41个肉用老南瓜品种主要植物学性状分析

为科学评价国内肉用老南瓜品种,对参展的41个肉用老南瓜品种的始花期、第一坐瓜节位、果长、把长、茎粗、节间长、最大叶纵横径、单果重、果肉厚、可溶性固形物含量等主要植物学性状进行了多样性、相关性和聚类分析。结果表明:41个肉用老南瓜品种在把长、单果重、果长、肉厚等性状上变异幅度较大,在始花期性状上变异幅度较小;各性状之间均存在显著或者极显著的相关性。聚类分析表明41个老南瓜品种可以分为3组,其中第1组在多个性状上优于第2、3组群,但各组间及组内品种间的相似性较高。研究结果为老南瓜育种的优良性状选择和亲本选用提供了依据。     

Pre-selection for juvenile period,flowering and picking time in apple seedlings

The length of the juvenile period was found to be associated with the degree of juvenility (degree to which seedlings show juvenile symptoms) and with the time leaf buds break in spring. The time of bud break was also related to time of flowering; bud break and juvenility were not interrelated. The observations suggest that preselection on the basis of a low degree of juvenility and early bud break together would substantially increase the proportion of early-bearing and, to a smaller extent, that of early-flowering seedlings in the selected material. The shift towards earlier flowering was not accompanied by an advance of the date at which flowering ended, at least when the selection limit is based on the progeny mean. The degree of leaf fall (colour) during autumn appeared to be closely related to the time the fruits become picking ripe; no significant relation existed between this parameter and juvenility or bud break. The degree or time of leaf fall (colour) is a possible pre-selection criterion of the time of picking.     

不同采收成熟度对阿巴特梨后熟过程中品质变化的影响

以阿巴特梨为试材,研究三个采收期的果实在后熟过程中的生理变化以及各品质指标间的相互关系。结果表明,在后熟过程中,各采期的果实均出现了明显的乙烯和呼吸高峰,其中采期Ⅱ(盛花后132 d)果实的乙烯和呼吸释放量最高。随着采期的延后,果实硬度逐渐下降,可溶性固形物含量逐渐升高,反映果皮颜色的H°值逐渐下降,L*和a*值逐渐升高,果实相关品质指标与果皮颜色呈显著相关性。总体上看,以采期Ⅱ果实的后熟品质最佳。     

河西走廊地区不同转色时期摘叶对酿酒葡萄‘贵人香’与‘蛇龙珠’果实品质的影响

研究不同转色期摘叶对‘贵人香’和‘蛇龙珠’酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响,筛选出提高2个品种果实品质的适宜摘叶时期。通过对不同时期‘贵人香’(I)和‘蛇龙珠’(C)酿酒葡萄进行摘叶处理,以未摘叶为对照,测定2种葡萄的果实可溶性固形物、总糖、可滴定酸、单宁和总酚含量等品质指标,并采用主成分分析法进行综合评价分析。在葡萄转色中期（8月17日）和完全转色后期（9月7日）2个时期进行摘叶处理,均提高了‘贵人香’和‘蛇龙珠’的可溶性总糖、可溶性固形物、总酚和糖/酸,降低了可滴定酸含量。在2个时期,‘贵人香’和‘蛇龙珠’处理组的可溶性糖含量均显著高于其对照组,分别高13.07%、22.03%、6.40%、43.38%。在完全转色后期,‘蛇龙珠’处理组的可滴定酸含量下降最显著,比对照低48.94%。‘蛇龙珠’处理组的总酚含量在2个时期均为最高(3.05、3.02 mg/g)。根据综合评价可知,在葡萄不同转色时期,摘叶对于酿酒葡萄果实品质提高由快到慢为C-9.7>I-9.7>I-8.17>C-8.17>I-CK>C-CK。在葡萄完全转色后期,摘叶处理对于‘蛇龙珠’和‘贵人香’葡萄果实品质的影响较大。     

