两种亚菊属植物挥发油及主要成分对赤拟谷盗幼虫的活性研究

本文旨在研究川甘亚菊和灌木亚菊挥发油及其主要成分(1,8-桉叶油醇、樟脑、马鞭草烯醇、冰片和桃金娘烯醇)对赤拟谷盗幼虫的活性作用。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油并通过熏蒸、触杀和驱避等测试方法评价两种挥发油及其主要成分对赤拟谷盗幼虫的生物活性。结果表明,川甘亚菊挥发油、灌木亚菊挥发油和1,8-桉叶油醇均具有一定的熏蒸活性(LC₅₀分别为94.60、81.17 mg/L和18.42 mg/L)和触杀活性(LD₅₀分别为216.93、100.50μg/头和52.69μg/头)。同时,在高测试浓度(78.63 nL/cm~2和15.73 nL/cm~2)时,分别处理2 h和4 h后川甘亚菊和灌木亚菊挥发油以及桃金娘烯醇对赤拟谷盗幼虫均表现出较明显的驱避活性,冰片驱避活性接近于阳性对照避蚊胺。因此,川甘亚菊和灌木亚菊挥发油对赤拟谷盗的幼虫有一定的防治作用。     

头花杜鹃挥发油的化学成分分析及其对3种仓储害虫的毒杀作用

本研究旨在明确头花杜鹃挥发油的化学成分及其对烟草甲、赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱的毒杀作用。利用GC/MS分析了头花杜鹃叶挥发油的化学组分;通过触杀和驱避试验测试头花杜鹃叶挥发油的生物活性。结果表明:从头花杜鹃叶挥发油中鉴定出的成分共有30种,占总成分的100.00%,其主要成分为:α-蒎烯(25.32%)、β-蒎烯(19.90%)和6,8-吡啶并[3,4-d]嘧啶-4(3H)-酮酸盐(7.45%);头花杜鹃叶挥发油对烟草甲、赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱的LD₅₀分别为44.40、104.92μg/头和98.87μg/cm^2;在测试2 h和4 h后其对赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱的驱避效果与阳性对照除虫菊素产生的效果一致。上述结果表明,头花杜鹃叶挥发油对烟草甲、赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱均具有较好的毒杀作用,这可能与头花杜鹃叶挥发油中的主要成分α-蒎烯有关。     

艳山姜叶挥发油对赤拟谷盗的杀虫活性

为开发新型仓储防护剂,研究艳山姜Alpinia zerumbet叶子挥发油的化学成分及其对仓储害虫赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum的杀虫活性。通过GC-MS分析了艳山姜叶挥发油的化学成分,并通过熏蒸、触杀试验测试挥发油及单体成分的活性。艳山姜叶挥发油中鉴定出31种化合物,主要成分为邻伞花烃(14.86%)、桉油精(8.44%)、芳樟醇(8.28%)、氧化石竹烯(7.62%)、柠檬烯(7.29%)、莰烯(7.23%)、α-蒎烯(6.40%)和左旋樟脑(6.20%)。通过生物活性筛选,艳山姜叶挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫具有触杀毒性(LD_(50)值为6.59μg/头)和熏蒸毒性(LC_(50)为5.19mg/L)。挥发油中的主要化合物莰烯、柠檬烯和桉油精对赤拟谷盗均有一定的触杀毒性,LD_(50)分别为5.13、14.97和18.83μg/头。莰烯对赤拟谷盗还显示出较强的熏蒸活性,LC_(50)为4.10mg/L。因此,艳山姜叶挥发油及其活性化合物在应用于赤拟谷盗的防治方面有潜力。     

4种植物挥发油的化学成分分析及其对赤拟谷盗的生物活性

本试验采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取飞机草?假蒟?紫穗槐和毛麝香4种植物的挥发油, 以气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析挥发油的化学成分组成, 采用触杀和驱避活性测试评价以上植物挥发油对赤拟谷盗的生物活性?结果表明, 从上述植物挥发油中共鉴定出100种成分, 其中, 飞机草轻油和飞机草重油主要含有肉豆蔻醚(34.32%, 46.58%)和β-石竹烯(22.35%, 17.98%), 假蒟挥发油中主要含有β-胡椒烯(18.23%)和β-石竹烯(14.60%), 紫穗槐挥发油主要含有α-蒎烯(26.31%), 毛麝香挥发油主要含有γ-松油烯(24.90%)和环葑莰烯(16.59%)?此外, 飞机草轻油和重油?假蒟?紫穗槐和毛麝香挥发油对赤拟谷盗具有一定的触杀活性, 其24 h的LD50分别为58.83?62.73?51.94?44.08 μg/头和51.69 μg/头, 其中, 紫穗槐挥发油的触杀活性最强?同时, 上述植物挥发油对赤拟谷盗均具有一定的驱避活性, 其相对关联度ri分别为0.340 6?0.647 4?0.561 2?0.523 5和0.657 2, 其中, 毛麝香挥发油的驱避活性最强(ri =0.657 2)?因此, 紫穗槐和毛麝香挥发油在仓储害虫防治方面具有很好的研究价值和开发潜力?     

