镉胁迫对龙葵镉的吸收积累及生理响应的影响

为揭示镉(Cd)富集植物龙葵的Cd吸收、积累与光合生理特性间的相关性,采用室内盆栽试验,在不同Cd添加水平下(0,2,5,10,20mg/kg,分别记为Cd0、Cd2、Cd5、Cd10、Cd20),研究了龙葵对重金属Cd的吸收、积累特性及生理响应。结果表明:龙葵对Cd有极强的耐性,在Cd浓度为20.0mg/kg的污染土壤中仍能正常生长;Cd≤10.0mg/kg的污染土壤中龙葵对Cd的富集、转运系数均大于1;但Cd20处理龙葵对Cd的富集和转运能力显著下降。Cd在龙葵中的分布为地上部地下部,并且各处理(Cd0、Cd2、Cd5、Cd10、Cd20)龙葵地上部Cd的积累量也显著高达地下部Cd积累量的10~15倍。同时,随土壤Cd浓度增加不仅引起龙葵对重金属Cd的吸收、转运的变化,也会引起龙葵光合生理指标的相应变化,当土壤Cd含量增加到10mg/kg时,龙葵地上部旗叶光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)最强,显著高于Cd0、Cd2、Cd5处理(p0.05)23.71%~79.80%,当土壤Cd含量持续增加,龙葵的光合强度呈显著下降的趋势。龙葵吸收Cd主要受植物外部因素土壤Cd浓度(SCCD)的影响,与Pn、Tr和Gs等内部因素并无显著相关性。因此,试图通过对龙葵的光合生理调控实现提高龙葵对Cd的吸收、积累并不能达到理想的效果,对揭示龙葵富集Cd的机理及调控机制还需进一步的研究。     

不同光强下龙葵对镉的吸收积累及生理响应

采用土培方法探讨了不同光强（自然光和50%遮光）和镉（Cd）不同添加量（0、 25、 50、 75和100 mg/kg）复合处理下,龙葵对Cd的吸收累积特征,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、 过氧化物酶（POD）、 过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性以及叶绿素、 丙二醛（MDA）、 谷胱甘肽（GSH）和植物螯合肽（PCs）含量等的变化特征。结果表明, 自然光条件下龙葵叶绿素b、 叶绿素a+b以及地上和地下部Cd富集量均显著低于遮光处理; 叶和根的SOD、 POD、 CAT和APX活性在自然光条件下随土壤Cd添加量的增大先升后降,而在遮光处理下则持续升高; 除Cd 25 mg/kg处理时根POD及叶CAT活性在不同光强处理下没有显著差异外,其余Cd添加量处理下SOD、 POD、 CAT和APX活性在自然光条件下均显著高于遮光处理; 自然光条件下龙葵叶和根的MDA含量显著高于遮光处理,而叶和根的GSH含量和叶中PCs含量均显著低于遮光处理。研究结果表明,遮光环境促进了龙葵对Cd的富集,并且减轻了Cd对龙葵的氧化胁迫。     

镉对龙葵幼苗生长和生理指标的影响

采用营养液培养法研究了镉胁迫条件下龙葵幼苗生长、生理响应及镉积累特性。结果表明,镉胁迫下,龙葵幼苗生长受到一定程度的抑制,并且具有浓度效应和时间效应。镉胁迫还导致龙葵叶片色素含量下降。叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素平均含量在高浓度镉（150μmol·L^-1）处理条件下分别较对照降低55．5％、63．9％和43．3％。低浓度镉（25μmol·L^-1）处理15d内显著促进龙葵幼苗根系活力,平均根系活力较对照上升10．4％,而高浓度镉处理下,根系活力呈现先升后降的趋势,镉处理10d之后达到峰值;随着镉浓度的升高和胁迫时间的延长,龙葵幼苗叶片相对电导率、丙二醛（MDA）含量和渗透调节物质均呈现显著上升趋势。相对于对照植株,低浓度镉处理下龙葵叶片平均相对电导率、MDA含量、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量上升17．7％、117．7％、5．6％和95．3％,而高浓度镉处理下上升幅度更大,分别为39．0％、194．6％、56．3％和758．0％。从积累部位来看,镉主要积累在龙葵幼苗地上部,镉含量由高到低依次为叶片〉茎〉根系,高浓度镉胁迫20d之后根茎叶镉含量为5d时的1．73、1．49和1．40倍,分别为1287．25、1718．14和2385．27μg·g^-1DW。     

