不同土地利用与施肥管理下黑土团聚体颗粒有机碳分配变化

土地利用和土壤管理方式的变化强烈影响土壤结构及土壤有机碳的稳定机制。基于长期定位试验,通过分析土壤团聚体粒级及碳分布,以揭示和探讨不同土地利用和施肥管理下东北黑土团聚体颗粒有机碳分配特征及其稳定性机制。通过分析>0.25mm团聚体的变化,草地植被恢复和农田有机培肥团聚体稳定性显著提高。所有处理团聚体碳的分布趋势均表现为:>0.25mm团聚体>微团聚体>粉粘粒。草地粗颗粒有机碳总量和细颗粒有机碳总量均显著高于裸地和无肥处理(p<0.05),表明自然植被恢复可有效提高物理保护颗粒有机碳含量。农田有机培肥明显增加粗颗粒有机质(p<0.05),但并没有提高细颗粒有机质的量。物理保护颗粒有机碳占土壤总碳的比例为10.1%～18.6%,平均约15%。平均重量直径与粗、细颗粒有机碳的相关性达极显著水平(p<0.001),特别是与>2mm团聚体内各颗粒有机质组分碳的相关性更强(r≥0.9,p<0.001)。长期植被恢复和增施有机肥不仅可提高土壤碳库储量,并增强了土壤结构稳定性及土壤组分有机碳的物理性保护。     

土地利用方式对红壤和黄壤颗粒有机碳和碳黑积累的影响

颗粒有机碳和碳黑是土壤中两类性质不同的碳库,它们的数量可反映土壤有机质的稳定性。结果表明,浙江省红壤和黄壤中这两类碳库有很大的变化,并与土地利用方式存在联系。颗粒有机碳的数量及其占总有机碳的比例:林地>茶园>旱地;而碳黑占总有机碳的比例一般是:旱地、茶园>次生林地>原生林地。颗粒有机碳是土壤碳库的易变组分,易受利用方式改变而变化,颗粒有机碳占总有机碳的比例随土壤有机质的积累而增加。相同土地利用方式土壤中碳黑数量与粘粒呈正比。土壤中>1 mm水稳定性团聚体与颗粒有机碳含量相关,而土壤<0.25 mm团聚体与碳黑含量相关。     

有机物料对稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过连续5年定位试验,以紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料还田的稻田土壤为对象,研究有机物料还田后不同物理分组下土壤组成特点和有机碳变化特征。结果表明,稻田土壤团聚体主要分布在2~0.25mm与0.25~0.053mm粒级,团聚体颗粒有机碳含量随着粒径的减小而减少。有机物料还田可提高0.25~0.053mm和0.053mm粒级团聚体有机碳的含量,紫云英、秸秆、商品有机肥等有机物料可通过提高土壤微团聚体有机碳含量而增加土壤碳库。有机物料施用增加土壤轻组组分颗粒含量,减少重组组分颗粒含量,有助于土壤轻组组分的形成。稻田土壤轻组颗粒有机碳含量与0.25mm和0.053mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈显著相关,与2~0.25mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈极显著相关。稻田土壤施用紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料,可有效提高土壤微团聚体和轻组成分颗粒含量,增加土壤微团聚体和轻组有机碳含量,改变稻田土壤有机碳库组成特征。     

