Effects of natural rapids and waterfalls on fish assemblage structure in the Madeira River (Amazon Basin)

Abstract – Habitat connectivity is considered a central factor shaping ecological communities, and the effects of waterway barriers such as natural waterfalls on fish movements are expected to produce differing assemblage structures in riverine ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the influence of a sequence of waterfalls on the compositional dissimilarity of fish assemblages along the Madeira River, the largest tributary of the Amazon River. We found significant differences in species composition between rivers stretches located upstream and downstream of Teotônio waterfall and, to a less extent, Jirau waterfall, independently of the hydrological period. After accounting for the relative roles of local and regional factors in explaining fish compositional dissimilarity, we still observe a significant effect of the waterfalls. We conclude that these waterfalls act as natural ecological barriers limiting fish dispersal processes and discuss aspects of these ecological filters and the potential effects of two dams currently under construction in the Madeira River.     

Upstream migration of the anadromous sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758) in a highly impounded river: Impact of low‐head obstacles and fisheries

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Pre‐impoundment stock assessment of two Pimelodidae species caught by small‐scale fisheries in the Madeira River (Amazon Basin – Brazil)

The middle stretch of the Madeira River has supported an intensive commercial fishery for several decades. Developed in an area of rapids and waterfalls, this fishery focuses primarily on catfish stocks, mainly pimelodids. Data from fish landings collected in the years immediately prior to the start in operations of two large hydroelectric dams were used to estimate growth and mortality rates for Pirinampus pirinampu (Spix & Agassiz) and Brachyplatystoma platynemum Boulenger. In addition, stock assessment was carried out for both species, and the results used to evaluate the status of the fishery. Mean population parameters were L_∞ = 80.85 cm (total length), k = 0.52 year^?1, ? = 3.53, A_0.95 = 6 year, M = 0.87, F = 1.41–1.64 and Z = 2.28–2.51 for P. pirinampu; and L_∞ = 95.55 cm (total length), k = 0.28 year^?1, ? = 3.40, winter point = 0.41, A_0.95 = 11 year, M = 0.55, F = 0.16–0.35 and Z = 0.71–0.90 for B. platynemum. Yield‐per‐recruit analysis indicated P. pirinampu was overfished and that the stock of B. platynemum was under‐exploited. Moreover, overfishing of the P. pirinampu stock and the effects of fragmentation caused by the construction of the dam should be monitored.     

Population decline in the endemic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Kapisillit River,Greenland

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., is found throughout the North Atlantic, with thousands of rivers having spawning populations. In Greenland, spawning is limited to one river in West Greenland, the Kapisillit River (64?N), and the salmon are limited to the lower few kilometres of the system. Using mark–recapture, it was estimated the parr population was 5,953 individuals, and that the population size has declined by 52% since 1959. In spite of this decline, parr density remains high, being between 0.26 and 0.62 parr/m². Using a historical age‐length key, an estimated minimum of 635 smolt will have descended to the sea in 2017. These will be caught in a fishery currently subject to no regulatory measures and fishing remains the most likely driver of the population decline. The genetically distinct population is endemic to Greenland, and managers should implement measures to conserve this genetic integrity and local biodiversity.     

亚马逊流域玛代拉河Santo Antonio 鱼道设计与建设的启示

Santo Antonio过鱼设施位于亚马逊河最大支流玛代拉河下游,其设计规模宏大,在世界范围内鲜有,并且工程建设地所在区域水文环境和鱼类生物学特征等与我国长江较为类似,通过分析该过鱼设施,得出启示主要包括：（1）过鱼设施是为生物对象设计的水利工程,其设计和建设过程中必须由工程师和生物学家紧密合作;（2）吸引水流对过鱼设施的成败起关键性作用,虽然吸引水流系统需要加大投资并且运行过程中会损失大量的水能,但从确保过鱼设施效果而言是非常必要的;（3）物理模型对于鱼道进口位置,鱼道内部水力学特征的确定等具有重要参考价值,尤其在1:1局部模型内开展的生物学实验是细化和优化鱼道内部结构细节的有效方法;（4）卵石框(石笼）隔板的水池分隔方法兼具水池式鱼道与仿自然通道的双重特征,并且完工后还可以根据鱼道的运行情况灵活调整,非常方便;（5）进口处采用较高的人字闸门,即可适应尾水变化,又可与吸引水流系统相配合,创造出有效的吸引水流,一举多得;（6）全部采用大功率灯泡式水轮机是保护下行鱼类的有效措施;（7）监测系统和公众教育等配套设施的建设非常必要,有利于改进鱼道运行方式和提高过鱼效率。     

