Salinity Effects on the Growth and Ion Contents of Some Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) Varieties

The effect of salinity on seed germination, plant yield parameters, and plant Na, Cl and K concentrations of chickpea and lentil varieties was studied. Results showed that in both crops percentage emergence was significantly reduced by increasing NaCl levels (0–8dSm^?1). From the plant growth studies it was found that differences existed among chickpea and lentil varieties in their response to NaCl application. In chickpea, the variety Mariye showed the comparatively lowest germination percentage and the lowest seedling shoot dry weight in response to salinity and was also among the two varieties which had the lowest relative plant height, shoot and root dry weight and grain yield at maturity. Similarly, variety DZ-10-16-2, which was the second best in germination percentage and the highest in terms of seedling shoot dry weight, also had the highest relative plant height, shoot and root dry weights, and grain yield at maturity. In lentil, however, such relationships were less pronounced. Chloride concentration (mg g^?1) in the plant parts at salt levels other than the control was about 2–5 times that of Na. K concentration in the plants was significantly reduced by increasing NaCl levels. Chickpea was generally more sensitive to NaCl salinity than lentil. While no seeds were produced at salinity levels beyond 2dSm^?1 in chickpea (no seeds were produced at this salt level in the most sensitive variety, Mariye), most lentil varieties could produce some seeds up to the highest level of NaCl application. Overall, varieties R-186 (lentil) and Mariye (chickpea) were the most sensitive of all varieties. On the other hand, lentil variety NEL-2704 and chickpea variety DZ-10-16-2 gave comparatively higher mean relative shoot and root dry weights, and grain yield, thus showing some degree of superiority over the others. The observed variations among the varieties may be useful indications for screening varieties of both crops for salt tolerance.     

Salinity Effects on Growth and Ionic Relations of two Triticale Varieties Differing in Salt Tolerance

Two varieties of triticale possessing differential tolerance to salinity were grown in a glass-house in nutrient solution with or without the addition of 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl. Plants were harvested after 20, 30, 37 and 44 days of vegetative growth. Relatively salt sensitive variety had slightly better growth in nutrient solution without salt throughout the study period but it could not survive at 150 mM NaCl treatment upto the final harvest. Better relative growth rates of the salt tolerant variety were observed at all salt levels during the four harvests. A significant negative correlation between Cl in shoot tissue water and the growth depression was observed for the salt sensitive variety. Better salt tolerance of the relatively salt tolerant variety seemed to be due to its ability to avoid salt build-up in plant body which was confirmed by short term Na and Cl uptake from labelled solution of 100 mM NaCl.     

3种盐胁迫对小麦苗期生长的影响

为探讨土壤盐分含量与小麦生长的关系,选用永良4号,通过盆栽试验,研究了在不同盐分离子种类NaCl,Na2SO4,NaCl Na2SO4,7个盐分水平(0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,0.5%,0.6%,0.7%)条件下小麦苗期的生长情况。结果表明,随着土壤盐浓度的升高,小麦的出苗率、株高均有所下降。NaCl对小麦的胁迫作用最大,NaCl Na2SO4次之,Na2SO4最小。低浓度盐胁迫对小麦根的生长有一定的刺激作用,但随着盐浓度的增加,盐分对根的生长产生了抑制作用,但作用均比较小,并且与地上部分相反。试验结果将对盐渍化耕地小麦生产有重要的参考价值。     

Root Growth of a Salt Susceptible and a Salt Resistant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) During Seedling Establishment Under NaCl Salinity

The salt susceptible rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cv. Jaya and salt resistant cv. Damodar seed germination and seedling growth rates were studied in laboratory and field conditions. The effect of salinity on seed germination, shoot and root length, seedling vigour index (SVI) and increase in the root: shoot length ratio in the laboratory was relatively more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar. The relative susceptibility to salinity was more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar in the field also. However, their responses varied with growth period. The root: shoot length and fresh and dry weight ratios increased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Jaya. The root: shoot fresh and dry weight ratio decreased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Damodar. However, the root: shoot fresh weight ratio decreased with salinity at 25 days in the susceptible cv. Jaya. The root and shoot length fresh and dry weight of cv. Damodar was enhanced at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl treatment compared to the control seedlings at 25 days. SVI in cv. Jaya decreased with salinity in the laboratory and field conditions. SVI in cv. Damodar, SVI showed little change at 15 days but decreased with salinity of 1–3% NaCl with an enhancement at 0.5% NaCl level in the laboratory and at 25 days in field conditions.     

