黑土区玉米穗质量与影响因素的联合多重分形研究

为揭示黑土区玉米穗质量与影响因素相互关系的尺度效应,在分析玉米穗质量与影响因素空间变异的基础上,利用联合多重分形方法研究玉米穗质量与影响因素的多尺度相关性。结果表明:研究区玉米穗质量的变异程度为中等,茎粗的变异程度随时间变化由中等变为弱变异,其他影响因素的变异程度为弱变异;玉米穗质量与影响因素的空间相关范围介于7.15~66.51 m;玉米穗质量、叶绿素含量、土壤容重、土壤粒径分布体积分形维数具有强烈空间相关性,茎粗、土壤含水率、土壤饱和含水率具有中等空间相关性;单一尺度上茎粗和叶绿素含量对玉米穗质量的空间变异性有显著影响,多尺度上叶绿素含量、土壤粒径分布体积分形维数、茎粗、土壤含水率对玉米穗质量的空间变异性有显著影响;玉米穗质量与土壤特性、不同时期作物生长指标的多尺度相关程度绝大部分都大于单一尺度上的相关程度;随取样时间变化,玉米穗质量与茎粗在单一尺度和多尺度上的相关程度均先增后降,但开始降低的时间不同。     

少免耕与秸秆还田对极端土壤水分及冬小麦产量的影响

为了高效利用天然降雨,缓和农业水资源短缺,该试验在小麦、玉米一年两熟条件下,设置耕作措施和秸秆2个因素,其中耕作措施分为常规耕作、深松耕、耙耕、旋耕、免耕5种,秸秆因素分为玉米秸秆全量还田与不还田,共10个处理,研究了耕作措施与秸秆因素对极端土壤水分和冬小麦产量的效应。结果表明,无论秸秆还田与否,相对于常规耕作,深松耕能提高土壤水分充足期的土壤含水率,增加冬小麦产量,尤其是深松耕秸秆还田,比常规耕作无秸秆还田分别高25.74%和11.45%。秸秆因素在土壤水分充足时影响土壤含水率方面占主导地位,秸秆因素与耕作措施在土壤水分亏缺时影响土壤含水率和冬小麦产量方面均起着重要的作用。免耕、深松耕、耙耕与秸秆还田的交互效应能够增加集雨,提高冬小麦产量。研究结果还表明,冬小麦产量与土壤水分亏缺时土壤含水率相关不显著,而与土壤水分充足期土壤含水率相关显著。     

农田土壤含水率空间变异的时变特性研究

农田土壤含水率的空间时变特性对土壤墒情监测及灌溉预报有重要影响。在天津市武清区北靳庄和西吕村两个试区布置两套墒情监测系统,每套系统包括1台基站、3个测点,每个测点连接两个土壤水分传感器(埋设于地表下30和60 cm处)。测得两个深度的土壤含水率数据,利用线性公式计算得0～60 cm平均含水率,利用统计学方法分析土壤含水率的变异系数(C_V)随时间的变化特性,分析试区测点土壤含水率之间的相关关系。结果表明,C_V随时间有显著的变化,C_V变化较大时,相应时段的土壤含水率较小,通常为灌溉时期;C_V较小时,土壤含水率较大,普遍为降雨量较大时期;本试区C_V呈弱变异和中等变异;相关系数在一定程度上能够反映空间变异性大小,随着研究尺度的增大,测点之间土壤含水率的相关系数在减小。     

商丘农田土壤水分测定探头埋设位置研究

利用在商丘野外生态试验站定点埋设的SWR-2型土壤水分测定探头采集的数据,通过主成分分析和因子分析,对玉米试验区不同土层深度土壤水分试验数据进行了相关分析和检验,研究了农田中不同深度层土壤水分的相互关系,结果表明,地表下30 cm土层与20 cm、40 cm、50 cm处土壤体积含水率线性相关;主要根系区70 cm土层与60 cm、80 cm9、0 cm处土壤体积含水率线性相关;130 cm、140 cm、150 cm土层之间同样存在着线性相关,初步得出本地区土壤水分测定探头合适埋设位置是地表下10 cm、30 cm7、0 cm1、00 cm、140 cm 5个深度。     

松嫩平原黑土区玉米穗质量构成要素的空间变异性研究

基于在松嫩平原黑土区获取的玉米穗质量构成要素(穗粒质量、穗轴质量、穗粒数、穗行数、行粒数、穗长、穗粗),利用传统统计学、多重分形和联合多重分形方法分析了玉米穗质量构成要素的空间变异性。结果表明,玉米穗粒质量、穗轴质量、穗粒数、穗行数、行粒数、穗长、穗粗的空间变异强度依次减弱,且穗粒质量和穗轴质量的变异程度为中等变异,穗粒数、穗行数、行粒数、穗长、穗粗的变异程度为弱变异;玉米穗轴质量和穗粒质量的多重分形特征最明显,行粒数、穗粗和穗长的多重分形特征最不明显,穗行数和穗粒数多重分形特征的明显程度介于上述两者之间;穗行数的空间变异性主要是由高值信息造成,而行粒数、穗轴质量、穗粒质量、穗粒数、穗粗、穗长的空间变异性主要由低值信息引起;单一尺度和多尺度上,穗粗、穗轴质量、穗长、穗粒数、行粒数、穗行数对穗粒质量空间变异性的影响程度排序有所差异,穗粒质量与穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、穗行数、穗轴质量、行粒数在多尺度上的相关程度明显大于在单一尺度上的相关程度。     

