基于电子鼻和GIS的大型生活垃圾堆肥厂恶臭污染源测定

堆肥能够在有效地处理有机生活垃圾的同时生产肥料产品,但堆肥过程中产生的恶臭气体是影响环境的重要因素,严重影响了该项技术的推广应用。为确定堆肥厂恶臭来源和强度,进而为进一步治理提供参考。笔者通过先期调查对堆肥厂存在的恶臭污染释放点进行了初步确定,利用GPS(global position system)定位技术进行网格化布点。在为期30 d的调查过程中,通过电子鼻检测手段分别对堆肥厂厂区和周边环境的恶臭污染状况进行检测。在获得大量现场检测数据的基础上选择GIS(geographic information system)技术中的张力样条法对调查区域进行插值运算,依据生成的数值绘制该区域恶臭污染的等强度曲线。通过作图能够直观地了解恶臭污染分布及浓度梯度下降趋势。对厂区的调查结果作图表明在堆肥厂厂区主要存在着2个主要的恶臭污染释放点源,一个位于发酵车间前段渗滤液抽排外运出口,电子鼻检测数值显示2465,另一个位于与生物滤池附近,电子鼻检测数值显示2913,通过折算臭气浓度分别为840和2191。其中发酵车间附近渗滤液抽排外运出口的取样点邻近与填埋场划定的厂界,其数值远远超过恶臭污染排放标准(GB14554-1993)规定的无组织排放厂界臭气浓度值。2个污染释放源的恶臭强度均达到5级水平。通过对周边环境的更大范围内的恶臭状况检测与比较分析,可以确定堆肥厂的恶臭污染是影响周边环境的首要恶臭因素。     

奶牛场恶臭污染物扩散规律研究

以山东省某县中等规模的3个奶牛养殖场为试验场地,以臭气浓度为监测指标,在下风向距恶臭排放源不同距离处设置采样点,对规模化奶牛养殖场恶臭污染物的下风向扩散规律及影响扩散规律的部分气象因素进行了研究,并通过数据回归得出了恶臭污染物水平扩散模型。结果表明,奶牛场恶臭污染物的排放浓度随距离的增加迅速减小,通过线性回归得出下风向同一高度处的臭气浓度与监测点距排放源的距离呈指数函数关系;对于气象条件,在27～37℃,风速小于5.4 m.s-1的范围内,风速、空气温度和空气相对湿度对恶臭污染物扩散规律的影响均显著,其中温度和风速对恶臭污染物扩散规律的影响较空气相对湿度大。     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质分析

恶臭污染已成为生活垃圾堆肥过程中的主要环境问题.以15~80 mm粒径段的生活垃圾作为研究对象,利用嗅觉测定法和GC-MS分析了不同阶段堆肥尾气的臭气浓度和恶臭化合物的种类及其排放浓度,并对不同堆肥阶段臭气浓度和恶臭物质排放浓度的相关性进行分析.结果表明,垃圾堆肥过程中共检测到50种挥发性有机物,其中含硫恶臭物质5种,烃类化合物25种,芳香烃类化合物14种,其他物质6种.通过相关性分析,发现硫化氢、甲硫醚、二硫化碳、二甲二硫、1,3二甲基苯和邻二甲苯均与臭气浓度呈极显著相关(p<0.01),结合各恶臭物质的嗅阈值,15~80 mm粒径段垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质优先控制的顺序为硫化氢>甲硫醚>二甲二硫>二硫化碳>1,3二甲基苯>邻二甲苯.甲硫醇的嗅阈值非常低,即使其排放浓度很低,也会带来严重的臭气污染;NH3虽然对臭气浓度的贡献相对较小,但是其排放量很大,因此也应该对这2种恶臭物质进行重点监测和控制.该研究结果为生活垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质的监测、制定控制策略提供参考.     