长江中下游干流环境DNA样本鱼类物种检测的初步研究

为开发适用于长江鱼类的环境DNA检测体系,在长江中下游干流24个采样点同步采集水样,抽滤后提取环境DNA,利用线粒体细胞色素B简并引物进行PCR扩增,扩增产物克隆测序得到419条序列,通过在Gen Bank核酸序列数据库进行BLAST序列比对确定物种信息,从来源于17个采样点的115条匹配成功的序列中,共检测到10种鱼类序列,代表15种鱼类。     

The demise of Darwin's fishes: evidence of fishing down and illegal shark finning in the Galápagos Islands

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The shark fishery in the United Arab Emirates: an interview based approach to assess the status of sharks

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A review of sawfishes (Pristidae) in the Arabian region: diversity,distribution, and functional extinction of large and historically abundant marine vertebrates

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长江流域鱼类资源现状与保护对策

为科学评价长江十年禁渔政策在金沙江下游水库的初步实施效果,实验于2020年11月和2022年5月在金沙江下游向家坝水库开展了渔获物调查和水声学调查,并分析了鱼类资源的变化情况。渔获物调查结果显示,2020年11月共采集到鱼类2科9种,其中䱗、瓦氏黄颡鱼占优势地位;2022年5月共采集到鱼类5科14种,其中蛇、瓦氏黄颡鱼占优势地位。水声学调查结果显示,不同年间、不同区域、不同水层间的鱼类目标强度分布存在显著性差异;2022年5月的鱼类密度 (0.60 尾/1 000 m³)高于2020年11月 (0.46 尾/1 000 m³),鱼类资源在时空分布上呈现不均匀性;不同调查时期的鱼群密集区域存在一定的差异,2020年11月大部分区域之间差异不显著,2022年5月则差异显著;2022年5月的上层鱼类密度 (0.44±0.83 尾/1 000 m³)显著大于2020年11月 (0.06±0.15 尾/1 000 m³);不同水层的鱼类分布差异显著,2次调查均表现为下层大于中、上层;估算得到向家坝水库鱼类资源尾数分别为3.22×10⁶ 尾 (2020年11月) 和3.53×10⁶ 尾 (2022年5月)。综上所述,水声学调查方法适用于金沙江下游水库的鱼类资源监测工作,十年禁渔实施后向家坝库区鱼类资源已得到一定程度的恢复。     

The Amazonian dwarf cichlid Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875) is a geographic mosaic of potentially tens of species: Conservation implications

1. Assessing biodiversity and understanding how it works is a prerequisite for species conservation. The Amazon basin is one of the main biodiversity hotspots where fish are heavily exploited for ornamental purposes.
2. The ornamental trade heavily exploits the genus Apistogramma, which is one of the most species‐rich among Neotropical cichlids with 94 formally described species. This number is certainly underestimated owing to the limitations of conventional taxonomy, which is still too often based solely on morphological criteria and sometimes on few individuals.
3. Most species of this genus have a high degree of endemism and are highly prized on the ornamental market, which could put them at risk. A few species are supposed to have extensive distributions, and in particular Apistogramma agassizii, present from the Amazon estuary up to the Ucayali and Marañon rivers in Peru.
4. This study assessed the taxonomic status of 1,151 specimens of A. agassizii collected from 35 sites around Iquitos in the Peruvian Amazon. On the basis of molecular analyses (nuclear and mitochondrial DNA) and mate choice experiments, at least three biological species within the nominal A. agassizii were evidenced in the sampling area, which is extremely small compared with the known distribution of the species as initially described.
5. According to the molecular calibrations, these three species would have diverged during the Plio‐Pleistocene. Two of them seem to be endemic from small sub‐basins, one from the Nanay River and the other from the Apayacu/Ampiyacu systems. A possible scenario that may explain the evolutionary history of these species is proposed.
6. The conservation implications of these results on the estimation of the diversity of A. agassizii, of Apistogramma species in general, and of other Amazonian cichlids are discussed.