Hyperaccumulative property of Solanum nigrum L. to Cd explored from cell membrane permeability,subcellular distribution,and chemical form

Purpose

The aim of this article was to explore the hyperaccumulative property from cell membrane permeability, subcellular distribution, and chemical form of Solanum nigrum L. to Cd compared to the nonhyperaccumulator Solanum melongena L. (cultivar name Liaoqie 3) in the same plant family.

Materials and methods

Soil pot culture experiment was conducted, and the cell membrane permeability, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms of Cd in S. nigrum and S. melongena were determined.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the tolerance of S. nigrum to Cd was higher and owned all Cd hyperaccumulator characteristics. The relative electric conductivities in root and leaf were higher of S. nigrum than S. melongena, but the malondialdehyde concentrations in former were roughly lower than that in latter. Cd concentration ratio in cell wall, NaCl extractable form, and HAc (acetic acid) extractive form were higher in root, stem, and leaf of S. nigrum.

Conclusions

Compared to S. melongena, stronger Cd tolerance, higher cell membrane permeability with intact cell membrane, weak Cd forms in subcellular distribution, and relative lower bioactivity speciation may be part reasons of S. nigrum hyperaccumulating Cd.     

Maturity effects on mineral concentration and uptake in Solanum nigrum L.

The revitalisation of wild vegetables by consuming and cultivating them in home gardens is one of the strategies that agriculturalists have recently identified to combat food insecurity. However, data on mineral uptake with maturity are not available for a larger majority of wild vegetables. S. nigrum, one of the popular wild vegetables consumed in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, was cultivated both on the field and glasshouse to gain a better understanding of the uptake of some macrominerals as the plant matures. Five treatments (control; 100 kg N/ha; 8.13 t manure/ha; 100 kg N/ha + 8.13 t manure/ha and 50 kg N/ha + 4.07 t manure/ha) were set up in a Randomised Complete Block Design in both trials. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using MINITAB statistical software package. K (%) ranged between 3.11–6.98 in the glasshouse and 3.88–6.98 on the field; Ca (%) between 1.23–3.72 in the glasshouse and 1.39–3.98 on the field; Mg (%) between 0.31–0.93 in the glasshouse and 0.48–0.82 on the field; P (mg/kg) between 0.23–0.80 in the glasshouse and 0.29–0.77 on the field and Na (mg/kg) ranged between 749–3070 in the glasshouse and 187–3070 on the field. The application of 50 kg N/ha + 4.07 t manure/ha increased the uptake of a majority of the minerals. K, P and Na decreased with maturity while Ca increased and Mg varied. Although the current results indicate that for K, P and Na nutritional interventions, the leaves of S. nigrum are best harvested during the early phase of growth and the final phase for Ca, the concentration of these minerals has the potential to supply sufficient quantities of the minerals in human physiology at all stages of the plant's growth. This wild vegetable is therefore recommended for both consumption and cultivation.     

Genetic diversity of the African hexaploid species Solanum scabrum Mill. and Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae)

Two hexaploid species of Solanum sect. Solanum are present in Africa: Solanum scabrum and S. nigrum. Solanum scabrum is a widely cultivated species and is used as a leafy vegetable, as a source of medicine and as a source of ink dye. In previous studies a wide range of morphological diversity has been reported in this species and in some studies subspecies have been proposed. Subspecies are also recognized in S. nigrum. However, it has not been established whether or not the morphological differences are reflected at the genomic level. The present study applies AFLPs to study the genetic diversity in S. scabrum and its relationship to geographical provenance, morphological differences and the possible existence of subspecies within S. scabrum and S. nigrum. The data obtained were analyzed with cluster analysis (using UPGMA and NJ). The results indicate that the genetic variation within S. scabrum was higher within accessions than between accessions. Accessions did not cluster according to their geographical provenance, indicating that accessions from different geographical areas were not significantly different genetically. The clustering reflected neither morphological differences nor domestication status (cultivated or wild). The morphological differences exhibited by S. scabrum could be due to selection by farmers for different plant types. The AFLP derived clustering pattern did not segregate the subspecies recognized in S. scabrum and S. nigrum into separate subclusters.     