欧洲李枝叶生长与果实发育动态相关性研究

探讨欧洲李在阿克苏地区的新梢生长和果实发育动态关系,为制定合理的栽培管理技术提供理论基础。观测各品种的物候期,测量新梢长度和粗度、果实的三径、叶绿素和叶面积,分析欧洲李各品种间新梢与果实生长发育间的相互关系。各品种在物候期上相差1~2天,欧洲李的新梢快速生长期是在同一时期,‘法兰西’果实最先成熟,其次是‘斯坦勒’,‘女神’最晚;欧洲李果实发育在第1次快速生长阶段（在盛花后14~21或28天）,三径日平均增长量最快,纵径＞横径和侧径,在第2次缓慢生长阶段（在盛花后28~62天）和第3次快速生长阶段（盛花后62天至果实成熟）横径和侧径＞纵径,单果重增加主要是在第3快速增长阶段。新梢的生长有2次生长高峰。叶面积和叶绿素快速增长都在盛花后14~42天（4月22日—5月20日）。在阿克苏地区的欧洲李果实三径和单果重生长都呈‘双S’曲线。在整个果实生长期‘女神’单果重的增长量最多。新梢的长度、粗度与单叶面积和叶绿素生长变化趋势一致。新梢和果实发育动态在生长前期和后期出现营养竞争,中期出现相互促进关系。     

Performance of an elite,hybrid family of a northern × southern highbush cross (‘Draper’ × ‘Jewel’)

A family of the cross of the northern highbush blueberry ‘Draper’?×?the southern highbush ‘Jewel’ (D?×?J) was propagated and phenotyped for plant size, yield, rate of flower, bud, and fruit development, leafing ability, winter hardiness, and fruit quality for 2 years in the field in Florida (FL), Georgia (GA), Michigan (MI), and Oregon (OR). In addition, a controlled greenhouse study was conducted on these progenies to estimate their chilling requirements. Significant levels of genotypic variability were observed for all the traits and the majority showed significant location and genotype?×?environmental interactions. Most of these traits were normally distributed across genotypes. There were many more flower buds per cane in GA than FL and OR, and many more vegetative buds broke in OR than in the southeastern states. Most of the various yield and growth traits were significantly correlated, except for flower buds per cane with plant height and width, and strength of leafing with plant width and flower buds/cane. Plants in OR developed much more slowly than those in FL and GA. There was a significant G?×?E effect on days to early green tip, floral bud break, and full bloom. Significant correlations were observed between all the developmental rates except between floral bud break and the days to full flowering and first blue fruit. Most individuals were severely damaged by winter cold in MI, although a few showed good tolerance. Significant location effects were observed for pH, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS), and SS/TA. Fruit in FL were a little softer and had higher SS/TA ratios than those in GA. There were significant interactions between genotype and environment for all the fruit quality traits except for fruit scar, firmness, anthocyanin content (ACY), and % juice. Fruit scar had a significant positive relationship with firmness and a significant negative relationship with flavor. Fruit color was significantly associated positively with soluble solids and ACY. Firmer fruit had significantly lower levels of ACYs. Fruit pH showed significant positive correlations with TA, TA/SS, and % juice, and significant negative relationship with SS and ACY. TA was significantly associated negatively with TA/SS and positively with ACY and % juice. TA/SS and ACY were positively correlated significantly with % juice. Two or three individuals were identified at each location that had high yields, were very early or late ripening and had excellent overall fruit quality. There were significant levels of genotypic, environmental (chilling hours) and G?×?E interaction among vegetative and floral buds for numbers of buds per shoot, percentage that developed and their developmental rate. The chilling requirement of highbush blueberry appears to be regulated polygenically as the D?×?J family segregated normally. On average, genotypes did more poorly at 250 and 350 chilling hours than the other chilling treatments.     

蓝莓反季成花机理研究初报

为揭示云贵高原产区蓝莓反季开花的形成机理,观察云南蓝莓的开花动态,并对不同时期产量构成因素进行相关分析。结果表明：（1）‘夏普蓝’出现了3次现蕾开花结果,连续2次开花之间没有时间间隔;‘双丰’出现了2次现蕾开花结果,连续2次开花之间有时间间隔;而‘蓝丰’只现蕾开花结果1次。（2）在‘夏普蓝’的第1次开花和结果中,一级分枝结果枝条数和一级分枝结果数与产量呈极显著正相关;在‘夏普蓝’的第2次开花和结果中,二级分枝结果枝条数与产量呈极显著正相关;在‘夏普蓝’的第3次开花和结果中,二级分枝结果枝条数与产量呈极显著正相关。（3）在‘双丰’的第1次开花和结果中,一级分枝结果枝条数和一级分枝结果数与产量呈极显著正相关;在‘双丰’的第2次开花和结果中,一级分枝结果数与产量呈极显著正相关。（4）‘蓝丰’开花和结果中,二级分枝结果枝条数和二级分枝结果数与产量呈极显著正相关。本研究对3个蓝莓品种的开花结实进行了梳理,研究结果可为进一步探讨蓝莓花芽分化与内源激素、蓝莓花芽分化与形态解剖、蓝莓花芽分化与成花基因等提供理论支撑。     

