膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥CH4、N2O和NH3排放的影响

厨余垃圾有别于混合生活垃圾,具有高有机质含量和高含水率等特点,单独堆肥会产生大量CH4、N2O、NH3和渗滤液,为减少厨余垃圾堆肥过程污染物的排放,该文以居民小区产生的经大类粗分后的厨余垃圾为研究对象,以菌糠为膨松剂,设置15%、25%、35% 3个添加质量比（湿基）的堆肥处理,以纯厨余垃圾单独堆肥为对照处理,研究菌糠作为膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中CH4、N2O、NH3和渗滤液排放的影响及其最佳添加比例。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加菌糠可以完全避免厨余垃圾堆肥过程中渗滤液的产生;堆肥结束时,添加15%和25%菌糠的处理堆肥达到腐熟标准,但添加35%的菌糠使堆肥高温期缩短,不利于有机质分解;与对照处理相比,添加15%、25%和35%比例的菌糠均可以减少堆肥过程中CH4和NH3的累计排放量,且减排量与添加比例正相关,但只有添加15%菌糠的堆肥处理明显降低了N2O的排放量;添加质量比为15%和25%菌糠的堆肥处理,CH4和N2O排放总量比厨余垃圾单独堆肥分别减少45.8%、19.6%,而添加质量比为35%的菌糠使CH4和N2O排放总量为厨余垃圾单独堆肥的1.14倍（每t物料,干基）。综上,菌糠作为食用菌种植废弃物,可用作厨余垃圾堆肥膨松剂,在适宜的添加比例条件下,能够在避免堆肥过程中渗滤液产生的同时,减少CH4、N2O和NH3的排放量。研究结果可为厨余垃圾堆肥过程温室气体减排、氮素损失控制和工艺改进提供理论依据和试验基础。     

表面风速和模拟降水对奶牛粪便堆放过程中N2O排放的影响

奶牛场粪便的自然堆放过程中会造成大量的温室气体排放,排放过程和排放量受表面风速和自然降水等环境因素的影响显著。该文针对中国常用的奶牛粪便管理方式,采用动态箱法研究了不同表面风速(0.5、0.8、1.2、1.6 m/s)和模拟降水(降水量9.9 mm)对奶牛粪便自然堆放过程中典型的温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响。结果表明,在0.5~1.2 m/s风速范围内,奶牛粪便自然堆放过程中的N2O排放量随风速升高逐渐增加,1.2 m/s达到最大值,且不同风速下N2O的排放量存在显著差异。模拟降水后N2O排放量在短时间内急剧升高,之后迅速下降至降水前的排放水平,整个过程持续约10 h。由于降低了二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的排放,与降水前一天相比2次降水分别降低了12.9%和10.9%的温室气体排放量。     

影响静态箱检测开放式气体排放源N2O排放通量的关键因子

为研究影响静态箱检测开放式气体排放源氧化亚氮（N2O）排放通量的关键因子,以提高静态箱检测气体排放通量的准确性,该文在实验室条件下,探究了箱体配置（有无通气孔、有无风扇）和检测条件（不同密闭时间：30、40、50和60 min;不同排放源表面风速：0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 m/s）对300 mm（直径）×300 mm（高度）（D300 mm×H300 mm）的静态箱检测N2O排放通量准确性的影响规律。结果表明,不同配置的静态箱测量结果偏差率随时间的变化趋势均相同,其中有通气孔和风扇的箱体在不同风速下的检测稳定性较好,检测准确性最高。当排放源表面风速为0～2 m/s时,风扇对静态箱检测准确性无显著性影响,排放源表面的风主要通过通气孔影响静态箱的检测准确性。静态箱检测的气体排放通量与实际排放通量的偏差率随排放源表面风速和箱体密闭时间的增加而显著降低。该试验推荐在排放源表面风速小于2 m/s的无粪便堆积的奶牛运动场以及排放源介质相似的开放式气体排放系统中使用有通气孔和风扇的静态箱对N2O排放通量进行检测,密闭50 min。     

应用修正的IPCC2006方法对中国农田N2O排放量重新估算

氧化亚氮(N2O)是一种重要的温室气体,农田土壤是其排放的重要源。本研究通过本地参数修正的IPCC2006计算方法,结合统计资料计算中国农田土壤的N2O直接排放量。结果表明:从1980年到2007年中国农田N2O排放年均增长7.6%,2007年N2O-N排放量达到288.4Gg。2007年化学氮肥投入、有机物质投入、作物秸秆投入、有机土排放对农田N2O直接排放的贡献份额分别为77.64%、15.57%、6.46%和0.33%。从分布格局看,2007年农田N2O直接排放总量较大省份主要集中在华北地区和四川盆地,单位耕地面积N2O排放量较高的地区主要集中在华北地区和东南沿海。     

