil profiles, probably through leaching. A calculated relative retention parameter gave values that ranged from 0.01 to 0.17 for Cd, 0.11 to 0.19 for Zn, 0.32 to 0.63 for Cu and over 1 for Pb. These relative retention values were found to follow the order of electronegativity of the elements concerned: Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd. Distribution coefficient (Kd) values quantifying the adsorptive capacity of the mine soils for Cd and Pb showed marked differences for the two metals (12 to 69 cm³ g^?1 for Cd and 14 to 126 cm³ g^?1 for Pb) and may, in part, account for the two to one hundred-fold variation in the relative retention parameter for the different metals within these soils.