农田土壤剖面水分探头布设及数据处理技术研究

通过分析定点埋设的SWR-2型土壤水分传感器采集的土壤水分数据,分析了农田土壤水分信息的时空变化规律及不同深度土层含水率间的相关关系。结果表明,冬小麦和夏玉米生长条件下农田土壤剖面适宜埋设的探头数目为1～4个,并提出了相应的水分探头布设方案及数据处理技术。     

秸秆还田下灌水量对土壤水分运移特性研究

为了研究不同秸秆还田量在灌水量下的水分运移规律,采用室内土柱试验,对不同秸秆还田量和灌水量条件下土壤水分运移分布特性进行了模拟研究。研究结果表明:到达秸秆还田层与不还田层交界处,还田量0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的处理与不还田相比,累积入渗量多出0.96%、4.3%、7.31%、11.98%,表明秸秆还田量的增加使土壤的保水能力增加。在相同灌水量下,同一土层含水率主要表现为秸秆含量越高,土壤含水率越高;秸秆还田量相同时,在1.0 V灌水量基础上增大灌水量至1.5 V时,在秸秆还田层内,土壤含水率提高了2.53%,在秸秆还田层以下,土壤含水率提高了11.52%,这可能是因为随着灌水量增大,秸秆还田层土壤中孔隙逐渐地被水分填充,土壤的导水率能力增大,促进了水分向下移动,从而改善了土壤入渗能力。     

黑土区农田尺度田间持水率的空间变异性研究

【目的】探究黑土区农田田间持水率的空间变异性机制。【方法】利用传统统计学和多重分形方法量化了田间持水率的空间变异强度,分析了造成田间持水率空间变异性的局部信息;利用联合多重分形方法确定了田间持水率与土壤基本物理特性在多尺度上的相关性。【结果】研究区域田间持水率具有多重分形特征,随土层深度增加,田间持水率的空间变异程度先降后增;田间持水率的大值数据对0~5 cm和10~15 cm土层田间持水率空间变异性的贡献较大,小值数据对5~10 cm和15~20 cm土层田间持水率空间变异性的贡献较大;单一尺度上,与田间持水率相关程度最高的土壤基本物理特性在0~5 cm土层是黏粒量和土壤体积质量,在5~10 cm和10~15 cm土层是粉粒量和黏粒量,在15~20 cm土层是土壤体积质量和粉粒量;多尺度上,与田间持水率相关程度最高的土壤基本物理特性在0~5、5~10和10~15 cm土层是黏粒量和粉粒量,在15~20 cm土层是土壤体积质量和粉粒量。【结论】黑土区农田田间持水率的空间变异程度为弱变异,田间持水率与土壤基本物理特性的相关程度在单一尺度和多尺度上有所差异。     

玉米秸秆机械化粉碎还田影响因素研究

以玉米秸秆含水率与秸秆力学特性相互关系为基础,采用正交试验法,研究了秸秆含水率、还田机刀型、刀轴转速对玉米秸秆粉碎特性的影响。结果表明:随秸秆含水率的增加,秸秆抗剪强度减小,当含水率大于30%时,抗剪强度随含水率的增加变化不显著;秸秆含水率为20%是秸秆抗拉强度拐点,大于20%时抗拉强度随秸秆含水率增加而增大,低于20%时抗拉强度受秸秆含水率影响不显著;秸秆含水率、还田机刀型、刀轴转速对秸秆粉碎长度合格率均有显著性影响,秸秆含水率和刀轴转速大于刀型;秸秆含水率、还田机刀型、刀轴转速对机具功耗均有显著性影响,刀轴转速刀型秸秆含水率。在实际生产中,建议在玉米收获后尽早进行粉碎,还田机刀型应优先选择Y型或L型,刀轴转速选择1 800r/min左右最优。本研究为选择合理的秸秆粉碎模式提供了理论基础     

秸秆还田配施稳定性氮肥对麦玉轮作水氮利用的影响

为探究秸秆还田配施稳定性氮肥对关中地区麦玉轮作体系作物生长及水氮利用的综合影响,并确定合理的高产高效施肥管理措施,设置两种秸秆还田模式(秸秆不还田、秸秆全量还田)和两种施氮措施(常规尿素和减量施用稳定性氮肥),以无秸秆还田且不施肥作为对照,共5个处理,研究分析作物产量、地上部生物量、土壤氨挥发累积量、土壤含水率、土壤硝态氮残留量及水氮利用效率。结果表明：秸秆还田配施氮肥会分别显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量28.03%～39.63%和90.10%～112.52%、地上部生物量27.88%～34.00%和78.96%～107.64%;施用稳定性氮肥较施用常规尿素分别降低夏玉米季和冬小麦季全生育期土壤氨挥发累积量50.18%～59.32%和68.21%～73.43%;秸秆还田会显著提高夏玉米季0～10 cm土壤含水率6.29%～21.38%,显著提高冬小麦季0～10 cm土壤含水率6.80%～25.06%;相同施肥措施下,秸秆还田会显著降低夏玉米与冬小麦收获期0～100 cm土壤NO^-₃-N残留量7.34%～10.78%和6.57%～11.24%,在相...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。