Combining apetalous parthenocarpy with columnar growth habit in apple

Summary ‘Wijcik’, a sport of ‘McIntosh’ with columnar growth habit, was crossed with ‘Wellington Bloomless’, which has apetalous flowers and bears parthenocarpic seedless fruit if not pollinated. The seedlings segregated for columnar versus normal habit but all had normal flowers and fruit. Four columnar seedlings were crossed with ‘Spencer Seedless’, another apetalous cultivar, and the resulting seedlings segregated not only for plant habit but also for apetalous versus normal flowers, approximately 1 : 1. Thus apetaly is controlled by a recessive gene, for which the symbolape is proposed. Apetalous columnar apples may be useful for planting in very high density orchards, cropping without pollination and thus not dependent on bees, pollinator varieties and warm weather at flowering time; moreover, being seedless they may avoid biennial bearing tendencies that are attributable to developing seeds inhibiting fruit bud formation.     

八棱海棠自然实生后代人工种群表型性状的变异研究

为研究表型性状在八棱海棠种子实生后代中的分离变异特征,探索种质早期预选择的时期和方法,以人工定植的200株八棱海棠自然实生植株群体为材料,调查不同样本植株的19个表型性状。变异系数和相关性分析表明,八棱海棠自然实生后代各表型性状均分离明显,果实性状的分离最大,其次为枝条性状,花性状分离最小。相关性分析表明,不同表型性状间存在一定的相关性,枝、叶、果实各表型性状间呈显著或极显著相关,其中果实纵径、横径、果重间呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.960、0.945和0.965,树高、干径与其他表型性状间相关性不显著。     

Inheritance mode of fruit traits in melon: Heterosis for fruit shape and its correlation with genetic distance

Fruit quality traits were studied in 12 exotic accessions and their hybrids with a “Piel de Sapo” inodorus melon cultivar. The genetic relationships among these genotypes were assessed with 16 microsatellite markers, which agreed with the classification of Cucumis callosus, C. pubescens and C. trigonus as accessions within C. melo. There were very large differences between all the exotic accessions and “Piel de Sapo” genotype for fruit traits. When the hybrids were analysed, three different situations regarding mid parent heterosis were found, depending on the trait: no heterosis (soluble solid concentration), highly variable, from negative to positive (fruit weight and fruit diameter) and general positive heterosis (ovary shape, fruit length and fruit shape). Best parent heterosis for fruit shape was also common among hybrids. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.81) was detected between fruit shape and fruit length heterosis, suggesting that fruit shape heterosis is caused mainly by the enlargement of the fruit longitudinally. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.84) between heterosis for fruit shape and genetic distance, as estimated with microsatellites, was also found. These results, together with the previously reported observation that melon fruit shape is polygenic and highly heritable, makes the genetics of melon fruit shape a suitable system for dissecting the genetic and molecular basis of heterosis.     

黄皮果实发育过程中糖酸及维生素C含量的变化

研究了黄皮两个主要栽培品种鸡心黄皮和郁南无核黄皮果实生长动态及其发育过程中糖、酸和维生素C含量的变化规律。结果表明：两个黄皮栽培品种果实纵、横径生长均呈双“S”型曲线；糖、酸和维生素C含量的变化两品种间虽有差异，但随着果实发育成熟呈规律性变化。果实糖含量随着果实发育成熟逐渐增加，其中鸡心黄皮在果实转黄后第3周（即花后12周）剧增，而无核黄皮在转黄后第5周（即花后14周）剧增；果实酸含量随着果实发育成熟逐渐下降，其中鸡心黄皮在果实转黄后第3周（即花后12周）开始剧降，而无核黄皮在转黄后第4周（即花后13周）开始剧降，直至果实成熟；维生素C含量在果实发育成熟的早期有升有降，但在果实成熟后期即果实转黄后第3~5周含量均急剧升高，最后成熟果维生素C含量显著高于青果     

黑皮冬瓜小孢子发育与花蕾形态建成的相关性研究

对4个黑皮冬瓜品种的小孢子发育进行了细胞学观察,并比较分析了小孢子发育与花蕾形态建成的相关性。结果表明,4个黑皮冬瓜品种的小孢子发育过程相同,可分为四分体时期、单核居中期、单核靠边期、单核有丝分裂期和双核期5个时期。小孢子发育与雄花蕾形态建成密切关联,小孢子直径与蕾径、蕾长、萼长、瓣长及雄蕊直径均呈对数式的正相关。因此,黑皮冬瓜小孢子发育时期可以根据雄花蕾的形态指标判定。黑皮冬瓜小孢子发育处于单核靠边期的雄花蕾蕾长0.54~0.76 cm,蕾径0.53~0.73 cm,萼长0.78~1.18 cm,瓣长0.49~0.60 cm,雄蕊直径0.39~0.53 cm,蕾长/蕾径0.99~1.06,萼长/瓣长1.68~1.97,着生于开花节之上的第7~8节。     