Salinity tolerance of wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum

Salinity tolerance of 47 wild barley genotypes and six barley cultivars was evaluated under control and salinity stress (300 mM NaCl) conditions. Shoot and root dry weight (DW), plant height, membrane stability index (MSI), relative water content, survival rate, leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents, root and leaf Na, K, Ca and K/Na ratio, and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured. Salinity stress caused significant increase in the MDA, proline content, Na and Ca concentrations of the roots and leaves, but resulted in a decrease in the other traits. H. spontaneum genotypes were considerably less affected by the salinity than the genotypes of H. vulgare. Plant survivability was negatively correlated with the Na concentration (r =−.66) but positively correlated with the leaf K/Na ratio (r = .67) and MSI (r = .68). Tolerance mechanisms such as ion exclusion (Na) were likely to be present in the wild barley causing K/Na homeostasis as well as the much lower root and shoot Na, resulting in the higher survival rate.     

低磷胁迫对不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状的影响

为研究低磷胁迫对小麦苗期性状的影响,在对照(200 μmol/L KH2PO4)和低磷(5 μmol/L KH2PO4)条件下比较了6个不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状指标。结果表明,小麦根系和地上部对低磷胁迫的反应不同,低磷诱导小麦根系伸长,根系生物量（根鲜重和根干重）增加,供试的6个小麦品种在低磷条件下的根系鲜重和干重与对照相比差异均达到显著或极显著水平。低磷处理对地上部则表现出抑制作用,但对不同品种的影响程度差异较大。总体来看,低磷胁迫处理对小麦根系性状的影响大于地上部性状,不同苗期性状受低磷胁迫影响的程度分别为：根系鲜重>最长根长>根系干重>地上部鲜重>地上部干重>苗长。6个供试小麦品种中,‘中国春’对低磷胁迫最为敏感,而‘京411’的耐低磷性相对较强。     

Root and shoot responses of upland New Rice for Africa varieties to fluctuating soil moisture conditions as affected by different levels of nitrogen fertilization

Drought cycling and soil re-watering trends due to intermittent rainfall patterns are key stress factors that influence rice growth and yield under upland cultivation conditions. However, upland rice adaptation responses to fluctuating soil moisture conditions remain poorly understood. This study investigated root and shoot responses of upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties to episodic drought and re-watering during growth. We examined root and shoot growth of NERICA 1 and NERICA 4 compared with those of IR72, an improved lowland variety, and Dular, a traditional drought-tolerant variety, in terms of soil moisture fluctuations with different levels of nitrogen fertilization under field conditions that impeded deep root development. During soil moisture fluctuation, all varieties reduced shoot dry weight compared with well-watered plants, regardless of nitrogen fertilization levels. However, total root length for the three upland varieties was enhanced by soil moisture fluctuations at moderate and high nitrogen fertilization, while that of the lowland variety was reduced. Comparing root development during water fluctuations revealed that NERICA 1 had a greater root system than NERICA 4, which was attributed to lateral root development. Furthermore, we found that NERICA varieties increase lateral root mass during soil desiccation under adequate nitrogen fertilization, while Dular and IR72 reduced their root growth rate during drought and increased it after re-watering. Both root growth patterns developed, from around maximum tillering to heading. The analysis of regression between root elongation and shoot growth with fluctuating soil moisture indicated that an enhanced root system during drought, on adequate nitrogen fertilization, can contribute to shoot growth when sufficient water becomes available, specifically around the maximum tillering to the heading growth stage of rice.     

Growth and Development of Wild Oat and Dual-Purpose Barley Seedlings

Wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) and dual-purpose barley ( Hordeum spontaneum L.) are native species that grow in many parts of Jordan. We compared seedling growth and development of wild oat and dual-purpose barley in pots under field conditions. The seedling fresh root volume (cm³), root oven-dry weight (g), shoot oven-dry weight (g) and dry root weight to dry shoot weight ratio of both species were evaluated at ages 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after emergence (DAE). Seedlings of the two species at 20 and 40 DAE had similar fresh root volumes and weights. At 60 DAE, the root volumes of barley and oat increased to 2- and 3-fold the volumes at 40 DAE, respectively. By 80 DAE, root volume had increased to 13.6 and 10.2 cm³ for wild oat and dual-purpose barley, respectively. At 100 DAE, the root weight of dual-purpose barley significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased to 1.1 g, whereas wild oat root weight did not change significantly. Wild oat showed a slightly higher root/shoot ratio at 20 DAE than dual-purpose barley (0.88 for wild oat compared to 0.70 for dual-purpose barley). At 60 and 80 DAE, both species showed a reduction in root/shoot ratio, and this reduction increased at 100 DAE (0.46 and 0.33 for wild oat and dual-purpose barley, respectively). Our data indicate that the growth and development of the two grass species follow similar patterns.     

