细沟向浅沟发育过程中沟道几何形态特征变化规律研究

通过对坡面侵蚀过程进行分段观测,获得不同侵蚀阶段的坡面侵蚀沟形态三维扫描数据,分析不同阶段的侵蚀沟道宽、深变化情况,对坡面侵蚀沟道由细沟到浅沟的发育过程进行研究。研究结果表明,在降雨初期,侵蚀沟道的宽度明显大于深度,初期侵蚀沟横断面为宽浅形态;随着降雨历时的增加,侵蚀沟平均深度增加的速度快于平均宽度增加的速度。在细沟向浅沟的发展过程中,先出现宽度突破细沟上限（20 cm）的沟道,且所占比例随降雨历时增加而增加;深度大于20 cm的浅沟出现较晚。沟道发育过程中沟壁侵蚀速率较为稳定,沟底下切侵蚀随沟道深度的增加而减缓,导致在沟道发育过程中出现宽度超出细沟上限而深度达不到浅沟深度下限的过渡期沟道;由于径流主要集中于少数侵蚀沟中,绝大多数细沟不会发育成浅沟,这些细沟或者被吞并,或者长时间保持在缓慢的细沟发育阶段,只有极少数的细沟能够最终发育为浅沟,其最大占比仅为2.3%。浅沟出现后,坡面径流更多地汇集到浅沟,更多的侵蚀集中于浅沟的边壁侵蚀和下切侵蚀,坡面其他位置的细沟侵蚀减弱,造成总体侵蚀速度下降,坡面产沙量减少。     

上方汇水对紫色土坡耕地侵蚀及养分流失的影响

通过模拟坡面上方汇水与人工降雨相结合的装置,研究了不同上方汇水量(400、600、800和1 000mL/min)下紫色土坡地产流、产沙和养分流失的特性。结果表明,上方汇水量增大,径流量显著增加,而壤中流产流变化与坡面水流均匀度有关;上方汇水量较小时,坡面均匀度较高,产流量增加显著,而上方汇水量较大时易形成股沟流,壤中流产流反而减少;随着上方汇水量的增加,坡面土壤侵蚀方式演变加快,土壤侵蚀加剧;上方汇水对坡面养分流失有促进和抑制双重作用,汇水量较小时,减弱了雨滴滴溅效应,抑制了养分的流失,在降雨前中期表现明显,但汇水量增大后,养分流失因坡面冲刷加剧而显著增加。此外,坡面氮、磷养分流失因其迁移特性不同有所差别,径流中氮素流失量占流失总量的23.7%~92.1%,壤中流占7.3%~43.3%。而磷主要通过径流流失(占流失总量的91.7%~98.7%)。     

基于立体摄影技术的细沟与细沟水流参数测量

细沟和细沟水流参数的准确测量可为深化坡面土壤侵蚀过程研究提供重要理论依据。基于立体摄影测量技术,以坡度为15°和20°的黄土坡面为研究对象,采用人工模拟径流冲刷的方法,对比不同时刻坡面的高精度数字高程模型DEM,提出了动床条件下坡面细沟宽度、深度以及细沟水流宽度、深度的测量和计算方法,分析了2个坡度处理下坡面细沟形态、细沟水流特征及其变化规律,探讨了立体摄影测量技术与其他测量技术在细沟形态及径流特征参数测量方面的异同。结果表明:经过比例尺的校正,可以在垂直拍摄的立体摄影照片上直接准确测量细沟宽度和细沟水流宽度;运用内插法,立体摄影测量技术能较准确地测量细沟深度和细沟水流深度的实时动态变化。随坡长的增加,细沟深度逐渐增大,而细沟水流深度则无明显变化趋势;细沟宽度随坡长的增加呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,而细沟水流宽度逐渐减小;20°坡度下细沟宽度和深度的增加速率分别是15°坡度下的1.7倍和1.3倍;同20°坡度相比,15°坡度条件下的细沟水流的宽度增加了1.7%~13.1%,而2个试验坡度下的细沟水流深度无明显差异。     