     

Compositional trends of fisheries in the River Ganges,India

Abstract Monthly surveys of local fisheries from five principal landing sites on the River Ganges at Bhagalpur, India, were conducted from 2001 to 2007. Fishes of a range of sizes with mostly periodic‐type life‐history strategies, including many catfishes and carps, dominated the catch. Average annual yield (total mean monthly catch in units of biomass) was highly variable but trended downward during the study. Statistical ordination revealed associations between assemblage composition and hydrological seasons. Overall yields in this reach of the River Ganges tended to be greatest when the annual flood pulse was sustained longer. Patterns of average stock yields and inter‐annual variability of yields were associated with species life‐history strategies, with the most abundant and least variable species having periodic‐type strategies of seasonal spawning, high fecundity, small eggs and no parental care. Although not appearing to have declined precipitously during the study, many stocks in this stretch of the River Ganges, including those of the largest and most valuable species, nonetheless seemed to remain below historical yield levels because of multiple impacts, including chronic intense fishing and other anthropogenic impacts.     

Influence of water quality,local knowledge and river–floodplain connectivity on commercial wild crayfish harvesting in the Atchafalaya River Basin

Water quality and river connectivity influence fisheries, but their role is not understood in wild crayfish harvest, or how water quality and river connectivity are incorporated into crayfish harvest strategies. In Louisiana, wild harvesting practices were evaluated with field observations and interviews with individual harvesters. Field observations included trap locations, water quality, water stable isotopes (2016) and habitat components over two seasons (2015 and 2016). Traps were set in less turbid water (NTU < 69.4), in depths from 1 to 3 m or 3 to 3.6 m and in locations associated with river water inputs. Harvester interviews indicated the importance of tradition (35%‐47% respondents), depth (88% respondents) and water colour (>40% respondents; a surrogate for turbidity and connectivity) in harvesting initiation and trap locations. Harvesters appeared to follow lateral water movements onto and within the floodplain, likely based on local environmental knowledge.     

The impact of a hydroelectric dam on Neotropical fish communities: A spatio-temporal analysis of the Trophic Upsurge Hypothesis

We employed the trophic upsurge hypothesis as an analytical framework to describe the response of Neotropical fish communities to terrestrial inundation associated with river damming. Data were collected for the impact assessment of the Peixe Angical Dam, Tocantins River, Brazil. Monthly surveys were conducted at nine sites (seven upstream, two downstream) from 15 months before to 20 months after dam closure and a follow-up survey 60–83 months after closure. Fish responses differed in timing and magnitude across sites. In the new reservoir, populations peaked 8–13 months after flooding, demonstrating increases in richness (84 ± 52%), biomass (329 ± 266%) and abundance (681 ± 348%) with the maxima for richness and abundance tending to precede biomass maxima. Populations of all families increased but were greatest for Engraulidae, Hemiodontidae, Serrasalmidae and Characidae, and lower for the benthic catfish: Sciaenidae, Dorididae, Pimelodidae. Downstream populations peaked 5–12 months after closure or showed consistent decline. Five years after dam-closure richness and abundance were lower compared to predam levels, with populations at all sites demonstrating an ongoing decline. Reservoir creation triggers reproductive recruitment and otherwise pools spatially disparate populations from across the flooded valley. If the rise in richness is largely explained by the increased catchability of species otherwise present prior to flooding, it may be more appropriate to estimate species loss with reference to upsurge data. As peak biomass coincides with declining richness, modelling fisheries production from annually aggregated data may risk overestimating the potential for sustainable harvests. Upsurge–response curves can help identify the timing of critical ecological thresholds for flood-managed fisheries.     