Proximate and Phytate Accumulation in Solanum nigrum L. Cultivated on Fertilizer-Amended Soils

Solanum nigrum was subjected to five fertilizer treatments on the field and glasshouse to determine the wild vegetable’s nutritional response to fertilizers with maturity and best fertilizer option for optimum harvesting period of the leaves for nutritional benefits. The application of 50 kg N/ha + 4.07 t manure/ha fertilizer increased protein uptake on the field and glasshouse, vitamin C in the glasshouse, and lipid on the field. The addition of 100 kg N/ha + 8.13 t manure/ha increased the uptake of vitamin C on the field and lipid content in the glasshouse. The control increased the accumulation of fiber on both the field and glasshouse while also lowering the phytate content in the glasshouse. Fiber was at peak 11 and 4 weeks after transplanting on the field and glasshouse, respectively, while lipids were highest 11 and 6 weeks after transplanting. Vitamin C was highest 9 and 6 weeks after transplanting on the field and glasshouse, respectively, after which it sharply declined toward senescence. Protein was at peak between the third and fourth weeks after transplanting. Although various nutrients responded differently to fertilizer treatments, these results indicate the potential of S. nigrum to meet the human nutritional recommended daily adequate intake values. Also, the results of this study indicate that the cultivation of this wild vegetable increases its nutritional composition as compared with the wild species. The best fertilizer option and best time to harvest the plant is best advised according to specific nutritional challenges. The consumption of S. nigrum could be expected to contribute a large proportion of the nutritional requirements in the human body.     

Mn胁迫对龙葵和小飞蓬生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用对Mn有明显耐受能力的植物龙葵（Solanum nigrum L.）和小飞蓬（Conyza Canadensis （L.）Cronq）为材料,用水培方法（Mn离子浓度分别为0.005（CK）、2、4、8、16 mmol·L-1）,研究植物生长、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光主要参数。结果表明,Mn胁迫下,随着Mn浓度的升高,龙葵和小飞蓬的叶面积、根长、存活率都有不同程度的下降,株高先略高于对照,而后逐渐下降。叶绿素含量随着培养液中Mn含量的增加显著降低。两种植物的最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）、最大荧光（Fm）、同期光合量子产量（Yield）和表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）均随着Mn离子浓度的增加明显降低;两种植物的初始荧光（Fo）均呈先下降再上升趋势,而非光化学荧光淬灭系数（NPQ）有上升趋势,但处理之间NPQ变化差异不明显。试验表明在Mn胁迫下两种植物的光合作用电子传递过程和电子传递速率被抑制。随Mn处理浓度增大,龙葵受Mn胁迫的影响比小飞蓬小,说明其耐Mn水平较小飞蓬高,更适合用于Mn污染地区的植物修复。     

镉对龙葵种子萌发及子叶抗氧化酶活性的影响

龙葵（Solanum nigrumL.）是Cd超累积植物,可用于植物冶金和Cd污染土壤的植物修复。超累积植物的生理基础研究有助于提高其对Cd的富集效率。龙葵种子在含有不同浓度CdCl（20、30、50、100、150、200μmol·L-1和300μmol·L-1）的琼脂培养基上萌发7d。结果表明,龙葵在200μmol·L-1和300μmol·L-1Cd时发芽率显著降低,而低浓度Cd（30～150μmol·L-1）胁迫下无显著差异;在Cd≥30μmol·L-1时,活力指数、发芽势均显著降低,幼苗的生长受到显著抑制。幼苗生长分析表明：在30～150μmol·L-1Cd处理下根长下降约17%～35%,显著低于200～300μmol·L-1Cd处理（下降79%～90%）;株高随Cd浓度的升高逐渐下降。子叶抗氧化酶活性分析表明：100～150μmol·L-1Cd胁迫下,CAT和APX活性显著上升;在Cd胁迫下,SOD活性降低但维持在较高的活性水平。表明龙葵幼苗能忍耐小于150μmol·L-1Cd,抗氧化酶活性在抵抗Cd毒害方面发挥重要作用。     

