内生真菌HL-1的除草活性及对作物的安全性

从青海省化隆县发病刺儿菜叶片上分离获得菌株HL-1,其发酵滤液对供试阔叶杂草猪殃殃、藜、冬葵、酸模叶蓼的发病率分别为98.10%、90.20%、56.67%和66.67%,病情指数为98.01、88.33、56.71和47.46;鲜质量防效达到69.31%、71.83%、65.54%和56.10%,表现出较好的除草活性。作物安全性试验结果显示,其发酵滤液对小麦、蚕豆安全,对油菜、豌豆和青稞有轻微影响。对该菌株的培养特性和16S r DNA基因序列进行分析,确定其为内生真菌。内生真菌菌株HL-1可以在以猪殃殃和藜为优势杂草的春小麦和蚕豆田中作为微生物源除草剂使用。     

Harmfulness of weeds in spring barley crops

In multifactor field experiments a close correlation is found between yield losses of two barley varieties (two-row Acha and six-row Sobolek) and air-dry biomass of weeds per unit area and proportion of their participation in total phytomass of the plant community in the crop tillering stage. The economic threshold of harmfulness 5% of the weed assemblage is calculated for both varieties. The possibility of weed control at a safe level by sowing the crop early is shown.     

噻吩磺隆防治谷田阔叶杂草药效试验

田间小区试验结果表明,噻吩磺隆防治谷田阔叶杂草,对马齿苋和苋菜的防治效果较好,对铁苋的防效较差。2006年试验结果显示25%噻吩磺隆666.7m^2适宜用量为5 g,为进一步验证最小使用量,2007年选用15%噻吩磺隆进行试验,结果适宜用量为3 g。     

25%灭草松防治谷田杂草药效试验

25%灭草松对铁苋、马泡防效较差,对马齿苋等杂草防治效果较好。谷田每666.7m2适宜使用量为100 g,重量防效在90%以上,施用10 d后,谷子生长正常。     

基于机器视觉的温室作物行间杂草的识别

根据温室行间植物的位置特征,应用空域中值滤波对图像进行预处理,然后运用色度法和最大方差自动取阈值法对图像处理,最后应用种子填充法将杂草和作物进行分割。结果表明,机器视觉技术在对温室杂草的识别方面具有一定的优越性。     

谷子秸秆浸提液及田间覆盖对4种杂草的化感作用研究

为探究谷子秸秆浸提液和田间覆盖对4种谷田恶性杂草（反枝苋、藜、狗尾草、稗草）的化感效应,在室内发芽试验中设置谷子秸秆浸提液原液（100 g/L,W₀）、稀释10×（W₁）、50×（W₂）、100×（W₃）液4个浓度和H₂O（CK₁）处理,测定处理后4种杂草种子的发芽率、根长、芽长、发芽率化感指数、根长化感指数、芽长化感指数、综合化感指数;大田试验设置遮光量对等的秸秆（F）和地膜覆盖（PF）处理,谷子秸秆覆盖量为2 000（F₁）、4 000（F₂）、8 000 kg/hm²（F₃）,地膜遮光处理为50%（PF₁）、70%（PF₂）、100%（PF₃）,以露地不覆盖为对照（CK₂）,测定田间4种杂草的株数、密度、盖度和杂草防效等指标。结果表明：与CK₁相比,谷子秸秆水浸提液对4种杂草种子的发芽率、根长、芽长均具有显著化感作用（P<0.05）,且不同浓度浸提液处理的作用存在显著差异。W₀处理对4种杂草种子的发芽率、根长、芽长均有化感抑制作用,对4种杂草种子萌发的抑制效果由强到弱为：藜（-0.86）>狗尾草（-0.84）>稗草（-0.51）>反枝苋（-0.44）,对反枝苋根长（-1.00）和稗草芽长（-0.84）的化感抑制效果较强;W₁和W₂处理对4种杂草种子萌发均表现为化感促进作用,化感指数由高到低均为：狗尾草（0.19）>反枝苋（0.16）>稗草（0.05）>藜（0.02）;W₃处理对狗尾草、稗草和反枝苋3种杂草种子的萌发有较弱的化感促进作用。大田试验中,随秸秆覆盖量的增加,4种杂草的密度和总盖度呈现逐渐下降的趋势;F₃处理在第3次中雨的5 d后对藜、狗尾草、稗草密度仍有显著的化感抑制作用（P<0.05）,3种杂草密度分别比CK₂减少61.66%、63.67%、86.68%;3次中雨5 d后的杂草总盖度均在F₃处理达到最低,与CK₂相比杂草总盖度分别降低24.23%、33.73%、13.56%;在第1次中雨5 d后,F₁和F₂处理的株防效均显著高于PF₁和PF₂处理,秸秆被雨水淋溶后土壤化感物质浓度增加,导致化感抑制作用增强,分别升高5.23%和19.09%;F₃处理在第1次中雨5 d后鲜重防效达到最大值,为52.45%,第2次中雨5 d后株防效达到最大值,为68.75%。随着秸秆覆盖时间的延长和降雨次数的增加,秸秆对杂草盖度和密度的化感抑制作用逐渐减弱。综上,谷子秸秆浸提液原液（100 g/L）处理对4种杂草种子萌发、根长、芽长的化感抑制效果最显著;谷子秸秆覆盖量为8 000 kg/hm²（F₃）可替代地膜覆盖用于谷田防除杂草。     