早果矮化苹果砧木Y系选育研究初报

利用苹果属野生砧木资源晋西北山定子实生选育苹果矮砧,从嫁接苹果品种成苗中选出当年形成花芽、第二年开花的植株571株,其中有325株当年结果,暂定名为Y系。并对树体开花、结果、生长量、越冬表现等项目的田间调查与综合评价,经过5年的工作现已初选出80个优系。初步试验表明,Y系苹果砧木抗逆性强,早花早果特性极为突出,嫁接栽培品种亲和性好,部分单系矮化性状明显,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Forage quality of genetically diverse alfalfa germplasms at four phenological growth stages

Summary Forage quality of various alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars has been determined under different environmental conditions, and numerous trials with alfalfa have documented an inverse relationship between forage quality and maturity. Little information is available, however, regarding the comparative forage quality of the germplasm sources from which most USA cultivars were developed. We compared forage quality of these germplasm sources at four phenological stages under disease- and insect-free conditions in a greenhouse. Germplasm sources (cultivars) tested were: Indian (Sirsa #9), African (African), Peruvian (Hairy Peruvian), Flemish (DuPuits), Turkistan (Lahontan), Chilean (Kansas Common), M. varia (Grimm), and Ladak (Ladak). Four harvests were taken and forage was separated into four phenological stages: vegetative, early bud (1–3 buds-per-stem), late bud (>3 buds-per-stem), and bloom. The germplasm source X phenological stage interaction was significant for crude protein (CP) and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) concentrations. M. varia showed the least decline in IVDDM and CP with increasing maturity. M. varia had higher IVDDM than did African and Indian at late bud and bloom stages. Indian and Flemish had higher CP than did Turkistan and Peruvian at late bud and bloom stages. Alfalfa germplasm sources differ in forage quality when comparisions are made within similar stages of phenological development.Joint contribution of the Dept. of Agronomy and USDA-ARS, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. Contribution no. 90-475-J.     

谷子萌芽期抗旱性鉴定研究

为了探索谷子种子萌发期相关抗旱性形态和生理生化指标,从而为谷子品种的早期抗旱性鉴定提供更多理论依据。通过PEG渗透胁迫人工模拟干旱条件,对20个谷子品种进行了萌芽期抗旱性研究。以种子的萌发抗旱指数为依据进行谷子萌芽期抗旱性筛选,将20个谷子品种分为五类。研究结果表明：在渗透胁迫条件下,谷子的发芽率、发芽势降低,幼根和幼芽的生长受到不同程度的抑制。其中发芽势、发芽率和幼芽长度与萌发抗旱指数呈极显著正相关(r=0.90**;r=0.73**;r=0.63**),根长和侧根数与萌发抗旱指数呈正相关(r=0.48*;r=0.51*),胚芽鞘长度与萌发抗旱指数相关性不显著。分析表明,发芽势可作为萌芽期抗旱性鉴定的一级指标;发芽率和幼芽长度可作为抗旱性鉴定的二级指标;根长和侧根数可作为萌芽期抗旱性鉴定的三级指标。鉴定谷子萌芽期抗旱性,可以以抗旱指数为主,结合其他5项指标进行综合评价。     

Variation in morphophysiological characters of fruits of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trigonobalanus doichangensis</Emphasis> (Fagaceae) according to individual trees,populations and years

Trigonobalanus doichangensis is recognized as a rare and endangered plant of China. The morphological and physiological traits of fruits were investigated in one population over 2 years (2006–2007) and in four populations during 2007 in order to facilitate ex-situ conservation and eventual reforestation through planting of propagules. The results indicated that morphological traits including fruit length, fruit width and 1,000-fruit weight showed significant variation among individual trees within populations (P < 0.01), however, not among populations. And each of them had significant positive correlation with each other (P < 0.01). Seed abortion occurred, and there was significant variation in percentage of fruit fill among populations and among individual trees within populations, whereas, percentage of fruit fill showed no correlation with the morphological traits. As for fruit germination, germination percentage, germination index and vigor index presented significant variation among populations and among individual trees within populations. The three germination-related indices had significant positive correlations with each other (r ≥ 0.9, P < 0.01) and with percentage of fruit fill (r > 0.86, P < 0.01), however, possessing weak correlations with morphological traits. It was also found that each of the traits mentioned above showed significant variation among individual trees within years, however, not between years. In addition, more than 48% of the variation occurred among individual trees both within populations and within years in all the fruit characters. We suggest that collecting fruits from various individuals at each of populations will be the preferred strategy to conserve the most genetic diversity of the species.     