乡村小流域不同土壤景观表土有机质团聚体分布与分子组成变化

  【目的】  探讨丘陵山区乡村不同土壤景观表土有机质积累的团聚体分布及其化学组成的变化,为认识自然条件和人为利用下土壤有机质的空间变化特点提供新视角。  【方法】  选取江苏省南京市溧水区芳山小流域内保护林地、园地、旱地和稻田等景观样地,采集0—20 cm土壤样品,分析有机碳(SOC)总量。将土壤样品通过湿筛法分出宏团聚体(2000～250 μm)、微团聚体(250～53μm)和粉黏粒(<53 μm) 3个粒径组,测定其中有机碳含量,计算土壤中各团聚体结合态碳的比例。再者,对土壤样品依次进行总溶剂(TSE)提取,碱水解(BHY) 提取和氧化铜氧化(CUO)提取,分别主要得到游离脂、结合态脂和木质素酚,采用气相色谱–质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定各组分中生物标志物有机分子丰度,计算分子多样性指数。  【结果】  与林地相比,园地、旱地和稻田表土本体有机碳含量分别降低70%、57%和51%,其中宏团聚体结合有机碳的含量分别降低了85%、81%和71%,微团聚体结合有机碳分别降低了74%、79%和67%,粉黏粒结合有机碳则分别降低了48%、18%和3%。表土中提取得到游离态脂类、结合态脂类和木质素酚类的有机分子丰度分别介于2.24～6.74、4.81～14.87和3.51～6.16 mg/g SOC;不同土壤景观间,这些提取态生物标志物分子丰度的变化趋势均表现为林地>稻田>园地>旱地。而木质素酚类丰度表现为林地和稻田相近。相对于林地,园地、旱地和稻田的脂肪酸丰度、烷醇、甾类及萜类等生物标志物分子丰度显著降低,但烷烃分子丰度明显增加,同时微生物来源有机质对土壤有机质的贡献提高;林地及园地土壤中结合态脂类组分以羟基酸丰度较高,而旱地和稻田则以烷酸为主。通过计算的生物标志物分子多样性指数的变化,发现游离态脂类和结合态脂类是林地和稻田高于旱地和园地,而木质素酚是稻田高于旱地,旱地又高于园地和林地。  【结论】  自然林地和农用地土壤的有机碳含量和团聚体结构具有较大差异,在提取态有机分子的组成上也具有不同的组成特征。林地土壤有机碳含量高,宏团聚体、微团聚体和粉黏粒比例均衡,有机碳的团聚体分配也均衡,而且有机质主要以植物源有机碳为主,具有碳链长、分子多样性高等特点。因之,稳定性也高。相反,园地、旱地的有机碳总量低,宏团聚体和微团聚体趋于分解,团聚体结合态有机碳显著减少,而且结合态和游离态脂类有机分子的多样性均显著降低,微生物来源有机碳对土壤有机碳的贡献更高。而稻田土壤有机碳和分子多样性均高于旱地及园地。因此,合理的土壤管理特别是有机物料的投入是提高农地土壤健康程度的重要途径。     

石灰性土壤团聚体中钙形态特征及其与有机碳含量的关系

本文选取5种碳酸钙含量(4.29、17.45、98.66、131.85、143.82 g/kg)差异显著的北方碱性旱地农田土壤(黑土、淡黑钙土、潮土、灰钙土和黄绵土)为研究对象,分析土壤及其各粒级团聚体中有机碳、碳酸钙和不同形态钙含量的分布特征及相关性,探讨碳酸钙对碱性旱地土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:全土有机碳含量与碳酸钙含量之间无显著相关关系,但在0.002～0.053、0.002 mm团聚体中二者含量显著负相关(R~2分别为0.67、0.83),碳酸钙含量过高影响微团聚体有机碳积累。土壤钙形态中酸溶态和可氧化态是影响微团聚体有机碳积累的主要钙形态,全土中占全钙含量都在64.09%以上,团聚体中其含量随粒径减小而增加。钙离子是有机无机复合体的重要胶结物,但钙离子过多则可能会抢占土壤颗粒上有机碳结合点位,与黏粒和粉粒结合形成微团粒结构,影响有机碳积累。     