Taxonomic status and geographic provenance of germplasm accessions in the Solanum nigrum L. complex: AFLP data

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) were employed within the taxonomically difficult Solanum nigrum L. complex in order to characterize the genetic diversity present in a collection of the Gatersleben Genebank, to classify taxonomically unknown material, and to correlate the clustering of the examined accessions with their geographic origin. The results from AFLP analyses using two primer combinations on 44 entries from five species led to the detection of four major clusters, simultaneously uncovering significant differences in the levels of genetic diversity within or between species. S. americanumexhibited the highest infraspecific variation despite close geographic origins, simultaneously being placed in a clearly separated cluster in comparison to the other examined species of the complex. In addition, these other species showed even less interspecific variation than was found at the infraspecific level in S. americanum. In terms of taxonomy, the application of AFLPs helped in the classification of 13 black nightshade accessions formerly only listed as Solanum sp. This also was confirmed by morphological determination. Furthermore, one accession formerly classified as S. physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum i) clustered with AFLPs and ii) was identified morphologically as S. villosum. Contradictory classifications remain for two further entries from the same species, found within the S. nigrum cluster after AFLP analyses, while belonging to S. physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum according to herbarium specimen. Finally, as indicated by the information on provenance in geographically separated subclusters in S. americanum and partially in S. villosum, clues on the currently unknown origin of accessions from the genebank seem feasible by AFLP data.     

Interaction of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. and functional endophyte Pseudomonas sp. Lk9 on soil heavy metals uptake

Bioaugmentation is a promising method for assisting phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soil, and the development of bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction requires the understanding of the mechanism involved in the interaction between plants and inocula. In this study, a pot study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bacterial endophyte Pseudomonas sp. Lk9 which can produce biosurfactants, siderophores and organic acids on the growth and metal uptake of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. growing in multi-metal-contaminated soil. The results revealed that Lk9 inoculation could improve soil Fe and P mineral nutrition supplies, enhance soil heavy metal availability, and affect host-mediated low-molecular-weight organic acids secretion, thereby significantly increasing S. nigrum shoot dry biomass by 14% and the total of Cd by 46.6%, Zn by 16.4% and Cu by 16.0% accumulated in aerial parts, compared to those of non-inoculated control. The assessment of phytoextraction showed that Lk9 inoculation elevated the bioaccumulation factor of Cd (28.9%) and phytoextraction rates of all metals (17.4%, 48.6% and 104.6% for Cd, Zn and Cu, respectively), while the translocation factors had negligible difference between Lk9 inoculation (3.30, 0.50 and 0.40 for Cd, Zn and Cu, respectively) and non-inoculated control (2.95, 0.53 and 0.42 for Cd, Zn and Cu, respectively). It was also found that the symbiotic association between S. nigrum and Lk9 significantly increased the soil microbial biomass C by 39.2% and acid phosphatase activity by 28.6% compared to those in S. nigrum without Lk9. This study would provide a new insight into the bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction of heavy metal-contaminated soils.     

Application of plant growth-promoting endophytes (PGPE) isolated from Solanum nigrum L. for phytoextraction of Cd-polluted soils

Many plant growth-promoting endophytes (PGPE) can assist their host plants cope with contaminant-induced stress responses, which can improve plant growth. In this study, four heavy metals resistant endophytic bacteria, Serratia nematodiphila LRE07, Enterobacter aerogenes LRE17, Enterobacter sp. LSE04 and Acinetobacter sp. LSE06, were isolated from Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. grown in metal-polluted soil. Their plant growth promoting properties such as production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores and phosphate solubilizing activity were characterized in vitro. When added to the Cd-amended soils, all of these four bacteria significantly increased Cd extraction from the soils. Subsequently, a pot experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of inoculating of these PGPE on the plant growth and Cd uptake by S. nigrum L. grown in three different levels of Cd-contaminated soils. Results showed that the inoculation with these PGPE not only stimulated the growth of host plant, but also influenced the accumulation of Cd in the root, stem and leaf tissue of S. nigrum L. All four strains could colonize the rhizosphere soil and even some can be found in plant interior tissues. The present observations demonstrated that PGPE were valuable microorganism resource which can be exploited to improve the efficiency of phytoextraction.     