葫芦岛锌厂周围土壤镉污染现状研究

本文对葫芦岛锌厂周围土壤中重金属镉含量进行了分析检测,并用三种评价标准(当地土壤背景值、土壤污染起始值和土壤环境质量标准)分别对土壤镉的污染程度进行了评价,结果表明:锌厂周围土壤受镉污染严重。三种评价方法均表明锌厂南部和西部5km、北部10km范围内的表层土壤(0～20cm)达到了重度污染、北部15km处为中度-重度污染、北部20km处受到轻度污染。锌厂南部土壤镉的含量最高,其次是北部的土壤,含镉量分别超过土壤环境质量标准的19.23～109.23倍和4.13～11.63倍;而西部土壤镉含量相对较低。下层土壤(20～40cm)也受到了不同程度的污染,大部分剖面点达到了中度到重度的污染。在所研究范围内土壤上下层含镉量比值为1.3～17.9。     

矿化垃圾中植物大量营养元素含量的剖面分布特征

对经长期填埋后已稳定化的垃圾进行开采和资源化利用,能增加现有填埋场库容,对解决城市生活垃圾填埋场紧张的现状具有重要意义。以一个已运行10a以上的垃圾填埋场为研究对象,对已填埋6、8、10a的矿化垃圾中一些植物大量营养元素的剖面分布进行了测定。结果表明：（1）矿化垃圾中氮、磷、钾养分的浓度总和已达到国家有机肥养分含量标准,有机质含量也明显高于土壤的有机质含量,从植物养分供应的角度看,矿化垃圾可具有资源化利用的价值;（2）矿化垃圾中养分主要以氮素为主,磷、钾营养元素的总量较低,但速效态含量相对较高;（3）不同填埋深度的矿化垃圾中,主要营养元素的含量大部分在填埋8~10a后达到相对稳定的状态,但受矿化垃圾组成成分复杂性的影响,部分形态营养元素的变化规律不明显。     

曹娥江干流水质有机污染时空变异分析和可生化性研究

根据2003-2005年曹娥江干流的水质监测资料，对水体中有机物污染进行综合评价，并进行时空变异分析，在此监测阶段，有机物的污染趋于缓解，但仍然属于中度污染。对各断面进行有机物污染综合评价指数的相关性分析和可生化度评价，表明上游水质改善将对下游水质的提高有直接影响；上游2#点有机物污染最为严重；整个干流在1月份有机物污染强度最大，有机物的排放量和流域的水文气象条件是其时空变化的主要因素；下游6#点受工业废水影响较大，水体的生物降解能力相对较低。     

基于GIS和几何平均数模型的流域生态安全评估及在各因子中的分异特征——以星云湖流域为例

结合几何平均数模型和GIS技术,选取海拔高程、坡度、土壤侵蚀强度、地质灾害易发性、土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、距自然生态保护区距离、距离建设用地、人口密度和距水源距离10个指标对星云湖流域生态安全进行评价,分析了该区域生态安全的空间分异规律和形成机理。研究表明:星云湖流域平均生态安全指数为2.33,中度安全面积占流域总面积的42.34%,高度安全占22.84%,较低安全占26.43%,不安全面积为32.117km~2,占8.39%,说明流域生态安全总体以中度安全为主,生态系统健康一般;从空间上,流域生态安全较低区主要集中分布于北部、东部和南部以及城市建筑密集区,除了城市建筑密集区受人类干扰较强外,其余地区坡度和地形起伏较大,景观较为破碎,水土流失较为严重且有过地质灾害发生,这些地区是生态保护和建设的重点区域。生态安全等级在综合评价下的结果与单因子评价下的结果存在较大差异,区域生态安全受多重因素的综合影响,单因子评价难以精确全面反映区域生态安全的空间分异规律特征和成因机理,各因子之间存在相互促进和相互抑制的作用关系,流域自然环境要素坡度、水资源环境和水土流失以及人类活动干扰要素土地利用格局、距离建设用地远近等因子是形成流域生态安全格局的主要因素。     

沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀强度的垂直动态变化研究

以具北方土石山区的典型特征的沂蒙山区为研究区,以TM影像和地形图为源数据,借助GIS和RS技术,根据全国土壤侵蚀分类分级标准,获取1986和2004年2期土壤侵蚀强度数据,在垂直分布上分析了土壤侵蚀强度等级间转化的分布特征。结果表明,1986—2004年期间,土壤侵蚀强度转化以向微度和相邻级别转化为主;土壤侵蚀强度加剧的面积为810.7km2,占总面积7.15%,侵蚀强度减缓的面积为1913.8km2,占总面积16.88%,在海拔150～400m间土壤侵蚀加剧和减缓的面积分别占其总变化面积的81.51%和73.43%。各等级土壤侵蚀强度面积随高程均呈现先增大后减小趋势,且其峰值出现的高程随着侵蚀强度级别的增加而升高。微度、轻度和中度等级发生变化的高程范围随着转向侵蚀级别的增大呈升高趋势;强度、极强度和剧烈转向微度等级的高程范围位置相对较低,极强度和剧烈等级转向轻度和中度侵蚀的高程范围位置相对较高。     

松嫩平原北部土壤重金属空间分异特征及生态安全评价

以松嫩平原北部8.15万km2的范围为研究区域,以20 701个表层土壤样品的As,Cd,Cr,Pb,Hg,Cu,Zn,Ni共8种重金属元素含量为基础数据,利用地统计方法分析研究区内表层土壤重金属的空间分异特征.利用主成分分析法进行土壤生态安全质量评价.评价结果显示:松嫩平原北部表层土壤中重金属元素含量普遍低于世界土壤和中国土壤重金属平均含量;研究区内松花江、嫩江对表层土壤中重金属的水平迁移影响显著,表层土壤重金属含量由低及高呈现沿松花江嫩江的主要干支流向周围梯级过渡的趋势.表层土壤中重金属元素的空间分布主要受自然因素影响,其中Pb,As元素的空间分布受到一定程度的人为因素干扰.松嫩高平原区域土壤生态安全质量相对较低,松嫩低平原区域土壤生态安全质量相对较高.     

都市农业村域地下水非点源氮污染及其风险评估

以上海市南汇区新场镇果园村为研究区域,连续监测了该村域地下水中的总氮和"三氮"含量变化。结果表明:该村域地下水中的"三氮"主要以NO3--N形态存在,平均浓度范围为1.43～13.71 mg/L;地下水氮污染与土地利用类型有关,居民区地下水中NH4+-N污染最为严重,平均浓度范围为0.074～0.457 mg/L;河道旁地下水中NH4+-N污染较轻;果园旁和河道旁地下水总氮污染程度相当,平均浓度范围分别为33.67～62.57 mg/L,33.05～65.04 mg/L。均比居民区地下水污染严重。同时研究发现,该村域地下水中的总氮和"三氮"含量也受降雨强度和降雨时间的影响。同时,采用模糊综合评价法评价了该区域地下水氮污染的环境风险。     

填埋场中硫化氢恶臭污染防治技术研究进展

硫化氢是垃圾填埋场恶臭污染的主要贡献者之一,填埋场中的硫化氢恶臭污染不仅危害现场工人的身体健康,而且影响周围居民的正常生活。该文概述了垃圾填埋场中硫化氢恶臭的污染状况和特征,从硫化氢的源头控制和末端治理两方面阐述了垃圾填埋场硫化氢恶臭防治技术的研究进展。目前,有关填埋场硫化氢恶臭的控制技术主要集中在末端处理,如对填埋气中的硫化氢进行净化或者采用高效的覆盖层材料来减少硫化氢释放,而对于填埋场内的源头控制手段还非常有限。该文着重提出了利用填埋场堆体内部含量丰富的铁资源的微生物氧化还原以及反硝化脱硫菌的特征代谢作用进行硫化氢的内源削减两大方法,并探讨了其他相关技术的发展趋势,对完善填埋场的硫化氢恶臭污染控制理论与实践具有参考价值。     