Influence of abiotic factors on ichthyoplankton occurrence in stretches with and without dams in the upper Grande River basin,south‐eastern Brazil

The influence of abiotic factors on ichthyoplankton occurrence was assessed in lotic stretches with and without dams in the Grande River basin from November 2008 to March 2009. Water transparency and temperature were the main abiotic factors that influenced temporal variation of ichthyoplankton occurrence in unregulated stretches. On the other hand, the best predictors of ichthyoplankton occurrence in regulated sites were water transparency and time of day. The catch of ichthyoplankton was significantly greater at low transparency and during night‐time in areas downstream of dams, which may be attributed to either adaptive behaviour of fish species in favouring greater protection of offspring, or the greater predation rate of ichthyoplankton at higher transparencies and during daytime. Results of this study indicate an association between abiotic factors and fish reproduction, but the nature of this relationship in regulated rivers contrasts with that found in stretches without dams.     

Fishermen's perception on the sustainability of small‐scale fisheries and dolphin–fisheries interactions in two increasingly fragile coastal ecosystems in western Greece

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The political ecology of gear bans in two fisheries: Florida's net ban and Alaska's Salmon wars

Parametric management in fisheries, which describes the management of how, where and when fishing occurs, is often essential for achieving sustainability. Changes to these parameters likely have impacts on stakeholders, however, for example through the costs and allocative consequences of spatial restrictions or gear changes. Here, I discuss two cases where gear bans have been implemented or proposed in response to conservation concerns: the commercial net ban enacted in Florida in 1995 and the failed ban on set gill‐nets in parts of Alaska. The two cases are remarkably similar, although the outcomes were quite different because of the social context of each fishery. Lessons from the Florida ban, which resulted in numerous negative social and ecological impacts, are informative regarding the impacts that likely would have accompanied the Alaska ban, had it proceeded. In both cases, the gear bans have had or were poised to have notable impacts on allocation, but scientific evidence for their necessity was limited. These cases show how ethical considerations can be inseparable from the ecological aspects of managing fisheries, and that when communities grapple with the sustainability of fisheries, they are simultaneously seeking to define the socially acceptable uses of those resources. I suggest a set of questions that can be asked when proposing parametric changes to fisheries, including how those changes will impact social well‐being and community resilience. These are questions that I argue must be addressed if both ethical and sustainable fisheries are the goal.     

Feeding patterns in five predatory fishes of the high Paranà River floodplain (PR, Brazil)

Abstract— Between March 1992 and February 1993 five piscivorous fish species, Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874), Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794), Rhaphiodon vulpinus Agassiz, 1829, Salminus maxillosus , Valenciennes, 1840 and Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840), of the high Paranà River floodplain showed a wide total prey spectrum though only three to four taxa were dominant in their diet. Shrimp, Macrobrachium amazonicum , were also common to the majority of species. Seasonal and spatial variations occurred throughout the study period probably due the availability of prey species. The main resources shared by the predators were also the most abundant in the area, with consumption markedly focused on prey about 5.0 cm long. Detrended correspondence analysis was effective in discriminating two groups of predators species that exploited distinct microhabitats. The predators with the least scores consumed small characids that inhabit mid-water or the littoral region, whereas those with the largest scores consumed prey associated to the bottom.     

The piracatinga,Calophysus macropterus,production chain in the Middle Solimões River,Amazonas, Brazil

Piracatinga, Calophysus macropterus Lichtenstein, was not exploited in Brazil until the early 2000s, when fish pressure increased markedly due to growing demands. The methods for capturing piracatinga involve the use of caiman and dolphin carcasses as bait; and the growing organization of the hunting and marketing of these animals raises concern. This study describes the production chain of piracatinga fishing in the region of the middle Solimões River, in Brazilian Amazonia. It was conducted in 19 local communities of the Mamirauá Reserve; data were collected from 50 individuals involved in the activity, divided into eight categories within the production chain. The production of piracatinga reaches its peak in the first months of the closed season for other fishes. The average profit margins of the activity between 2011 and 2013 were higher than those of other artisanal fishing activities, but they varied from 38% of losses by event to profits of 90%. The use of corrals and baits from aquatic vertebrates in piracatinga fishing are exclusive to this activity. It is important to develop participatory and sustainable options, such as the use of commercial fishes as bait or the engagement of the people involved in legal activities.     

Effects of isolation and fishing on the marine ecosystems of Easter Island and Salas y Gómez,Chile

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