Airborne multi-spectral imagery for mapping cruciferous weeds in cereal and legume crops

Cruciferous weeds are competitive broad-leaved species that cause losses in winter crops. In the present study, research on remote sensing was conducted on seven naturally infested fields located in Córdoba and Seville, southern Spain. Multi-spectral aerial images (four bands, including blue (B), green (G), red (R) and near-infrared bands) taken in April 2007 were used to evaluate the feasibility of mapping cruciferous patches (Diplotaxis spp. and Sinapis spp.) in winter crops (wheat, broad bean and pea) and compare the accuracy of different supervised classification methods (vegetation indices, maximum likelihood and spectral angle mapper). The best classification method was selected to develop site-specific cruciferous treatment maps. Cruciferous patches were efficiently discriminated with red/blue (R/B) and blue/green (B/G) vegetation indices and the maximum likelihood classifier. At all of the locations, the accuracy of the results obtained from the spectral angler mapper was relatively low. The cruciferous weed-classified imagery of each location were created according to the method that provided the best discrimination results and were used to obtain site-specific treatment maps for in-season post-emergence control measures or herbicide applications for subsequent years. By applying the site-specific treatment maps, herbicide savings from 71.7 to 95.4% for the no-treatment areas and from 4.3 to 12% for the low-dose herbicide were obtained.     

施田补乳剂防除花生田杂草试验

小区试验表明,每６６７ｍ＾２（下同）用３３％施田补乳剂１２５ｍｌ、１５０ｍｌ、２００ｍｌ、２５０、ｍｌ对以藜草等阔叶杂草为主的花生田杂草的总体防效均优于对照农药５０％丁草胺乳油的２００ｍｌ处理。４个剂量处理的总防效为８２．６％～９３．４％,较丁草胺处理高３１．３％～４１．９％,尤其对藜草的防效远高于丁草胺,但对猪殃殃的防效差。施田补４个剂量处理中,以１５０ｍｌ为最佳,对杂草防效最高,增产也最显著;     

喷特防除夏茬作物田禾本科杂草的药效研究

喷特在夏茬作物田６６７ｍ＾２用４０ｍｌ对３￣４叶期禾笨科杂草马唐、牛筋草、稗草等有优良防效，对作物安全。防除７￣８叶期高龄杂草的效果优于高效盖草能、精禾 克、精喹禾灵、威霸等药剂。     

Dynamics of soil seed bank of weeds depending on cultivating technologies of agricultural crops

This article presents data on a comparative study of weeds’ soil seed bank during cultivation of agricultural crops by traditional and No-Till technologies in a crop rotation without fallow in the conditions of forest steppe of Western Siberia. It was found out that, in the case of direct seeding and with the use of herbicides, the reduction of weeds’ soil seed bank in the upper layer of the soil takes place in contrast to the traditional technology.     