稻田垄作免耕对土壤团聚体和有机质的影响

该文以1990年建立的耕作制定位试验田紫色水稻土为研究对象,分析了冬水田（FPF）、水旱轮作（CR）和垄作免耕（RNT）3种耕作方式对土壤团聚体组成和有机质的影响。结果表明,垄作免耕减少了对土壤大团聚体的破坏,在0～10 cm土层,垄作免耕大团聚体含量分别是冬水田和水旱轮作的1.48和1.32倍,微团聚体含量则显著降低;在 ＞10～20 cm土层有相同的趋势。3种耕作条件下,有机碳和氮在团聚体中的分布模式类似,均有向大团聚体富集的趋势,但垄作免耕条件下土壤有机碳和氮质量分数显著高于冬水田和水旱轮作。对土壤颗粒有机质（POM）的分析结果表明,垄作免耕0～10 cm土层轻质组分（LF）的质量分数（1.92 g/kg）与水旱轮作（1.70 g/kg）差异不显著,但显著高于冬水田（1.42 g/kg）。冬水田、水旱轮作和垄作免耕的0～10 cm土层,团聚体内总颗粒有机质（total iPOM）质量分数分别为0.96,1.12,2.14 g/kg;垄作免耕土壤团聚体内细颗粒有机质（fine iPOM）分别为冬水田和水旱轮作土壤的3.02和2.46倍,占总POM差异的57%和66%。垄作免耕土壤团聚体内粗颗粒有机质（coarse iPOM）分别为冬水田和水旱轮作土壤的1.56和1.40倍,占总POM差异的18%和19%。在＞10～20 cm土层有相似的趋势,但在＞10～20 cm层土壤粗iPOM的差异对总POM差异的贡献较0～10 cm层大。垄作免耕减少了对大团聚体的破坏并促进微团聚体向大团聚体团聚;降低了团聚体的周转速率,促进了细iPOM的固定,利于紫色水稻土对碳的固定和积累。     

长期施肥对红壤不同有机碳库及其周转速率的影响

通过土壤有机质物理分组和室内培养的方法,研究了长期定位施肥对红壤不同有机碳库及其周转速率的影响。结果表明:平衡施肥(NPK、2NPK)和施用有机肥(OM、NPKOM)显著提高玉米产量,降低产量年际变异系数,同时也显著提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)和活性有机碳(LOC)的含量。根据有机碳物理分组方法,将SOC分成五部分,其中,与矿物结合的有机碳占绝对优势,微团聚体中的粉黏粒(s+c_mM)和大团聚体中的粉黏粒(s+c_M)分别占SOC的31%～53%和28%～38%,其次为微团聚体间的细颗粒有机质(fPOM)和微团聚体中的细颗粒有机质(iPOM_mM),分别占8%～15%和7%～21%,粗颗粒有机质(cPOM)仅占5%～12%。施有机肥(OM、NPKOM)显著提高了颗粒有机碳组分,包括cPOM、fPOM和iPOM_mM组分碳的数量,但是对矿物结合态碳(s+c_M、s+c_mM)影响不明显。施无机肥对有机碳库组成(除s+c_mM外)影响不显著。在有机肥处理中(OM、NPKOM)土壤有机碳周转速率最快,相应的半衰期最短,是CK处理的0.47倍～0.70倍,是无机肥处理的0.11倍～0.95倍。原土有机碳周转时间与LOC/SOC呈显著正相关(r=0.66*)。研究表明平衡施肥和有机肥能提高土壤地力,同时还有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

有机无机肥长期施用对潮土团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

用湿筛法和密度分级相结合的方法,将土壤区分为不同粒径团聚体,并进一步把团聚体细分成不同组分,系统比较了有机无机肥长期施用对潮土及其团聚体中有机C含量的影响。结果表明,潮土团聚体以53～250μm为主,有机肥长期施用显著提高了250～2000μm团聚体数量,降低了53～250μm团聚体的比例。无机肥施用增加了各粒径团聚体有机C含量,但没有改变团聚体的比例。团聚体中有机C以细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)为主,有机肥施用显著增加了矿物态有机C含量,并通过增加250～2000μm团聚体中细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)和矿物态有机C比例来提高土壤有机C含量。无机肥则通过比较均匀地增加团聚体中各组分有机C含量来提高土壤有机C水平。因此,有机肥和无机肥在潮土上增加土壤有机质含量的机制存在明显差异。     