陕北黄土区陡坡坡面因子对土壤水分的影响

为加快黄土高原植被恢复和植被构建速度,在研究陕北黄土区吴起县坡度、坡向分布特征的前提下,分别选取阴坡、半阴坡、半阳坡、阳坡的陡坡,每个坡向选取4个坡度级(35°,45°,55°,65°),分别分析其0~100 cm土层深度的土壤水分并进行聚类分析.结果显示:研究区内坡度在35°以上陡坡占当地总面积的39.00%左右;且阴向坡面积52.65%多于阳向坡47.35%;研究区内0~100 cm土层深度的土壤含水量随着土层深度的增加呈现增加趋势,且趋势越来越平缓;坡度越大,土壤含水量的垂直变化越强烈,阴坡坡度与陡坡土壤含水量的相关性最为显著;坡向因子主要影响坡面整体水分状况,而对陡坡土壤水分垂直空间分布规律影响较小;坡度、坡向和成坡时间因子对坡面土壤含水量的影响主要集中在0~40 cm土层深度内,对较深层土壤含水量影响作用较小;系统聚类分析结果同样显示,土壤含水量较为活跃的层次主要集中在0~40 cm土层深度内,阳坡35°坡面活跃层可达90 cm左右.     

集中水流冲刷条件下浅沟径流流速特征研究

在室内不同坡度和径流流量条件下,用电解质示踪法和染色剂示踪法进行浅沟径流流速测量的对比研究.用采自北京的粉壤土在室内试验模拟浅沟侵蚀,测量并计算浅沟径流流速.在坡度5°、10°、20°,流量64、128、256 L/min条件下,进行浅沟水流流速的测定试验.测量结果表明,浅沟径流流速随坡长增加略有减小,随流量和坡度增大而增大.电解质示踪法测量得到的流速在0.55 ～ 1.60m/s之间,而染色剂示踪法测量得到的流速为0.71～1.45 m/s,染色剂示踪法测量得到的流速略小于电解质示踪法测量结果.考虑到浅沟水流对示踪剂稀释及紊流对水流的扰动造成的视觉影响,电解质示踪法测量的流速具有其合理性.     

基于BP神经网络的跌扩型消力池设计应用

增大跌扩型底流消力池的突扩宽度和跌坎深度，可以有效降低消力池内临底流速和改善出池水流流态，一定程度上减小消力池长度。基于试验研究结果，应用BP神经网络理论，以突扩宽度、跌坎深度及测点距离作为模型输入参数，临底流速作为输出参数，建立BP神经网络预测模型。结果表明，所预测的临底流速模型参数试验值与预测值之间的平均相对误差＜10%，决定系数R2达到0.977 6，亦即基于智能算法的预测模型能够对水工模型试验研究形成很好补充。在此基础上，进一步给出了突扩宽度、跌坎深度变化和不同跌扩组合变化对消力池池长的影响。相对而言，增加突扩宽度对消力池长度减小的影响小于增加跌坎深度；同时增加突扩宽度和跌坎深度，能够更有效地降低消力池所需要的长度。      

雨滴打击对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀特征的影响

基于模拟降雨试验和纱网覆盖消除雨滴打击作用的试验方法,研究雨滴打击对黄土坡面细沟侵蚀特征的影响。试验包括3种黄土高原代表性的侵蚀性降雨强度(50、75、100 mm/h)和3个细沟侵蚀发生最常见的坡度(10°、15°和20°)。结果表明,与有雨滴打击试验处理相比,纱网覆盖消除雨滴打击后,坡面径流稳定产流率和含沙量均明显减小;坡面侵蚀量和细沟侵蚀量分别减少28.1%~47.7%和20.2%~38.6%;而细沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀的贡献率增加。消除雨滴打击后,坡度对细沟侵蚀的影响与有雨滴打击时相同,而降雨强度对细沟侵蚀的影响增加。有、无雨滴打击试验处理的细沟密度和割裂度均随着降雨强度和坡度的增加而增大;而细沟倾斜度的变化较为复杂,所以细沟密度和割裂度可作为描述细沟形态的最佳指标。试验结果还表明,雨滴打击对细沟沟槽形状也有间接影响,即消除雨滴打击后,细沟宽度和深度的变异程度减小,沟槽形状更为规则。同时,有雨滴打击试验处理的细沟宽深比随着坡度和降雨强度的增加而减小,而无雨滴打击试验处理的细沟宽深比随着坡度的增加而减小,随着降雨强度的增加呈微弱的增加趋势。     