Prediction of Contaminants Migration at Unlined Landfill Sites in an Arid Climate – a Case Study

Landfilling of municipal solid waste (MSW) is associated with the generation of leachate that is highly contaminated. Contaminant migration from disposal areas to groundwater poses a threat to the environment and the human health. This study examined the contaminant migration at a landfill site in Kuwait. The migration characteristics of contaminants were analyzed using advanced computing systems to predict the long-term plume concentration in underlying soils and aquifers located directly below the final waste layer. Mathematical models of contaminant migration were applied to existing landfill sites using MIGRATEv9 computer program to illustrate the scope and extent of soil and water contamination. Two main cases were modeled as follows: (1) water table is deep below landfill and (2) water table is rising into the landfill. The models included advective-dispersion, and buried landfills systems. The comparison between models results suggested that vertical Darcy velocity had a significant impact on migration behavior of contaminants. The concentration was increased by 24.5% by increasing the vertical Darcy velocity from 0.005 to 0.009 m/year. Advection–dispersion models and water rising models with fixed top boundary and aquifer bottom boundary at 2 and 3.5 m showed almost the same migration behavior. In addition, models of buried landfill system where water table was 5 m from ground surface produced a maximum contaminant concentration of 17 630 mg/L after 25 years at 5 m depth.     

The Effects of Poultry Manure Based Formulations on Odor Generation During Phase I Mushroom Composting

Bioreactors were designed and built to study the effects of Phase I mushroom compost formulation on odor production. Three different poultry manure levels: 0x, 1x and 2x [0 %, 5.1 %, and 11.0 % dry weight basis, respectively] were used in compost formulations to determine if poultry manure influenced odor production. Air samples were collected for sensory odor measurements twice during the eight-day Phase I composting period (day one and day six) for three replicates. Phase I compost odors were quantified by a trained odor panel. Odor intensity and pleasantness ratings were significantly different on day one, however, neither the intensity nor the pleasantness was significantly different on day six. The amount of poultry manure used in formulation had no significant effect on total mushroom yield.     

Evaluation of Greenwaste Mulch to Control Runoff Quality from Landfill Sites During Frequent Storms

This paper describes a preliminary evaluation of two types of greenwaste (fresh and aged) used as a mulch layer to control runoff from disturbed landfill areas. Fresh greenwaste refers to woody and herbaceous garden waste that has been recently collected, chopped and shredded. Aged greenwaste is greenwaste which has been stockpiled for 18 months. We used rainfall simulator tests to investigate two aspects: (1) the performance of greenwaste mulch in reducing runoff during designed storm events with a high frequency of occurrence and (2) the release of pollutants via runoff as total suspended solids (TSS) and total organic carbon (TOC) during rain. Rainfall of <5-year average recurrence interval (ARI) was generally applied, consistent with stormwater compliance requirements for many Australian landfills. TOC released from fresh greenwaste material was higher in concentration than from aged greenwaste. However, when used as a 10-cm-deep mulch layer, fresh greenwaste was able to completely prevent runoff, even when tested under rainfalls of up to 50-year ARI duration. An equivalent mulch layer of aged greenwaste was also effective in reducing runoff volume and TSS concentration compared with the bare soil during a 3.5-year ARI rainfall, but mean TOC concentration was higher. Based on these preliminary results, fresh greenwaste mulching of bare soils is an attractive option to control runoff and erosion from areas subject to intermittent landfill operations and worthy of further investigations.     

Industrial Pollution of Environmental Compartments in the Sinos River Valley, RS, Brazil: Geochemical–Biogeochemical Characterization and Remote Sensing

Two environmental relief compartments from Sinos Valley, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, interpreted in the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images, are contaminated, in different ways, by two industrial landfills. One of the landfills is located in a fluvial plain with thin superficial sediments made of expansive clays. In this landfill, metals like Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ba, have concentrated more than that of other landfill, which is located on a low hill in a sedimentary arenitic terrain. The metals have also accumulated in plant tissues in the investigated areas. Plants have accumulated more Mn, Zn, Ba, and Cu.     