黄土高原典型植被根系对土壤团聚体及其有机碳组分的影响

为探究植被根系作用下不同粒径团聚体内碳组分含量的相对变化及其主要影响因素,以黄土高原地区自然生长的直根系植物铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii Web.)和须根系植物长芒草(Stipa bungeana Trin.)典型植被为研究对象,以退耕1年撂荒地为对照样地(CK),测定各粒径团聚体质量占比及其土壤有机碳(SOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)、矿物结合态有机碳(MAOC)含量,分析土壤基本理化性质和根系特征参数与不同粒径团聚体碳组分特征间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)与撂荒地相比,铁杆蒿和长芒草样地均显著提高POC和MAOC含量,POC含量变化幅度均大于MAOC。铁杆蒿和长芒草样地显著提高各粒径团聚体碳组分含量,＞0.25 mm大团聚体中POC和MAOC含量增幅较微团聚体更大,分别为7.44~8.26倍和3.76~4.37倍。(2)大团聚体有机碳含量与POC、MAOC均为极显著相关,小团聚体有机碳含量与POC显著相关,微团聚体有机碳含量与MAOC显著相关。团聚体对POC的包裹和对MAOC的结合作用共同存在,同时二者以不同的影响方式作用于团聚体有机碳变化,继而影响土壤总有机碳,其中,小团聚体有机碳含量是最主要的影响因素。(3)土壤团聚体碳组分与植被根系参数显著相关,根表面积密度(RSAD)和根生物量密度(RWD)是影响团聚体碳组分的主要因素,其解释方差分别为50.5%,17.0%。通过碳组分对各粒径土壤团聚体有机碳的影响,植物根系能够有效提升土壤有机碳含量并改善土壤质量。该研究结果为黄土高原地区土壤固碳与植被恢复提供参考。     

不同土地利用方式对河滩砂质湿地土壤有机碳在团聚体内分布和稳定性的影响

以江汉平原河滩砂质湿地起源土壤为例,研究稻田、棉田、桔园和未开垦湿地利用方式下表土有机碳含量变化及其在团聚体颗粒组内的分布和稳定性.结果表明:不同土地利用方式下表土有机碳含量差异显著,稻田显著高于其他土地利用方式,湿地、棉田和桔园间差异不显著.旱地减少了土壤有机碳的团聚体物理保护作用,而水田稻作条件下有助于形成土壤有机碳的团聚体物理保护作用.稻田、棉田、湿地均为2 000～200 μm颗粒组比例最高,桔园200～20 μm颗粒组比例最高,不同土地利用方式均为＜2μm颗粒组比例最少.全土SOC的分配主要集中在2 000～200 μm大团聚体颗粒组中,在＜2 μm颗粒组中最少.2 000～200 μm大团聚体颗粒组LOC/SOC的比例最高,碳库不稳定,易于丢失;＜2 μm小颗粒组团聚体LOC/SOC的比例最低,碳库稳定.表明长江中游地区砂质湿地土壤开垦成稻田是相对较好的保持土壤有机碳库的土地利用途径.     

Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe

In this review, technical and economically viable potentials for carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe by 2008-2012 are analysed against a business-as-usual scenario. We provide a quantitative estimation of the carbon absorption potential per hectare and the surface of agricultural land that is available and suitable for the implementation of those measures, their environmental effects as well as the effects on farm income. Realistically, agricultural soils in EU-15 can sequester up to 16-19 Mt C year⁻¹ during the first Kyoto commitment period (2008-2012), which is less than one fifth of the theoretical potential and equivalent to 2% of European anthropogenic emissions. We identified as most promising measures: the promotion of organic inputs on arable land instead of grassland, the introduction of perennials (grasses, trees) on arable set-aside land for conservation or biofuel purposes, to promote organic farming, to raise the water table in farmed peatland, and—with restrictions—zero tillage or conservation tillage. Many options have environmental benefits but some risk of increasing N₂O emissions. For most measures it is impossible to determine the overall impact on farm profitability. Efficient carbon sequestration in agricultural soils demands a permanent management change and implementation concepts adjusted to local soil, climate and management features in order to allow selection of areas with high carbon sequestering potential. Some of the present agricultural policy schemes have probably helped to maintain carbon stocks in agricultural soils.     

北京城市园林树木碳贮量与固碳量研究

为了解北京城市园林树木碳库的贮量及其固碳效果,在1995年和2000年北京城市园林绿化普查资料的基础上,结合遥感影像,对北京城市园林树木碳贮量进行计算。结果表明:2002年北京城市园林树木总碳贮量约为58.88万t,单位建成区面积碳贮量为7.70t/hm2;近年来北京园林树木碳贮量正逐年增加,2002年新增碳贮量达0.46万t。     

How do environmental factors and different fertilizer strategies affect soil CO2 emission and carbon sequestration in the upland soils of southern China?