Enhancement of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus versiforme) on the growth and Cd uptake by Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) can enhance plant growth and resistance to toxicity produced by heavy metals (HMs), affect the bioavailability of HMs in soil and the uptake of HMs by plants, and thus has been emerged as the most prominent symbiotic fungus for contribution to phytoremediation. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to assess the effect of Glomus versiforme BGC GD01C (Gv) on the growth and Cd accumulation of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum in different Cd-added soils (0, 25, 50, 100 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil). Mycorrhizal colonization rates were generally high (from 71% to 82%) in Gv-inoculated treatments at all Cd levels. Gv colonization enhanced soil acid phosphatase activity, and hence elevated P acquisition and growth of S. nigrum at all Cd levels. Moreover, the presence of Gv significantly increased DTPA-extractable (phytoavailable) Cd concentrations in 25 and 50 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soils, but did not affect phytoavailable Cd in 100 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil. Similarly, inoculation with Gv significantly increased Cd concentrations of S. nigrum in 25 and 50 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soils, but decreased Cd concentrations of the plants in 100 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil. Overall, inoculation with Gv greatly improved the total Cd uptakes in all plant tissues at all Cd levels. The present results indicated that S. nigrum associated with Gv effectively improved the Cd uptake by plant and would be a new strategy in microbe-assisted phytoremediation for Cd-contaminated soils.     

The effects of Fe deficiency on low molecular weight organic acid exudation and cadmium uptake by Solanum nigrum L.

Abstract

The influence of Fe-deficiency on the root exudation of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs), pH alteration and cadmium (Cd) accumulation and translocation were investigated in morel (Solanum nigrum L.) in hydroponic culture experiments. Tartaric, citric, malic and acetic acids were monitored because these acids were abundant and often detected as root exudates. Results showed that Fe-deficient plants excreted large amounts of LMWOAs in comparison with Fe-sufficient plants across all Cd treatments (p <0.05). In both cases the concentrations of the four organic acids were tartaric > citric > malic > acetic. The results showed that the Fe-deficient plants with higher concentrations of LMWOAs accumulated more Cd (p <0.05) and induced a decrease in solution pH compared with the Fe-sufficient plants. Cadmium accumulation in the Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient plants had significant positive correlations with the exudation of malic and acetic acids (p <0.05 and p<0.01). Cadmium accumulation in the Fe-sufficient plants had a significant (p<0.01) positive correlation with the exudation of tartaric acid, whereas there was a negative correlation (p<0.01) between Cd accumulation and the exudation of tartaric acid in the Fe-deficient plants. No significant correlation between the exudation of citric acid and Cd accumulation was obtained. Our results indicate that Fe-deficiency could induce Cd accumulation and translocation through an increase of LMWOAs exudation and pH alteration, both of which enhance Cd bioavailability.     

Microsatellite-based assessment of five Solanum nigrum complex species and their progeny

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of simple sequence repeats as genetic markers in five species of the Solanum nigrum complex found in South Africa as well as their progeny. Some of the primers developed for sorghum, tomato, pepper and potato were used. Twenty-nine random sets of primers were selected for screening and seven were used to amplify each of the parents and their progeny. The optimum conditions were not the same for the various primer pairs with annealing temperatures of 45, 50 and 55 °C for different primers. The genetic-distance value amongst the species and their progeny varied from 0.33 to 0.55, showing the close relationship between entries and confirming the fact that the Solanum nigrum complex is a group of plants very closely related, yet the parents and their progeny could be clearly distinguished. This marker system therefore was very effective in distinguishing closely related accessions arising from a similar pedigree and could be used for molecular breeding in this species.     