添加生物炭对华南早稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱-气象色谱法研究生物炭添加对华南早稻田甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响.试验设对照(CK),BC1、BC2、BC3(土壤中分别混入5、10、20t·hm-2生物炭)、RS(稻草直接还田)和RI(稻草加腐熟剂还田)6个处理.结果表明,与CK、RS和RI相比,生物炭处理能降低稻田CH4和N2O排放量及排放强度,综合排放强度最低的为BC3处理,值为0.98 kgCO2-eq· kg-1.在本实验的处理范围内,生物炭添加量越高,CH4平均排放通量及其季节排放总量越低,最低值分别为22.11mg·m-2·h-1和93.21kg·hm-2;N2O排放通量和季节排放总量则随生物炭添加量的增加呈上升趋势,最高值分别为285.65 μg·m-2·h-1和1.07kg·hm-2,但依然小于对照处理(368.13μg·m-2 ·h-1和1.13kg·hm-2).此外,试验发现高用量的生物炭(即BC3)处理水稻产量最高,值为7152.58kg·hm-2.综合分析各处理,BC3对减缓温室效应和稳定水稻生产贡献最大.     

基于冬种不同作物的水旱轮作模式对水稻产量及稻田CH_4、N_2O排放的影响

为探究冬种不同作物、水旱轮作措施对稻田丰产及温室气体减排的影响,本研究设置5种种植模式,即紫云英-早稻-晚稻(CRR)、紫云英-早稻-甘薯‖晚大豆(CRI)、油菜-早稻-晚稻(RRR)、油菜-早稻-甘薯‖晚大豆(RRI)、马铃薯-早稻-晚稻(PRR),采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定稻田CH_4、N_2O的全年排放通量,研究基于冬季不同作物的不同水旱轮作模式对水稻产量、全球增温潜势(GWP)及温室气体排放强度(GHGI)的影响。结果表明,冬种不同作物均能提高早稻的产量,但对晚稻产量基本无影响,其中紫云英对早稻产量增效最好,CRI处理分别较其他处理高1.73%、12.08%、7.48%、10.95%;水旱轮作处理较双季稻处理可以获得更高的产量,RRI处理晚稻产量较其他4个处理分别高22.54%、5.37%、29.83%、27.24%。冬种不同作物对CH_4、N_2O排放无显著影响(P>0.05),水旱轮作显著增加了N_2O排放,显著降低了CH_4排放(P<0.05)。5种种植模式中,RRI处理的GWP最低,且显著低于CRR、RRR、PRR处理(P<0.05),分别低25.54%、29.76%、20.78%。RRI处理的GHGI最低,较其他处理分别显著低32.51%、18.18%、30.77%、20.59%(P<0.05)。综上,RRI处理在增加作物产量、减少稻田温室气体排放方面表现最好。本研究结果为长江中游双季稻区稻田丰产及温室气体减排提供了理论依据。     

稻田CH4和N2O综合排放对控制灌溉的响应

为了揭示水稻控制灌溉对稻田CH4和N2O综合排放的影响,该文采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对控制灌溉稻田CH4和N2O排放进行原位观测,分析稻田CH4和N2O综合排放对控制灌溉水分调控的动态响应。结果表明,控制灌溉稻田CH4排放通量多低于常规灌溉稻田,且主要集中在水稻分蘖前期,峰值出现在土壤脱水后第1～2d,排放总量较常规灌溉稻田减少81.2%～82.8%;N2O排放通量多高于常规灌溉稻田,峰值出现在肥后且土壤脱水后3～4d,排放总量较常规灌溉稻田增加了121.8%～144.3%。控制灌溉稻田CH4和N2O的综合全球增温潜势较常规灌溉稻田显著减少(p<0.05),减少幅度为15.0%～34.8%。控制灌溉显著降低了稻田CH4和N2O的综合温室效应。     