Upland soils have been identified as a major CO₂ source induced by human activities, such as fertilizer applications. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of soil CO₂ emission and carbon balance in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades. The measurements of soil surface CO₂ fluxes throughout the years of 2009 and 2010 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment (from 1990) in a double cropping system rotated with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in upland soil in southern China. Four treatments were chosen from the experiment for this study: no-fertilizer application (SR), nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium chemical fertilizers (NPK), NPK plus pig manure (NPKM) and pig manure alone (M). Results showed that the mean value of soil CO₂ fluxes from 08:00 to 10:00 am could represent its daily mean value in summer period (June–August) and that from 09:00 am to 12:00 pm for the rest season of a year. Soil temperature and moisture combined together could explain 70–83% of variations of CO₂ emission. Annual cumulative soil CO₂ fluxes in the treatments with manure applications (8.2 ± 0.8 and 11.0 ± 1.2 t C ha⁻¹ in 2009, and 7.9 ± 0.9 and 11.1 ± 1.2 t C ha⁻¹ in 2010 in NPKM and M, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the treatments with non-manure addition (2.5 ± 0.2 and 3.4 ± 0.2 t C ha⁻¹ in 2009, and 2.1 ± 0.2 and 3.7 ± 0.3 t C ha⁻¹ in 2010 in SR and NPK, respectively). However, the treatments with manure applications represented a carbon sink in the soil (carbon output/input ratio < 1.0), which demonstrated potential for carbon sequestration.     

Old soil carbon is more temperature sensitive than the young in an agricultural field

Changes in the carbon stock of soil in response to climate change would significantly affect the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and consequently climate. The isotopes of carbon provide a means to study the temperature sensitivities of different soil carbon fractions. Where C3 vegetation has changed for C4, soil organic matter (SOM) from the different origins have different ¹³C/¹²C ratios. Relying on this feature, we took soil samples from a control field and a field where ordinary grain (C3) vegetation was replaced by maize (C4), 5 years ago. We measured the respiration rate and the ¹³C/¹²C ratio of the CO₂ produced by the samples at different temperatures. Based on these measurements, we quantified that Q₁₀ was 3.4-3.6 for the total CO₂ production while it was 2.4-2.9 at 20 °C for the maize-derived young carbon and 3.6 for the older C3-derived carbon. Our results suggest that climatic warming will accelerate especially the decomposition of the large pool of old soil carbon in these fields.     

Impacts of management on decomposition and the litter-carbon balance in irrigated and rainfed no-till agricultural systems

The litter carbon (C) pool of a single litter cohort in an agroecosystem is the difference between net primary productivity and decomposition and comprises 11–13% of the total C pool (litter and soil 0–15 cm depth) post-harvest. This litter-C pool is highly dynamic and up to 50% can be decomposed in the first 12 months of decomposition. Thus, understanding litter-C dynamics is key in understanding monthly and annual total ecosystem carbon dynamics. While the effects of management practices such as irrigation and fertilization on productivity are well understood, the effects on decomposition are less studied. While irrigation and fertilization increase productivity, this will only lead to increased litter-C residence time and litter-C pool accretion if these techniques do not also result in equivalent or greater increases in decomposition. Management could potentially have impacts on litter-C accretion by increasing litter inputs, changing plant-C allocation, plant tissue quality, or decomposition rates. We examined carbon loss of one annual cohort of maize litter using in situ nylon litter bags for 3 years in three no-till fields with differing management regimes: irrigated continuous maize with a pre-planting fertilization application and two fertigation events, irrigated maize–soybean rotation with the same fertilization regime as the irrigated continuous maize management regime, and rainfed maize–soybean rotation with a single pre-planting fertilization event. We addressed the effects of these different management regimes on net primary productivity and litter inputs, litter nitrogen (N) concentrations and carbon quality measures, plant C allocation, decomposition rates and the potential changes in the overall litter-C balance. We found that irrigation/fertigation management increased litter inputs, led to changes in plant tissue quality, had no effect on carbon allocation, and increased decomposition rates. This balance of both greater litter inputs and outputs of C from the irrigated management regimes led to a similar litter-C balance for this litter cohort in the irrigated and rainfed management regimes after 3 years of decomposition. Our data clearly show that merely increasing litter-C inputs through irrigation/fertigation practices is not sufficient to increase litter-C residence time because decomposition rates also increase. Therefore, close monitoring of decomposition rates is essential for understanding litter-C pool dynamics.     