Salinity Tolerance of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) with Reference to Endogenous and Exogenous Abscisic Acid

Experiments conducted m a phytotron on three rice varieties of different salinity tolerance revealed an increase in the content of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) with increasing NaCl salinity in IR20 (semi salt-tolerant), but in Pokkali (salt-tolerant) and IR28 (salt-sensitive) the increase in ABA content was marginal. Under sahnity stress, in general, 5 weekly sprayings of ABA (10^-4 mol L^-1) decreased Na and K concentrations in the shoot to the extent of 29.5 % and 3.3 %, respectively. However, ABA application significantly improved the K/Na ratio as well as the chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio (Rfd, indicator for potential photosynthetic activity), the number of green leaves per plant and the shoot dry weight. The response of IR20 and IR28 to ABA application was significantly better than that of Pokkali. Increasing salinity caused marked nutrient imbalances, decreased Rfd values and shoot dry weight. The results are discussed in relation to possible mechanism of salinity tolerance.     

Applications of polysaccharides (β-glucan) for physiological and biochemical parameters for evaluation rice tolerance under salinity stress at seedling stage

Salt stress is considered to be the most important abiotic stress and is the main problem in the interruption of the metabolic processes of plants, thereby limiting crop production. The present study was carried out to examine the effects of exogenously applied mushroom polysaccharides (β-glucan) on the growth of two rice varieties of Oryza sativa L. (MRQ74 and MR269) seedlings grown in vitro in 200 Mm sodium chloride (NaCl). Growth characteristics, including shoot and root height, and fresh and dry weight of salt-stressed rice seedlings were inhibited by sodium chloride treatment, the degree of which depends on the rice variety. The negative effects of salinity stress resulted in an imbalance of N, K⁺ Na⁺ and Na/K ratios and biochemical analysis activities a degradation of chlorophyll content in the plants. However, treatment with exogenously applied polysaccharides (β-glucan) ameliorated the stress generated by NaCl and improved the parameters mentioned above. The significance of the changes in growth and metabolism to salt stress tolerance in rice seedlings are discussed in the paper.     

大豆品种根系性状与地上部性状的相关性研究

采用盆栽方法, 对黑龙江省和吉林省的42份大豆品种的根系性状与地上部性状间的相关关系进行了研究. 结果表明: 大豆品种根系性状与地上部性状存在相关关系, 随生长进程的推进相关关系趋于明显. 鼓粒初期所测7个根系性状与地上部茎粗、冠鲜重、冠干重均呈中度(以上)相关关系, 除主根长度与冠鲜重之间的相关系数在0.05水平上达     

A comparison of five varieties of Lolium perenne with special reference to the relationship between the root and shoot systems

The growth of five varieties of Lolium perenne was compared while growing in nutrient solution. Differences in shoot growth were found to be due to variations in the rate of tiller production rather than the size of tiller. The size of the individual roots varied with the variety, and it was this variation which largely caused differences in the root growth relative to shoot growth. The larger the root relative to shoot growth the greater was the adverse effect of defoliation.     

The Response of Four Sorghum Accessions/Cultivars to Salinity During Plant Development

Whole-plant-response of four sorghum accessions to increasing mM NaCl concentrations of 0, 100, and 150 was assessed at three growth stages (GS-1, GS-2, and GS-3), in a sand-culture experiment. Accession comparisons were made on the basis of absolute and relative salt tolerance values. Increasing salinity significantly reduced plant height at GS-1, whilst shoot and root dry weight were less affected. The effect of NaCl on these characters was greater at GS-2 and GS-3, and accessions differed significantly in their responses to salinity. On the basis of plant height data, Giza 114 had the highest absolute salt tolerance at all three growth stages. However based on shoot and root dry weight data, Double TX and Giza 114 were both significantly more NaCl-tolerant than INRA 133 and INRA 353 at GS-2. Based on relative salt tolerance values of shoot and root dry weight, and plant height, Double TX and Giza 114 were more affected by salinity at GS-3 than INRA 133 and INRA 353. INRA 133 and INRA 353 exhibited progressively higher tolerance at all growth stages, and produced more grains than Double TX and Giza 114 , and consequently had higher grain yield per plant. NaCl salinity had little effect on grain weight. Plant sensitivity to NaCl at three growth stages differs in the four accessions, and is genotype-specific. This suggests that there is considerable variation in salt tolerance in sorghum at the adult stage which may be exploited through selection and breeding of plants to effect further improvement in salinity tolerance in this species.     