小麦秸秆及浸提液对4种谷田杂草的化感防除作用

为探究利用小麦秸秆及浸提液对谷田杂草的化感作用。室内试验设置小麦秸秆浸提液1(T₁)、2(T₂)、10(T₃)、100 g/L(T₄)共4个处理和对照(CK₁,0 g/L),测定对稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv)、反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus L.)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv)、藜(Chenopodium album L.)4种杂草种子发芽率、根长、芽长、发芽化感指数、根长化感指数、芽长化感指数、综合化感指数的影响;田间试验设置0(CK₂)、2 250(W₁)、4 500(W₂)、9 000 kg/hm²(W₃)4种小麦秸秆覆盖还田量,50%(P₁)、70%(P₂)、100%(P₃)3种地膜覆盖遮光处理,测定4...     

Protection of cereals from dicotyledonous weeds by the new herbicide Bomba

The biological efficacy of a new herbicide based on tribenuron-methyl and florasulam of the sulfonylurea and triazolopyrimidine chemical classes in controlling a complex of annual and perennial dicotyledonous weeds in different grain-producing zones of the country in 2010–2012 is evaluated. Environmentally safe procedures and technology of its application are determined.     

1.5%甲嘧磺隆颗粒剂对苗圃杂草的防除效果

1.5%甲嘧磺隆颗粒剂对于缺乏水源的林区苗圃,通过撒施毒土法防除杂草,具有省时、省工、省水,便于携带,易推广应用等优点。为明确1.5%甲嘧磺隆颗粒剂对苗圃杂草的防除效果和安全性,于杂草2~4叶期进行土壤处理试验,结果表明:在所设计的处理中,株防效随剂量的增加而增加,且对试验地大部分禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草的防效显著。     

20%百草枯水剂防除夏玉米田杂草药效试验

为验证20%百草枯水剂防除夏玉米田杂草的效果及对作物的安全性,选择其田间适宜用量,为该药大面积推广应用提供科学依据,受山东省曲阜科信农化有限公司的委托,我所对其进行了田间药效试验,现将试验结果总结如下.     

25%虎威AC防除豆田阔叶杂草试验

大豆田内,阔叶类杂草已普遍形成危害,并呈加重趋势.1999年进行25%虎威AC防除豆田阔叶类杂草田间试验,测定筛选出有效最低用量、对大豆产生明显药害的下限用量,现报告如下.     

6种植物甲醇提取物对外来入侵杂草的除草活性

以薇甘菊Mikaina micrantha、三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa Lin.、香丝草Conyza bonariensis(L.)Cronq.、大薸Pistia stratiotes L.和空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxcroides(Mart.)Griseb.等5种外来入侵杂草为供试植物,用小杯法和植株生长量测定法对虎刺楤木、美洲商陆、大头续断、白花曼陀罗、枫杨和大蓟等6种植物甲醇提取物的除草活性进行测定。结果表明:大头续断和虎刺楤木的提取物在以质量浓度5.000mg/mL处理杂草7d后,对薇甘菊、三叶鬼针草、香丝草和大薸的生物活性均显著,大头续断提取物对这4种杂草的抑制率分别为90.05%、83.71%、92.68%和100%;虎刺楤木提取物对这4种杂草的抑制率分别为79.21%、81.17%、88.09%和100%;虎刺楤木提取物对大薸、香丝草和三叶鬼针草的活性显著,IC50分别为0.342 4、0.409 0、0.696 6mg/mL;大头续断和美洲商陆提取物对薇甘菊的根有较强的抑制作用,IC50分别为0.721 0、0.716 7mg/mL;6种植物提取物对空心莲子草的生物活性均不显著。     

3种高浓度草甘膦防除冬季免耕地杂草的效果

试验结果表明,3种高浓度草甘膦对冬季免耕地碎米荠、雀舌草、牛繁缕、看麦娘、早熟禾、通泉草、鼠曲等杂草都有较好的防除效果,其中农达3.00 L·hm-2,泰草达2.16 L·hm-2具有较好的防效,可能是助剂及不同的草甘膦盐在植物吸收过程中存在差异对药效产生影响。     

Deep learning-based identification system of weeds and crops in strawberry and pea fields for a precision agriculture sprayer

Precision Agriculture - Controlling weed infestation through chemicals (herbicides &amp; pesticides) is essential for crop yield. However, excessive use of these chemicals has caused severe...