沟蚀发育的黄土坡面上秸秆覆盖防蚀效果研究

为评价玉米秸秆这一廉价资源的防蚀效果,利用人工模拟降雨试验,研究在黄土高原典型高强度侵蚀性降雨条件下,不同玉米秸秆覆盖方式(沟头缓冲带覆盖、沟内填充覆盖)及其组合对沟蚀发育黄土坡面侵蚀的防治效果。结果表明,对于有细沟和浅沟发育的黄土坡面,不同方式秸秆覆盖可减少坡面侵蚀量8.3%~46.2%,降低径流含沙浓度19.1%~49.6%。其中浅沟沟头覆盖+浅沟侵蚀带沟道全覆盖(H+G)和浅沟沟头覆盖+浅沟侵蚀带主沟道覆盖+细沟沟头覆盖(H+MG+RH)2个处理的防蚀效果最佳,二者分别减少坡面侵蚀量45.0%和46.2%。秸秆覆盖通过改变坡面径流与侵蚀产沙量的关系而非减少径流量来减少坡面侵蚀量。不同方式的秸秆覆盖均可降低径流流速、减弱径流挟沙能力以及径流侵蚀力,进而减少坡面侵蚀量,其中,浅沟沟头秸秆缓冲带覆盖和浅沟沟槽内秸秆填充覆盖均可减小流速42.6%以上。比较2种覆盖方式,沟头缓冲带覆盖较沟内填充覆盖在减少侵蚀方面更有效。因此,在沟蚀发育的黄土坡面上,用玉米秸秆缓冲带覆盖侵蚀活跃的沟头部位可达到最优的防蚀效果。     

非恒定流细沟断面形态影响因素研究

为探明细沟形态变化规律,采用室内人工模拟放水冲刷试验,研究了4种不同流量组合类型(凹陷型、峰值型、均匀型、增加型)与5个坡度(4°、6°、8°、10°、12°)组合的黄土地区细沟横纵断面的几何形态及各因子对其影响。结果表明:各流量组合类型下细沟宽深比为1.97～5.32,且同一流量组合类型情况下,随坡度的增加呈减小的趋势;同一坡度下,流量变化对其影响无明显规律;细沟断面形态指数η为0.29～0.54。增加型和峰值型的细沟横断面形态主要以"U形三角形"为主;均匀型的细沟横断面形态主要以"V形"内壁外凸为主;凹陷型的细沟横断面形态主要以"深V形"为主。表征纵断面形态特征的跌坑发育系数SP为1.014～1.10,跌坑发育系数随坡度的增加而增加,且各个坡度下,峰值型的SP值最大。     

地形因子对土壤理化性质和植物种类的影响

【目的】研究影响土壤理化性质和植物种类的主要地形因子。【方法】以南方红壤丘陵坡地果园水土保持示范区为研究区域,采用五点采样法取土,利用样方法开展植被调查,利用Arc GIS确定各采样点地形因子,对土壤理化性质(土壤总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总钾(TK)、有机质(TOC)、土壤含水率)和植物种数随地形因子(坡度、破向、坡位)进行相关性分析。【结果】不同坡度等级下土壤含水率表现为5°～10° 10°～15° 15°～25° 0°～5°,在0°～5o坡度等级下土壤含水率最低为(18.6%)。土壤TN、TP、TK、TOC量随坡度和坡向变化无显著差异。土壤TN、TK和土壤含水率在不同坡位处无显著差异,TP和TOC量随坡位的下降而增加。研究区内共有植物183种,植物种类数随坡度、坡向及坡位差异显著。植物种类数随坡度变化趋势为0°～5°10°～15°15°～25°5°～10°;坡向上表现为阳坡多于阴坡;随坡位变化趋势为山坡山顶,坡中坡上坡下。【结论】坡度是土壤含水率变化的主导地形因子,坡位是土壤TP和TOC变化的主导地形因子。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

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