冬小麦田间控水对土壤CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

2012~2013年,在安徽农业大学巢湖农业实验站,利用小区实验研究了不同田间控水措施对冬小麦土壤CH4和N2O排放的影响。实验设置了空白对照(CK)、常规耕作(CG)、浅沟控水(CQ)、深沟控水(CS)4种处理。结果表明:(1)冬小麦生育期内,农田排干控水可显著改变土壤的CH4和N2O排放特征,不同控水处理之间CH4排放差异显著(P0.05),N2O排放差异极显著(P0.01);(2)CQ、CS处理的CH4吸收能力分别比CK高1.6%、20.9%,排干控水提高了土壤CH4的吸收能力;(3)CQ和CS的N2O排放量分别比CK增加了61.0%和70.6%,排干控水提高土壤N2O的排放量;(4)地表温度和5 cm土温是影响CH4和N2O通量变化的关键因素,各处理CH4吸收通量和N2O排放通量与地表温度呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),提高温度有助于提高CH4吸量,但也增加了N2O排放;(5)与CK相比,CG、CQ、CS都实现了增产,但CG、CS排放温室气体的GWP显著高于CK,而CQ则与CK基本相当,CQ在确保增产的情况下实现了温室气体减排,是适用于该地区的冬小麦农田温室气体减排措施。     

典型潮土N2O排放的DNDC模型田间验证研究

利用典型潮土N2O排放的田间试验数据对脱氮-分解模型（DNDC）及其参数进行验证。结果表明,DNDC模型能较好地模拟田间实测到的冬小麦、夏玉米季土壤湿度和土壤日平均地表温度的动态变化。小麦和玉米季土壤N2O排放通量与土壤水分（WFPS）呈显著正相关,与土壤温度相关性不大。田间实测到的N2O排放高峰主要受降水和施肥的影响,在N2O排放峰的峰值和出现时间上模拟值与实测值较接近,但准确地捕捉N2O季节性的排放通量仍需对模型进行修正。通过比较施肥、土壤和田间管理等输入参数的改变对DNDC模型进行灵敏性分析,氮肥用量、施肥次数、土壤初始无机氮含量和土壤质地的改变对土壤N2O排放量均很敏感,其中氮肥用量和施肥次数的改变最为敏感。基于当地土壤特性和田间管理的校正,DNDC模型为评价农田生态系统N2O的排放提供了强有力的工具。     

翻耕对冬闲农田CH4和CO2排放通量的影响初探

通过连续观测，比较了冬闲农田翻耕和不翻耕情况下甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)的排放通量。结果表明：翻耕能显著增加CO2的排放通量，但这种影响只在翻耕后的4d内较明显；翻耕对CH4排放通量的影响在翻耕后的3d内比较明显，表现为翻耕初期导致CH4的峰值排放，而在6～8h后，则对降低CH4的排放有一定的作用。且CH4和CO2排放通量与气温呈显著正相关。     

No significant difference in N2O emission,fertilizer-induced N2O emission factor and CH4 absorption between anaerobically digested cattle slurry and chemical fertilizer applied timothy (Phleum pratense L.) sward in central Hokkaido,Japan

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) fluxes from a fertilized timothy (Phleum pratense L.) sward on the northern island of Japan were measured over 2?years using a randomized block design in the field. The objectives of the present study were to obtain annual N₂O and CH₄ emission rates and to elucidate the effect of the applied material (control [no nitrogen], anaerobically digested cattle slurry [ADCS] or chemical fertilizer [CF]) and the application season (autumn or spring) on the annual N₂O emission, fertilizer-induced N₂O emission factor (EF) and the annual CH₄ absorption. Ammonium sulfate was applied to the CF plots at the same application rate of NH₄-N to the ADCS plots. A three-way ANOVA was used to examine the significance of the factors (the applied material, the application season and the year). The ANOVA for the annual N₂O emission rates showed a significant effect with regard to the applied material (P?=?0.042). The annual N₂O emission rate from the control plots (0.398?kg N₂O-N ha^?1?year^?1) was significantly lower than that from the ADCS plots (0.708?kg N₂O-N ha^?1?year^?1) and the CF plots (0.636?kg N₂O-N ha^?1?year^?1). There was no significant difference in the annual N₂O emission rate between the ADCS and CF plots. The ANOVA for the EFs showed insignificance of all factors (P?>?0.05). The total mean?±?standard error of the EFs (fertilizer-induced N₂O-N emission/total applied N) was 0.0024?±?0.0007 (kg N₂O-N [kg N]^?1), which is similar to the reported EF (0.0032?±?0.0013) for well-drained uplands in Japan. The CH₄ absorption rates differed significantly between years (P?=?0.014). The CH₄ absorption rate in the first year (3.28?kg CH₄?ha^?1?year^?1) was higher than that in the second year (2.31?kg CH₄?ha^?1?year^?1), probably as a result of lower precipitation in the first year. In conclusion, under the same application rate of NH₄-N, differences in the applied materials (ADCS or CF) and the application season (autumn or spring) led to no significant differences in N₂O emission, fertilizer-induced N₂O EF and CH₄ absorption.     

