柴油机燃用柴油与生物柴油的雾化特性分析

燃油雾化特性是影响柴油机燃烧和排放的关键因素,对比分析了柴油、生物柴油的喷雾特性,探讨了密度、黏度、分子结构、调合比例、喷油泵转速和燃油温度等因素对雾化特性的影响。结果表明：减小生物柴油的密度,降低黏度,通过燃料重新设计打断分子双键结构均可有效改善雾化特性;柴油机喷油泵的转速在1?100 r/min时,柴油和生物柴油的贯穿距离分别在0～0.9?ms和0.5～0.7?ms时到达最大;在上止点5℃A左右,温度为380?K,100%负荷时,生物柴油的索特平均直径最大。     

基于多普勒粒子分析仪的生物柴油喷雾特性试验

柴油机燃烧过程直接决定了柴油机的动力性、经济性和排放性能,而燃油雾化的质量又是影响燃烧过程最重要的因素。该文研究了生物柴油及其调和油的雾化特性,在模拟气缸中,运用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（phase Doppler particle analyzer,PDPA）测量系统对生物柴油及矿物柴油不同比例调和油的喷雾场进行了测量,得到了喷雾场中油滴的速度矢量和油滴直径。结果表明：在油束的核心区过后,喷孔直径对雾化影响比较大,小孔径的雾化效果好;喷油器不同的较小启喷压力（在常用启喷压力范围内）对生物柴油没有很大的影响;生物柴油的雾化效果不如柴油好,直观表现就是索特平均直径较大;油泵转速高,油滴的脉动速度就大,索特平均直径就小。     

生物质混合燃料在柴油机喷嘴内流动特性模拟

为了研究燃料物性差异对喷孔内流动特性的影响,通过GAMBIT软件建立三维喷嘴模型,利用FLUENT软件采用混合多相流模型,对柴油、生物柴油、生物柴油/乙醇混合燃料的喷孔内压强分布、速度分布和空化程度进行仿真分析。结果表明:燃油在压力室与喷孔入口衔接处压强迅速下降,进入喷孔后压强趋于稳定,在喷孔出口处压强略有上升;生物柴油的压强降幅最大,在喷孔不同截面处,与柴油相比生物柴油的压强平均下降了23.91%;生物柴油/乙醇混合燃料与柴油的压强降幅差别不大。燃油流速在喷孔入口处迅速增加,进入喷孔后增速放缓,在喷孔出口处燃油流速略有下降;在喷孔径向方向,由于壁面黏滞力作用导致速度从中心轴线向外围呈递减趋势;在喷孔不同截面处柴油的流速最快,其在喷嘴出口处的流速为229.8 m/s;生物柴油/乙醇混合燃料在喷嘴出口处的流速为223.1 m/s;生物柴油的流速最小,其在喷嘴出口处的流速为214.9 m/s。空穴现象首先发生在喷孔入口拐角处,随后向喷孔出口发展,并逐渐减弱。喷孔不同截面处,柴油的气相体积分数最大,生物柴油的气相体积分数最小,其气相体积分数比柴油平均下降了11.1%,与柴油相比生物柴油的空化程度较弱;生物柴油/乙醇混合燃料的气相体积分数与柴油差别不大,仅降低了1.8%,在生物柴油中添加乙醇能够降低燃料的密度、粘度和表面张力,改善燃料在喷孔内的流动特性,促进空化产生,喷孔内的空化现象能够为圆射流喷雾提供初始扰动,促进燃油雾化。该研究可为生物柴油/乙醇混合燃料流通特性研究提供理论支持。     

喷油压力喷孔直径及燃油属性对混合柴油喷雾特性的影响

为了研究松油-柴油-PODE_(3-4)混合燃料的喷雾特性,该文利用高压共轨喷油试验台结合高速摄影技术拍摄了不同工况下松油-柴油-PODE_(3-4)混合试验燃料的喷雾发展图像,分析了燃油属性、喷油压力、喷孔直径对混合柴油喷雾特性的影响。结果表明:随着喷油压力的增加,试验燃料的喷雾锥角变大,喷油压力从100到160 MPa,每增加20 MPa喷雾锥角平均增加1°左右,喷雾前锋贯穿距离也有一定程度的增长,随着喷油压力从100增加到160 MPa,最大喷雾前锋贯穿距离增加13%左右;随着喷孔直径的增大,喷雾锥角和喷雾前锋贯穿距离都呈现增大的趋势,喷孔直径从0.10增加到0.18 mm,喷雾锥角增加了3°左右,喷雾前锋最大贯穿距离增加28%左右;在纯柴油的基础上掺混松油和PODE_(3-4)后的混合燃料,其喷雾锥角、贯穿距离和油束面积相对于纯柴油都有增长的趋势,说明在纯柴油的基础上掺混一定比例松油和PODE_(3-4)有助于改善燃料的雾化效果。试验研究结果可以为松油和PODE_(3-4)成为柴油机替代燃料提供参考。     

柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的试验研究

研究了乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的互溶性和理化性质，测量了柴油机燃用柴油、乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的动力性、经济性与排放特性。结果表明，当温度高于10℃、生物柴油的体积分数大于17.6%时，乙醇、柴油和生物柴油可以任意比例稳定互溶。随着乙醇掺混比例的增大，燃用乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的燃烧与排放情况是：燃油消耗率逐渐增大，但能量消耗率变化不大；转矩逐渐减小；烟度排放大幅度降低,中高负荷下CO排放大幅度减少，HC排放量明显增加，NOx排放变化不大；最大燃烧压力和放热率峰值逐渐升高并后移。     

喷油压力及背压对丁醇柴油喷雾影响的模拟及验证

为深入了解丁醇柴油的喷雾特性,该文根据喷雾可视化试验结果,利用AVL Fire软件建立了耦合喷嘴内流动的丁醇柴油喷雾模型,并依据试验结果证明了模型的准确性。通过该模型研究了喷油压力、背压和掺混比对丁醇柴油喷雾的影响,计算了各种因素对混合燃料的油束发展、喷雾贯穿距、索特平均直径(sauter mean diameter,SMD)、速度场和浓度场的影响。结果表明:随喷油压力和背压的变化,正丁醇体积分数为25%的丁醇柴油混合燃料(记为N25)的油束形态基本不变;随喷油压力的升高,N25的贯穿距增加,SMD减小,油束和环境的卷吸增强,油束中心速度和轴线附近浓度均增加;随背压的升高,N25贯穿距减小,SMD在喷雾初期稍降,喷雾中后期基本不变,油束中心的速度降低,浓度增加;随正丁醇掺混比的增加,贯穿距和SMD均逐渐降低;随环境温度的升高,贯穿距增加,SMD在温度由293.15 K升高后明显降低,而后随温度升高变化不大。该文的研究分析了多种因素对丁醇柴油喷雾的影响,为其作为替代燃料的应用提供了理论支持。     

棉籽油生物柴油和柴油混合燃料的润滑特性

为研究生物柴油的润滑特性,该研究用棉籽油与甲醇和乙醇分别进行酯交换反应,制备出甲酯生物柴油和乙酯生物柴油。然后将它们分别以不同体积比率与市售0#柴油混合,制备出不同比率的生物柴油/柴油混合物。通过四球摩擦磨损试验机考察了这些混合物的润滑特性。结果表明：不同碳醇与棉籽油制备的生物柴油对柴油的润滑性能均具有增效作用,且随着生物柴油添加量的增加,柴油的润滑性能得到提高;但市售0#柴油对不同碳醇制备的生物柴油感受性不同,分别添加20%的甲酯生物柴油和乙酯生物柴油到0#柴油时,发现混合柴油的最大无卡咬负荷（PB值）分别提升了94.1%和29.4%;同时,甲酯生物柴油对柴油的最大无卡咬负荷影响大,而乙酯生物柴油/柴油的减摩性和抗磨性都好于甲酯生物柴油/柴油;游离脂肪酸对生物柴油润滑性也有较大影响。该研究为生物柴油的应用打下基础。     

不同配比乙醇柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放性

为了研究乙醇柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放性,该文在双缸直喷式柴油机和在用的柴油轿车上分别进行了发动机台架试验和整车底盘测功机试验。结果表明,在不调整柴油机条件下,使用乙醇柴油混合燃料能够在一定程度上改善发动机燃油经济性和降低排气烟度和NOX排放,但HC排放增加。适当减小供油提前角有利于改善乙醇柴油混合燃料发动机经济性和排放特性。对于试验车辆,燃用E10有利于降低汽车在中、高速时的等速工况燃料消耗量和常温下冷起动后PM、NOX排放量。该研究结果对于改善乙醇柴油混合燃料的燃油经济性和排放性具有实用价值。     

棉籽油制备生物柴油的生物降解性能

以棉籽油甲酯、乙酯生物柴油及其与石化柴油形成的调和油为研究对象,采用改进的Sturm试验方法,考察了生物柴油及其调和油的生物降解特点。研究表明：在有氧的水环境中生物降解28 d,棉籽乙酯生物柴油与甲酯生物柴油生物降解率分别达99.7%和99.1%;对甲酯生物柴油而言,生物柴油体积分数为50%和20%的调和油的28 d生物降解率分别为93.8%和80.8%,而乙酯生物柴油体积分数为50%和20%的调和油的28 d生物降解率分别95.7%和81.9%,但在相同条件下,0#柴油生物降解率仅49.9%;生物柴油在调和油中体积比越大,调和油的生物降解速度越快,生物柴油对石化柴油的生物降解具有促进作用。该文对认识棉籽油生物柴油在环境中的消解规律,控制环境污染具有一定的意义。     

乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性

为了研究乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性,该文对分别使用乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料和柴油的在用柴油轿车的排放性能和燃油经济性,以及在用柴油客车的自由加速排气烟度排放进行了对比试验。研究结果表明:相对于柴油,在用柴油轿车使用E10(体积比,乙醇10%、丁醇4%、柴油86%)混合燃料的NOX排放减少10.42%,HC+NOX排放减少27.43%,微粒(PM)排放减少2.13%,90和120km/h等速行驶燃料消耗量分别减少7.66%和3.71%;然而CO排放增加31.43%,工况循环综合燃料消耗量增加4.48%。此外,在用柴油客车使用E10混合燃料的自由加速排气烟度排放减少31.11%。该研究结果对于完善乙醇柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性具有实用价值。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.