棉花无土育苗及优质高产配套栽培技术研究

[目的]探讨无土育苗棉花优质高产配套栽培技术。[方法]以南抗9号、湘杂棉8号、太D5、鄂杂棉11号为示范品种，采用无土育苗后在铜陵县进行无钵移栽示范，分析无土育苗棉花的各种性状，探讨无土育苗棉花优质高产配套栽培技术。[结果]无土育苗棉花移栽成活率较高，达95％vX上；无土育苗能提高棉花的叶片及根系功能、抗病性、产量及经济效益。南抗9号无土育苗后籽棉产量4254．0kg/hm^2，湘杂棉8号无土育苗后籽棉产量3519．0kg／hm^2，太D5籽棉无土育苗后产量达到4543．5kg／hm^2。提出了无土育苗无钵移栽棉花的配套栽培技术。[结论]为棉花的无土育苗优质高产栽培提供了基础资料。     

棉花两无栽培示范表现及分析

两无栽培即无土育苗无载体移栽是国内外棉业界具革命性划时代意义的实用型农业高新技术，打破了中国几十年营养钵育苗移栽的旧栽培体系。关键技术是根据苗期各生长阶段的营养特点，科学配方制成工业化营养液来满足棉花生长需要，使棉花壮苗早发，二叶一心期适于移栽时配以专利技术生根剂处理，使棉花移栽后快速生根、快速成活、根系发达。为了推广应用，2005年在彭泽县进行试种示范，以观察其高产、稳产等综合效应。     

江苏省棉花育苗移栽亩产皮棉百公斤栽培技术

江苏省棉花育苗移栽的研究起始于50年代,到70年代后期得到推广应用,目前育苗移栽面积约占全省棉田总面积的90％以上。同时,在棉花育苗移栽的基础上,研究示范和推广了移栽地膜棉,目前移栽地膜棉面积占全省棉花育苗移栽面积的60％以上。由于移栽地膜棉和露地移栽棉配套栽培技术研究成果的推广应用以及生产经验的总结和提高,江苏省棉花单产一直处于全国前列,其中1996～1998年三年全省平均单产皮棉达1129.5kg·hm-2,并在生产中出现了移栽地膜棉每公顷皮棉超1875kg,露地移栽棉亩产皮棉超1500kg的高产示范方。预计在今后一段时间内棉花育苗移栽的关键配套技术仍是我省棉花持续、稳定发展的技术支撑。本文是按照GB/T1.1—1993《标准化工作导则》的要求,由江苏省农业科学院、江苏省农林厅提出、江苏省农业科学院经济作物研究所和江苏省作物栽培技术指导站编制的“棉花育苗移栽亩产皮棉100～125 kg栽培技术规程”的主要内容。     

棉花水浮育苗技术在湖北潜江的应用与效果

通过在湖北省潜江市棉区设立水浮育苗移栽与传统营养钵育苗移栽的对比试验和示范，结果表明：棉花水浮育苗技术具有省种、省工、省地和出苗率高，移栽成活率高，中后期生长快，成铃数多的优点，是一种轻简化栽培技术，适合在潜江棉区推广应用。     

江西省永修县2013年棉花轻简育苗移栽示范总结

2013年江西省永修县农业局在永修县艾城镇西津村示范棉花轻简化育苗移栽8hm2，达到示范片灾年平均理论籽棉产量为4660．8kg／hm。主要是采取了“培育健壮基质棉苗、适度增加移栽密度、肥促化控调节长势、排渍抗旱促早防衰和防病治虫突出重点”关键栽培技术。     

刘极灿副厅长在全省丘陵旱地棉花“矮密早”试验示范现场会上的总结讲话

刘极灿副厅长在全省丘陵旱地棉花“矮密早”试验示范现场会上的总结讲话编者按：１９９５年９月２３～２４日由省棉办组织棉花专家考察组及各市、县领导对我省都昌县实施棉花“矮、密、早’试验示范项目进行了实地考察。借鉴新疆的植棉经验，对我省６０％以上的丘陵红壤低...     

中棉所23在湖北荆门受欢迎

中棉所２３在湖北荆门受欢迎邓松湖北荆门马良艾店良种示范场４４８２６７中棉所２３是中国农科院棉花研究所育成的棉花新品种。我场１９９５年从中棉所引进中棉所２３原种种植，通过比较试验、示范表明，该品种在我地无论作春播、麦棉套种还是作油后棉，均具有早熟、高...     

中棉所87在湖北沙洋县示范效果及高产栽培技术

中棉所87是中国农业科学院棉花研究所选育的强优势高产优质棉花新品种。为掌握该品种特征特性，根据中国棉花研究所科技服务中心统一安排，2013年在沙洋县马良镇邓集村、姚集乡大潮村和高阳镇刘庙村多点布置了试验示范。并与中棉所76、中棉所63、国欣棉八号等大面积主推品种进行了对比，重点观察了其生育特性和探索了高产高效栽培技术途径。     

赣北棉区地膜移栽棉的关键栽培技术

为了解决赣北棉区棉花迟发问题，进一步挖掘棉花增产潜力，在全面普及营养钵双膜覆盖育苗、争早苗壮苗的基础上，引用了地膜移栽技术，以实现壮苗早发、优质高产。１地膜移栽在赣北棉区示范的反映从两年示范推广的情况看，棉花地膜移栽是一项优势明显、缺点突出的栽培技术...     

棉花专用催熟脱叶剂哈威达在机采棉田的应用效果

化学脱叶催熟技术是机械采棉综合农艺配套技术的关键环节和重要前提。新疆建设兵团农八师122团场是新疆的优质棉生产重要基地,棉花面积占耕地总面积的80%以上,于2001年开始试验推广机采棉,通过5年的试验、示范和推广,机采棉的推广工作已取得较大进展,尤其是在化学脱叶催熟技术上总结出了比较成熟的经验,在应用棉花专用催熟脱叶剂哈威达的技术上积累了较丰富的实践经验。1试验示范效果农八师122团场自2001年开始实施机采棉试验、示范、推广工作以来,在化学脱叶催熟剂的选择、使用及大面积推广应用上积累了一定的实践经验。2001-2003年,分别进…     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。