农田土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因子研究进展

全球气候变暖引起的环境问题已经引起各国政府及科学家的密切关注。农田土壤作为大气CO2的源和库,在全球碳循环中的重要角色日渐被认识。本文围绕土壤固碳的基本问题,总结了农田土壤固碳潜力、土壤有机碳固定机制及其影响因素的国内外研究进展。国内研究表明,目前耕地的地力不稳,土壤有机碳密度较低,农田土壤固碳的潜力较大。因此,加强不同区域农田土壤固碳潜力、固碳过程、固碳机理等方面的研究,设计合理优化的农业管理措施,是今后研究的重点。     

Soil organic C in the tallgrass prairie-derived region of the corn belt: effects of long-term crop management

Concerns with rising atmospheric levels of CO₂ have stimulated interest in C flow in terrestrial ecosystems and the potential for increased soil C sequestration. Our objectives were to assess land management effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and SOC sequestration for long-term studies in the tallgrass prairie region of the US. Major losses of SOC following conversion of native prairie to arable agriculture at Sanborn Field and the Morrow Plots were rapid (20 to 40 yr), occurred in response to greatly reduced C inputs and accelerated C decay rates, and had largely abated by the mid-1900s. Losses of SOC occurred mainly in easily decomposable, labile C fractions. At Sanborn Field, modeled labile SOC was reduced to 4% of native prairie levels for treatments with low C inputs. A large capacity for soil C sequestration likely exists in the tallgrass prairie region, if labile C pools can be replenished. This agroecosystem has a strong C decomposition regime and increased sequestration of labile C will rely on management practices that increase C inputs (i.e., fertilization, returning crop residues) and stabilize labile C (i.e., perennial cropping, reduced tillage). The capacity for soil C sequestration, however, will vary considerably among sites and be dependent on initial levels of labile SOC and the ability of management practices to stabilize greater inputs of labile C.     

森林生态系统碳循环研究进展

针对森林生态系统碳循环在全球碳循环中的重要作用,综述了国内外森林生态系统碳循环的研究进展,包括森林生态系统植物和土壤碳固定、森林群落和土壤的碳释放、森林生态系统碳平衡和碳循环模型等方面,并指出今后的研究方向。     

城市土壤无机碳空间分布特征及其与城市化历史的关系

城市化过程深刻影响了土壤的碳循环过程。利用城市土壤空间精细化采样,结合1900年—2010年南京城市化历史重建,分析城市土壤无机碳空间分布与城市化过程的时空关系,评估城市土壤无机碳的固碳潜力。研究表明,城市土壤无机碳密度与城市化历史具有良好的对应关系,历史老城区的无机碳库储量远高于快速城市化的新城区,揭示城市土壤无机碳具有良好的固碳潜力。随着城市化历史的增加,无机碳密度平均值表现出线性增长,研究区的城市土壤表层无机碳库为2.94Tg,其未来仍拥有的固碳潜力为1.45Tg。本研究可为阐明城市系统碳循环的机制、开展城市土壤无机碳固碳技术研究提供理论依据。     

Critical Periods of Storage of the Greenhouse Gases in Polypropylene Syringe

It is convenient to store gas samples containing e.g. carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), in polypropylene syringes before chromatographic analysis. However, there is no study of the integrity of these samples or of what storage condition may be critical. To investigate we filled polypropylene syringes with two standard mixtures of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O, and stored them at ~2 °C and ~25 °C, and analyzed the contents using gas chromatography. Our results suggest that the storage of gases on the syringe at room temperature is not viable due the CO₂ storage integrity when in low concentration. However, the quantitative integrity of samples is maintained when the syringe is kept refrigerated up to 19 h, period limited by CO₂ and CH₄, taking into account the three gases CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O.