N2O and CH4 fluxes from a volcanic grassland soil in Nasu,Japan: Comparison between manure plus fertilizer plot and fertilizer-only plot

Abstract

We examined the effects of manure + fertilizer application and fertilizer-only application on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) fluxes from a volcanic grassland soil in Nasu, Japan. In the manure + fertilizer applied plot (manure plot), the sum of N mineralized from the manure and N applied as ammonium sulfate was adjusted to 210 kg N ha^?1 year^?1. In the fertilizer-only applied plot (fertilizer plot), 210 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 was applied as ammonium sulfate. The manure was applied to the manure plot in November and the fertilizer was applied to both plots in March, May, July and September. From November 2004 to November 2006, we regularly measured N₂O and CH₄ fluxes using closed chambers. Annual N₂O emissions from the manure and fertilizer plots ranged from 7.0 to 11.0 and from 4.7 to 9.1 kg N ha^?1, respectively. Annual N₂O emissions were greater from the manure plot than from the fertilizer plot (P < 0.05). This difference could be attributed to N₂O emissions following manure application. N₂O fluxes were correlated with soil temperature (R = 0.70, P < 0.001), NH⁺ ₄ concentration in the soil (R = 0.67, P < 0.001), soil pH (R = –0.46, P < 0.001) and NO^? ₃ concentration in the soil (R = 0.40, P < 0.001). When included in the multiple regression model (R = 0.72, P < 0.001), however, the following variables were significant: NH⁺ ₄ concentration in the soil (β = 0.52, P < 0.001), soil temperature (β = 0.36, P < 0.001) and soil moisture content (β = 0.26, P < 0.001). Annual CH₄ emissions from the manure and fertilizer plots ranged from –0.74 to –0.16 and from –0.84 to –0.52 kg C ha^?1, respectively. No significant difference was observed in annual CH₄ emissions between the plots. During the third grass-growing period from July to September, however, cumulative CH₄ emissions were greater from the manure plot than from the fertilizer plot (P < 0.05). CH₄ fluxes were correlated with NH⁺ ₄ concentration in the soil (R = 0.21, P < 0.05) and soil moisture content (R = 0.20, P < 0.05). When included in the multiple regression model (R = 0.29, P < 0.05), both NH⁺ ₄ concentration in the soil (β = 0.20, P < 0.05) and soil moisture content (β = 0.20, P < 0.05) were significant.     

Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from grassland treated with bark- or sawdust-containing manure at different rates

On the main Japanese island of Honshu, bark or sawdust is often added to cattle excreta as part of the composting process. Dairy farmers sometimes need to dispose of manure that is excess to their requirements by spreading it on their grasslands. We assessed the effect of application of bark- or sawdust-containing manure at different rates on annual nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions from a grassland soil. Nitrous oxide and CH₄ fluxes from an orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) grassland that received this manure at 0, 50, 100, 200, or 300?Mg?ha^?1?yr^?1 were measured over a two-year period by using closed chambers. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to examine the effect of annual manure application rates and years on annual N₂O and CH₄ emissions. Annual N₂O emissions ranged from 0.47 to 3.03?kg?N?ha^?1?yr^?1 and increased with increasing manure application rate. Nitrous oxide emissions during the 140-day period following manure application increased with increasing manure application rate, with the total nitrogen concentration in the manure, and with cumulative precipitation during the 140-day period. However, manure application rate did not affect the N₂O emission factors of the manure. The overall average N₂O emission factor was 0.068%. Annual CH₄ emissions ranged from ?1.12 to 0.01?kg?C?ha^?1?yr^?1. The annual manure application rate did not affect annual CH₄ emissions.     

过磷酸钙添加剂对猪粪堆肥温室气体和氨气减排的作用

为研究不同比例过磷酸钙添加剂对畜禽粪便高温堆肥氨挥发和温室气体减排的作用,该文以猪粪和玉米秸秆为试验材料,以市售过磷酸钙肥料作为添加剂,在发酵仓中(单仓体积1.2m3)进行56d的好氧堆肥试验,监测堆肥过程中的温室气体和氨排放速率及堆体碳、氮损失率。结果表明:在初始物料中添加干质量3.3%～13.2%的过磷酸钙添加剂对减少堆体碳、氮损失,降低温室气体排放均有明显效果,但超过初始物料干质量的9.9%的过磷酸钙添加剂会对堆肥腐熟进程产生显著抑制作用;该试验中添加初始物料干质量3.3%～6.6%分别使堆肥56d的NH3、N2O和CH4排放量减少了24.1%～43.4%、22.2%～27.7%和22.4%～62.9%,总温室气体排放当量减少30%。猪粪和玉米秸秆堆肥中较适宜的过磷酸钙添加量是初始物料干质量的3.3%～6.6%。该文为过磷酸钙添加剂应用于实际堆肥工程提供理论依据。     