Cancer-preventive peptide lunasin from Solanum nigrum L. inhibits acetylation of core histones H3 and H4 and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

Lunasin, a unique 43 amino acid, 4.8 kDa cancer-chemopreventive peptide initially reported in soybean and now found in barley and wheat, has been shown to be cancer-chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model against oncogenes and chemical carcinogens. To identify bioactive components in traditional herbal medicines and in search for new sources of lunasin, we report here the properties of lunasin from Solanum nigrum L. (SNL), a plant indigenous to northeast Asia. Lunasin was screened in the crude extracts of five varieties of the medicinal plants of Solanaceae origin and seven other major herbal plants. An in vitro digestion stability assay for measuring bioavailability was carried out on SNL crude protein and autoclaved SNL using pepsin and pancreatin. A nonradioactive histone acetyltransferase (HAT) assay and HAT activity colorimetric assay were used to measure the inhibition of core histone acetylation. The inhibitory effect of lunasin on the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) was determined by immunoblotting against phospho-Rb. Lunasin isolated from autoclaved SNL inhibited core histone H3 and H4 acetylation, the activities of the HATs, and the phosphorylation of the Rb protein. Lunasin in the crude protein and in the autoclaved crude protein was very stable to pepsin and pancreatin in vitro digestion, while the synthetic pure lunasin was digested at 2 min after the reaction. We conclude that lunasin is a bioactive and bioavailable component in SNL and that consumption of SNL may play an important role in cancer prevention.     

Analysis of genetic diversity in Piper nigrum L. using RAPD markers

RAPD analysis was conducted in 22 cultivars of P. nigrum(black pepper) from South India and one accession each of P. longum and P. colubrinum. Twenty-four primers generated 372 RAPD markers of which 367 were polymorphic. Jaccard's similarity between pairs of accessions ranged between 0.11 and 0.66 with a mean of 0.38. Among P. nigrum cultivars, the similarity ranged between 0.20 and 0.66 and the mean was 0.42. The existence of wide genetic diversity as revealed in the present study is supported by earlier reports of extensive inter- and intrapopulation morphological variability in pepper cultivars from South India. UPGMA dendrogram and PCO plot revealed P. colubrinum to be most distant of the three species. Genetic proximity among P. nigrum cultivars could be related to their phenotypic similarities or geographical distribution. Greater divergence was observed among landraces than among advanced cultivars. Landraces grown in southern parts of coastal India and those grown in more northern parts were grouped in separate clusters of the dendrogram.     

Solanum nigrum Linn. water extract inhibits metastasis in mouse melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo

Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer notoriously resistant to current cancer therapies. Thus, new treatment strategies are urgently needed. Solanum nigrum Linn., commonly used in Oriental medicine, has showed antineoplastic activity in human cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitive effect of S. nigrum Linn. water extract (SNWE) on melanoma metastasis and dissect the underlying mechanisms of SNWE actions. B16-F1 cells were analyzed for migrating and invasive abilities with SNWE treatment, and several putative targets involved in metastatic melanoma were examined. In parallel, primary mouse xenograft and lung metastasis of melanoma models were established to examine the therapeutic potential of SNWE. The results indicated SNWE significantly inhibited B16-F1 cell migration and invasion. Meanwhile, decreased Akt activity and PKCα, Ras, and NF-κB protein expressions were detected in dose-dependent manners. In line with this notion, >50% reduced tumor weight and lung metastatic nodules were observed in 1% SNWE fed mice. This was associated with reduced serum MMP-9 as well as Akt activity and PKCα, Ras, and NF-κB protein expressions. Thus, this work indicates SNWE has potential application for treating metastatic melanoma.     

微生物对龙葵的生理活性和吸收重金属的影响

采用温室盆栽实验,接种从垃圾填埋场土壤中筛选的淡紫拟青霉菌和绿色木霉菌,研究其对龙葵（Solanum nigrumL.）的生理活性和吸收重金属的影响。结果表明,菌株对龙葵生长有促进作用,可增强龙葵对Cd、Pb的吸收能力。单一Cd污染时,淡紫拟青霉菌能增强龙葵的抗氧化能力,促进Cd从植物地下部分向地上部分迁移;单一Pb污染时,绿色木霉菌能降低龙葵的抗氧化能力,不能明显促进Pb的迁移。在Cd、Pb复合污染时,两种真菌的混合液能较好地促进龙葵对重金属的吸收,龙葵对Cd的富集系数最高可达到4.25,而其对Pb的富集系数最高仅为0.19。