水稻幼苗生长对弱光胁迫的响应及相关分析

耐弱光性不同的水稻品种对光照条件反应不同,确定水稻耐弱光鉴定指标,可以快速有效地从大量种质资源中筛选耐弱光的水稻品种,提高品种耐弱光选择效率。试验对不同基因型的61份水稻品种（品系）于苗期进行遮光处理,分别研究各品种在不同光照下的叶龄、苗高、根长、地上部干重、根干重、根冠比、根体积、叶绿素（SPAD值）、单株重的变化,并对各性状的相对指数进行相关及通径分析。试验结果表明,在55%遮光条件下,不同水稻品种的叶绿素含量均增加,苗高变化不一,多数品种的根长、叶龄、根体积、根干重有不同程度的下降,少数品种的根长、叶龄、根体积、根干重增加,各品种地上部干重和单株重均有不同程度的下降;而且,弱光下地上部干重、根干重、根长的相对指数与单株重相对指数直接通径系数分别为0.7592、0.2105、0.0346,相关系数为0.9034、0.7634、0.6862,可见,弱光下的地上部干重相对指数是鉴定水稻耐弱光性的可靠指标,弱光下的根干重和根长相对指数可作为耐弱光性鉴定的重要辅助指标。     

Response of Wheat Varieties from Semi-arid Regions of Jordan to Salt Stress

This study was carried out to determine the effects of salinity levels (control, 6, 12 and 18 dS m^?1) on germination, seedling growth, some agronomic traits and proline accumulation in leaves of nine wheat varieties adapted to semi‐arid areas of Jordan. The tested wheat materials included eight durum wheat varieties (Haurani 27, Acsad 65, Om Rabbeeh, Sham 1, Safra Ma’an, Katma, Al‐Samra and F8) and one bread wheat variety (Diel Harthon). Final germination percentage, shoot and seminal root length, and all growth and yield parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by increasing salinity level. Proline content was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by increasing salinity. There were significant variety × salt interactions (P < 0.05) on final germination percentage, seminal root length, grain yield and yield‐related traits indicating that the varieties responded to salt differently. Sham 1 did not show any decrease in germination ability at the different salinity levels. Haurani 27, Acsad 65, Al‐Samra and Diel Harthon showed a nonsignificant reduction in germination potential at low and intermediate salt levels. Safra Ma’an and Al‐Samra showed the lowest reduction in seminal root length at low salt level and consequently exhibited the lowest stress susceptibility index ‘S’ values. Grain yield‐based stress susceptibility index ‘S’ indicated that Haurani 27, Acsad 65, Katma, Al‐Samra, F8 and Diel Jardoon were more salt tolerant than Om Rabbeeh, Sham 1 and Safra Ma’an. In conclusion, a similar salt tolerance was observed at different growth stages in Haurani 27, Acsad 65 and Al‐Samra. Consequently, these three varieties could be considered as salt tolerant and accordingly they are suitable for durum wheat improvement. Furthermore, Sham 1 had the highest ability to germinate at high salinity level indicating that it has a genetic potential for salt tolerance, at least at this stage of its life cycle.     

双季稻区长期不同施肥管理对大麦干物质积累及产量的影响

为探明双季稻区不同施肥制度对大麦干物质积累及产量的影响, 以 ‘通 0306’ 和 ‘蒙啤麦 1号’ 为材料, 采用田间小区试验方法, 系统比较研究了 30%有机肥+70%化肥、 60%有机肥+40%化肥和无肥 3种施肥制度对大麦干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明, 大麦主要生育期, 单株根系、 茎干物质和地上部分干重均表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥; 分蘖期至成熟期, 各处理间大麦单株根系和茎干重差异均达显著水平。叶、 穗均表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥, 60%有机肥和 30%有机肥处理均显著高于对照。分蘖期到成熟期, 根系干重占总干物质量的比例为无肥＞30%有机肥＞60%有机肥, 穗干重比例为 30%有机肥＞60%有机肥＞无肥; 拔节期到成熟期, 茎的比例均以 60%有机肥处理最高; 叶干物质比例在成熟期为无肥＞60%有机肥＞30%有机肥。大麦主要生育期, 30%有机肥和 60%有机肥处理大麦叶片 SPAD值均显著高于无肥处理; 成熟期, 各处理间差异达显著水平。大麦各生育期, 各处理大麦单株叶面积表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥。各施肥处理大麦产量表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥, 分别比无肥增产 717.45~721.15 kg/hm²和 756.45~782.05 kg/hm²。说明不同施肥制度大麦干物质积累和产量有各自特征, 有机肥与化肥配施处理植株干物质总量大而且分配合理, 有利于改善产量构成因素, 增加大麦产量。     