Volatile flavor analysis and sensory evaluation of custard desserts varying in type and concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose

The influence of type and concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on flavor and textural properties of custard desserts was examined. A synthetic strawberry flavor mixture was used to flavor the custards; it comprised 15 volatile flavor compounds. The viscosity of the custards was determined using rheometric measurements. Static headspace gas chromatography and in-nose proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry analyses were conducted to determine the custards' volatile flavor properties. Perceived odor, flavor, and textural properties were assessed in sensory analysis experiments using magnitude estimation against a fixed modulus. Both type and concentration of CMC altered the viscosity of the custards. Softer custards had higher static headspace flavor concentrations. On the contrary, firmer custards demonstrated higher in-nose flavor concentrations. In sensory analysis, firmer custards showed higher thickness and lower sweetness intensities than their low-viscosity counterparts. The thickness perception corresponded to the viscosity of the custards. Removal of sucrose from the custards affected sweetness intensity only and not the intensity of other attributes. Therefore, the influence of the viscosity of the custards on the release of sweet-tasting components is held responsible for the effect on perceived sweetness intensity. Odor intensities were generally higher for the low-viscosity custard, whereas fruity flavor intensities were higher for the firmer custards. Odor intensities correlated with static headspace concentrations and flavor intensities related reasonably well with in-nose concentrations. Opening and closing of the nasal cavity is regarded as an important factor determining the discrepancy between static and in-nose measurements.     

猪场VOCs特征及减排技术研究进展

挥发性有机化合物（volatile organic compounds, VOCs）是大气污染物的重要组成成分，对环境和人体健康有潜在危害。生猪养殖业是畜牧业的支柱产业，但其发展受到猪场排放的VOCs等引起的空气污染严重制约。该研究从特征和减排技术两个方面对猪场的VOCs进行综述，重点介绍了猪场VOCs的来源、种类及其特征、致臭性VOCs的特征和检测方法等，从源头减排、过程控制与末端处理 3 个环节对猪场VOCs减排技术进行分析和探讨，并对该研究领域的发展趋势与研究重点进行展望，以期为开展畜牧业VOCs污染减排技术研究和推动畜牧业可持续发展提供参考。     

Establishment of a landfill impact zone on soils using structural and functional modifications of microbial communities

A number of structural and functional parameters of microbial communities have been applied for ecological monitoring of soils located in nearby landfills. The difference in sensitivities to pollution between different microbial indices was shown. A landfill impact zone in the direction of pollution migration was established using the total disturbance index of habitat microbial communities.     

Chemical time bombs from landfills: Appraisal and modelling

About 240 x 106 tonnes of industrial waste, 104 x 106 tonnes of municipal waste and more than 60 x 106 tonnes of sediment sludge are landfilled (65 per cent), incinerated (24 per cent) and partly recycled in Europe annually. About 60000-120000 landfill sites, occupying 800-1700 km2, are recorded in the EEC, of which a limited number are in operation. These sites generate 12.5 x 109 m3 of landfill gas annually, of which about 755 x 106 m3 are presently recovered, and 0-1-4-0 x 106 m3 of heavily polluted leachate, which is dispersed to ground and surface waters. the area with polluted groundwater increases annually by 1-10 per cent (1200-12000 km2 of contaminated land). Landfill gas contains carcinogenic and pathogenic components and contributes 2 per cent of the total emission of greenhouse gases; locally it is a potential hazard. Incinerators reduce the solid volume to about 30 per cent of the original but cause the atmospheric deposition of acids and dioxins. Emissions of landfill gas, leachate and atmospheric deposition have been recognized as potential chemical time bombs (CTBs). Models are currently available for the estimation of the time at which the effects of these CTBs will become manifest. It is recommended that an inventory of all landfills should be made to assess the potential hazards in detail, to encourage institutions to initiate the clean-up of contaminated sites and the aftercare of closed sites, and to set up a co-operative network within the EEC.