大豆品种根系性状与地上部性状的相关性研究

采用盆栽方法, 对黑龙江省和吉林省的42份大豆品种的根系性状与地上部性状间的相关关系进行了研究. 结果表明: 大豆品种根系性状与地上部性状存在相关关系, 随生长进程的推进相关关系趋于明显. 鼓粒初期所测7个根系性状与地上部茎粗、冠鲜重、冠干重均呈中度(以上)相关关系, 除主根长度与冠鲜重之间的相关系数在0.05水平上达     

三个大果型番茄花药愈伤组织诱导分析

本研究以3个大果型番茄杂交种F1代('1401','1403','卡莱')的花药为试验材料,对其花药愈伤组织诱导的影响因素进行初步研究.结果表明:大果型番茄花药小孢子发育时期与花蕾长度以及花药长度呈正相关.较适番茄花蕾消毒方法为用70％酒精对番茄花蕾进行表面消毒30 s,然后再用加了0.1％吐温20的15％NaC1O消...     

Biometrical characters and selection in cultivated raspberry

A biometrical investigation has been made of the behaviour and inter-relations of the more important quantitative characters in selfed, sibbed and backcrossed families of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.). Plant characters analysed were height, vigour, spine intensity, mildew susceptibility and vegetative bud break; inbreeding depression particularly affects height and mildew susceptibility. Flowering and fruiting characteristics included flowering ability, fruit colour, first-year fruiting ability, time of ripening and maturity rate. Some families segregated for double bearing.Fruit qualities, including size, shape and texture, were assessed: heterosis may influence size, but large fruited inbreds are obtainable. The conical shape may be associated with advantageous fruit qualities. Texture depends partly on ability of drupelets to adhere and not to collapse under slight pressure; these two qualities are not necessarily correlated. There are no correlations between fruit size, or plug shape, with ease of picking.Flavour was assigned organoleptically to five classes. Backcrossing to a quality flavoured clone increased the frequency of good flavoured seedlings and reduced that of acidy types, but segregations for all classes occurred in sibs, selfs and backcrosses. Taste trials showed that people are generally agreed on the flavour they least like, but are unreliable in their preference. Commercial raspberry improvement should therefore be in the hands of several independent breeders.Thirty-six seedlings with the best all-round biometrical assessments, out of a total population of 841, were tested for yield over two years; two died in the first winter. Twenty-one seedlings had higher yields, four had the same and nine had less than their controls. Hence such an assessment is of value in assorting out the potentially higher yielders from the bulk of a breeding population.

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Samenvatting Bij een biometrisch onderzoek naar de belangrijkste eigenschappen van zelfbestuivingen, kruisingen en terugkruisingen van de framboos werden uit een populatie van 841 individuen die 36 uitgekozen welke, over het geheel genomen, het beste beoordelingscijfer behaalden. De nakomelingschappen hiervan werden gedurende 2 jaren op opbrengst getoetst. Twee overleefden de 1e winter niet, doch van de overige 34 bleken 21 een hoger opbrengstvermogen te bezitten dan de standaard, 4 gaven dezelfde opbrengst en 9 een lagere opbrengst.Schrijver concludeert, dat een biometrische analyse van de eigenschappen van waarde is bij de veredeling van de framboos.

     

Prediction of breeding values for average fruit weight in mango using a multivariate individual mixed model

Mango is an important horticultural fruit crop and breeding is a key strategy to improve ongoing sustainability. Knowledge of breeding values of potential parents is important for maximising progress from breeding. This study successfully employed a mixed linear model methods incorporating a pedigree to predict breeding values for average fruit weight from highly unbalanced data for genotypes planted over three field trials and assessed over several harvest seasons. Average fruit weight was found to be under strong additive genetic control. There was high correlation between hybrids propagated as seedlings and hybrids propagated as scions grafted onto rootstocks. Estimates of additive genetic correlation among trials ranged from 0.69 to 0.88 with correlations among harvest seasons within trials greater than 0.96. These results suggest that progress from selection for broad adaptation can be achieved, particularly as no repeatable environmental factor that could be used to predict G × E could be identified. Predicted breeding values for 35 known cultivars are presented for use in ongoing breeding programs.