镉对不同小麦品种种子萌发的影响

用室内生物测定方法,在0.5 mmol/L镉胁迫下,对贵州省主要栽培的30个小麦品种种子的萌发率、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、芽长、鲜重以及综合效应进行了统计。结果表明,Cd对种子发芽率影响较小,对发芽指数、活力指数、根、芽生长的影响显著,且对根的抑制效应大于芽;不同小麦品种种子萌发对Cd的响应差异较大。应用快速聚类方法,根据综合效应可以将参试品种划分为耐受型、中间型和敏感型3种不同的敏感类型,其中耐性品种有丰优5号、早麦16号、丰优9870,不耐品种有安麦5号、川麦10号、丰优2号等,其他为耐盐性中等品种。     

Salt Tolerance of Some Oats (Avena sativa L.) Varieties at Germination and Seedling Stage

Soil salinity is the serious problem of the arid and semi-arid tracts of the world. It causes great losses to agriculture by lowering the yields of various crops. However, such soil may be utilized either after reclaimation or by growing tolerant plant species. The degree of salt tolerance varies not only with plant species but the different varieties of the same species show variation in salt tolerance. Germination and seedling stages have a bearing on plant development at later stages of growth and ultimately crop yield. Therefore, in the present investigation, twelve varieties of oats viz., Colabagh, Kent, JHO-801, JHO-802, JHO-810, JHO-815, JHO-816, S-3021, S-2688, Chauripatti, UPO-201 and Sierra were tested for their relative salt tolerance to increasing levels of salinity in those combination of salts which nearly exist in the natural salt affected soils. Seeds were sown in petri dishes and were exposed to five salinity (40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 me/L. of salts) levels. The germination percentage, root and shoot length and dry weight of the seedlings decreased with increase in salinity. In general, varieties JHO-815, JHO-802, JHO-816 and UPO-201 were found to be more tolerant at germination and seedling stages.     

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Growth, Photosynthesis and Mineral Ions Accumulation of Different Types of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Growth, photosynthesis and mineral ions accumulation of aromatic small grain, local coarse grain and HYV types of rice were evaluated under saline conditions. Three cultivars from each type were subjected to 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mvi NaCl concentrations. After three weeks of 200 mvi NaCl application only Pokkali and Kalobail, both belonging to the local coarse grain type and IPK 37011 of the HYV type were able to survive. Plant height, green leaf area, leaf weight, shoot and root growth were seriously decreased by salinity. However, leaf area was decreased more than other growth parameters. In general aromatic small grain type showed higher salt-sensitiveness in relation to growth than other types of rice. Photosynthesis (Pn) was decreased by salinity and apparently stomatal resistance was partially responsible for the decreased Pn. Kalijira, an aromatic small grain eultivar, showed serious reduction in Pn, especially at the 150mM NaCl level. Na accumulation was increased while K accumulation was decreased by salinity in all types. Salt tolerant eultivars in all types of rice accumulated less Na and more K than susceptible ones. The K/Na ratio was also higher in tolerant eulti-vars. Ca and Mg eoncentrations were decreased by salinity although not all the eultivars showed clear accumulation patterns as observed for Na and K. As HYV and local coarse grain types of rice in general showed high salt tolerance, a comprehensive breeding programme should be of value for the improvement of salt tolerance of aromatic small grain rice which has a high demand in rice importing countries.     

不同小麦品种对节节麦的化感作用

本文采用培养皿琼脂共培法,通过研究不同小麦品种对节节麦根长、芽长、根干重、芽干重等生长指标的影响,评价不同小麦品种对节节麦的化感作用差异,以期筛选出对节节麦化感作用较强的小麦品种,为节节麦综合防治提供潜在可行途径。研究结果表明,在测定的46个小麦品种中,不同小麦品种对节节麦根长、芽长、根干重、芽干重的化感作用均存在显著差异;且小麦对节节麦根的化感作用大于对芽的化感作用。以RI值作为化感作用指标,并运用聚类分析,将46个小麦品种按化感能力的强弱分为强、中、弱3个类群,筛选出‘山农15’、‘济麦23’、‘泰科麦30’、‘FC009’、‘良星66’、‘众信7503’等6个品种对节节麦具有较强化感作用。