堆积肉牛粪便甲烷排放影响因子试验

通过测定肉牛粪便在不同温度和堆高时的甲烷排放量,探讨了中国肉牛粪便甲烷排放量及其主要影响因素。采用动态箱法测定了肉牛粪便在15℃、25℃和35℃中,堆高分别为10cm、20cm和40cm时的甲烷排放通量,同时分析了试验前后粪便的性质。结果表明,15℃时肉牛粪便堆放15d的鲜牛粪甲烷排放通量为(0.031±0.002)～(0.002±0.000)g/(d·kg),累积排放量为0.17～0.18g/kg;25℃中堆放26d的甲烷排放通量为(0.323±0.018)～(0.051±0.063)g/(d·kg),累积排放量为3.8～5.1g/kg;35℃中堆放26d的甲烷排放通量为(0.414±0.073)～(0.033±0.050)g/(d·kg),累积排放量为3.6～6.6g/kg。15℃中粪便甲烷排放量显著小于25℃和35℃中的排放量(P<0.01)。粪便堆高与单位表面积的累积甲烷排放量相应也高。     

覆盖及堆积高度对肉牛粪便温室气体排放的影响

为了研究覆盖对不同堆积高度肉牛固体粪便温室气体（N2O、CH4和 CO2）排放量的影响,试验采用静态箱的方法研究了20和40 cm堆积高度时覆盖或者不覆盖情况下肉牛粪便温室气体的排放量。结果表明,堆积40 cm的牛粪CH4的累积排放量显著高于20 cm处理,而N2O和CO2累积排放量显著降低。覆盖显著增加了牛粪N2O的排放量和40 cm高度牛粪的CH4排放量,降低了40 cm高度牛粪CO2的排放量,而对20 cm高度牛粪CH4和CO2排放无显著影响。根据CH4和N2O在100 a 尺度上相对CO2的全球增温潜势计算出综合温室效应,无覆盖处理的20和40 cm牛粪的综合温室效应分别为(101.07±6.28）和(94.67±3.29)g/kg,覆盖处理的20和40 cm牛粪的综合温室效应分别为(104.20±6.78)和(103.43±3.21)g/kg,堆积高度为40 cm且无覆盖的综合温室效应最小。     

Aeration effects on CO2, N2O,and CH4 emission and leachate composition of a forest soil

The availability of O₂ is one of the most important factors controlling the chemical and biological reactions in soils. In this study, the effects of different aeration conditions on the dynamics of the emission of trace gases (CO₂, N₂O, CH₄) and the leachate composition (NO₃^‐, DOC, Mn, Fe) were determined. The experiment was conducted with naturally structured soil columns (silty clay, Vertisol) from a well aerated forest site. The soil monoliths were incubated in a microcosm system at different O₂ concentrations (0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.205 m³ m^‐3 in the air flow through the headspace of the microcosms) for 85 days. Reduced O₂ availability resulted in a decreased CO₂ release but in increased N₂O emission rates. The greatest cumulative N₂O emissions (= 1.6 g N₂O‐N m^‐2) were observed at intermediate O₂ concentrations (0.005 and 0.01 m³ m^‐3) when both nitrification and denitrification occurred simultaneously in the soil. Cumulative N₂O emissions were smallest (= 0.05 g N₂O‐N m^‐2) for the aeration with ambient air (O₂ concentration: 0.205 m³ m^‐3), although nitrate availability was greatest in this treatment. The emission of CH₄ and leaching of Mn and Fe were restricted to the soil columns incubated under completely anoxic conditions. The sequence of the reduction processes under completely anoxic conditions complied with the thermodynamic theory: soil nitrate was reduced first, followed by the reduction of Mn(IV) and Fe(III) and finally CO₂ was reduced to CH₄. The re‐aeration of the soil columns after 85 days of anoxic incubation terminated the production of CH₄ and dissolved Fe and Mn in the soil but strongly increased the emission rates of CO₂ and N₂O and the leaching of NO₃^‐ probably because of the accumulation of DOC and NH₄⁺ during the previous anoxic period.