牡荆叶挥发油对烟草甲的杀虫活性

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取牡荆叶挥发油,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析其化学成分,基于柱色谱和核磁共振方法分离并鉴定化合物。从牡荆叶挥发油中鉴定出47种化合物,主要成分为β-石竹烯(25.8%)、桉油精(9.5%)、石竹烯氧化物(7.3%)和乙酸松油酯(6.1%)。并对牡荆叶挥发油及其分离得到的β-石竹烯和桉油精进行了杀虫活性测定。结果表明牡荆叶挥发油对烟草甲(Lasioderma serricorne)成虫具有触杀毒性(LD50为25.30μg/头)和熏蒸毒性(LC50为13.12mg/L)。挥发油中的主要化合物β-石竹烯和桉油精对烟草甲均有一定的触杀毒性(LD50分别为41.75μg/头和15.58μg/头)。桉油精对烟草甲还显示出较强的熏蒸活性(LC50为5.18mg/L)。结果提示牡荆叶挥发油及其活性化合物可用于烟草甲的综合防治。     

芥末精油对锯谷盗成虫的生物活性

本文研究了芥末精油对锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis成虫的室内杀虫活性.结果表明,芥末精油对锯谷盗成虫具有很强的熏蒸、驱避和触杀活性.在不同时间0.1μL·L-1芥末精油的熏蒸活性均最强,24h熏蒸毒力最大,锯谷盗成虫的校正死亡率达99.38%;方差分析表明不同处理时间和不同处理剂量对试虫的熏蒸活性均有极显著影响.随着时间延长,驱避作用逐渐增强;同一时间处理浓度越高驱避作用越强,8d时0.1μL·L-1驱避活性最强,达100%.在同一时间随着处理浓度的增大,芥末精油对锯谷盗触杀校正死亡率呈上升趋势,但18h后各处理间校正死亡率无显著差异.     

光果莸挥发油的化学成分及其对两种仓储害虫防治作用

探究光果莸挥发油的化学组成及其对两种仓储害虫的防治效果。利用GC/MS分析光果莸挥发油的化学成分,通过触杀、熏蒸和驱避试验评价光果莸挥发油对两种昆虫的生物活性。结果表明,光果莸挥发油中共鉴定出20种化合物,占总成分的94.08%,主要化合物为反乙酸松香芹酯(36.1%),柠檬烯(23.1%),β-蒎烯(13.6%),邻异丙基甲苯(5.6%),桃金娘烯醛(3.3%)。光果莸挥发油对烟草甲和嗜卷书虱表现出一定触杀作用(半数致死量LD_(50)分别为24.90μg/头和2.74μg/cm~2)和熏蒸活性(半数致死浓度LC_(50)分别为37.62 mg/L air和9.88 mg/L air),且光果莸挥发油对嗜卷书虱具有明显的驱避活性。结果提示,光果莸挥发油具有进一步开发为植物源杀虫剂的潜力。     

肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗的熏蒸作用及对成虫保护酶活性的影响

为明确肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum各发育阶段的杀虫活性及对成虫几种保护酶活性的影响, 本试验采用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法测定了肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗低龄幼虫、高龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的熏蒸作用及24 h致死中浓度熏蒸后成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。结果表明, 肉桂醛的熏蒸效果与其浓度和赤拟谷盗发育阶段有关, 肉桂醛2.5 μL/L熏蒸72 h对赤拟谷盗成虫的熏蒸效果最好, 幼虫次之。在24 h致死中浓度处理下, 赤拟谷盗成虫体内SOD、POD、CAT活性分别在48、12 h和36 h达到最高, 其活性分别为对照的2.70、1.03倍和1.96倍。随着熏蒸时间的延长, 成虫POD活性在处理36 h后低于对照, SOD、CAT活性分别在处理36~60 h和24~48 h显著高于对照。综上所述, 经肉桂醛熏蒸处理后, 赤拟谷盗成虫体内动态平衡受到破坏, 进而产生毒害作用。因此, 肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗的生物防治有较高的应用价值。     

八角茴香精油的杀虫活性与化学成分研究

本文报道了八角茴香(Illicium verum Hook.f.)精油的杀虫活性及其化学成分。使用剂量为50mg/L的精油进行熏蒸,赤拟谷盗[Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)]成虫24小时内平均校正死亡率高达100％;剂量为10mg/L的处理死亡率仍达80.6％。但在有储粮的条件下熏杀效果较差。使用剂量为0.1％(w/w)的精油处理小麦或全麦粉,可完全抑制赤拟谷盗、谷蠹(Rhizopertha dominica Fabricius)和黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor Linne)的种群繁殖。黄粉虫的中期卵对八角茴香精油最敏感。使用800μg/cm~2的剂量处理,对赤拟谷盗的忌避率最高,处理后第8周仍达55.6％,采用GC—MS法分析了八角茴香精油的化学成分,检出了35个成分,鉴定了其中32个成分的化学结构,结合生物活性测定,明确此精油的主要杀虫成分为反式一大茴香脑。     

β-石竹烯对黄胸散白蚁生物活性的研究

采用小滤纸片法、微量点滴法和塑料杯熏蒸法分别测定β-石竹烯对黄胸散白蚁的驱避、触杀和熏蒸作用。结果表明,在浓度分别为28、14、7 mg/mL时,毒杀后死亡率分别为45.83%、33.33%、29.17%,驱避率分别为96.70%、96.85%和92.22%;在受药量为5.6、2.8μg/头时,7 d后的校正死亡率分别为70.91%、65.45%,具有一定的触杀作用。但熏蒸作用效果不明显,与对照组无显著性差异。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.