基于无人机多光谱遥感的土壤含水率反演研究

为研究无人机多光谱遥感技术对裸土土壤含水率的大范围快速测定和最佳监测深度的确定,以杨凌地区粘壤土为试验材料,分别配制成2种不同深度(5 cm和10 cm)、含水率为3%~30%的土壤样本。用无人机搭载多光谱相机对土样连续监测3 d,监测时刻均为15:00。采集6个波段(490、550、680、720、800、900 nm)处的土壤光谱反射率,同时对2种不同深度的土壤样本表层(约1 cm)含水率和整体含水率进行测定。分别采用偏最小二乘回归法、逐步回归法和岭回归法,建立不同波段光谱反射率因素反演土壤含水率的回归模型,并分析其定量关系。试验结果表明,逐步回归预测精度最佳,决定系数(R2)分别为0.775、0.764、0.798、0.694,而预测均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.028、0.042、0.037、0.038;其次为岭回归法;偏最小二乘法的预测精度最低。综合比较得最佳回归方法为逐步回归法,最佳监测深度为土壤表层(约1 cm),其次为5 cm深度,最后为10 cm深度。     

基于三维光谱指数的土壤含水率反演研究

为研究三维光谱指数预测土壤含水率的效果,以期能为精准农业地表土壤含水率的快速精确测定提供参考.以浙江永康地区采集的不同含水率土壤样本为研究对象,利用ASD FieldSpec 3光谱仪在室内对土样进行光谱反射率测量,并基于原始光谱反射率(R)及其对应的一阶微分光谱(FD)、二阶微分光谱(SD)进行一维二维及三维光谱指数的提取.再通过偏最小二乘回归模型(PLSR)对不同光谱指数建模,并对比分析不同模型的反演精度.结果表明:三维光谱指数相比于一维二维光谱指数对土壤含水率更加敏感;基于三维光谱指数(TBI2)偏最小二乘回归模型具有最佳的预测效果,其Rv2=0.92,RPD可达3.32;对于土壤含水率反演而言,三维指数(R-TBI1)相比于其他的光谱指数更具重要性,其变量投影重要性(VIP)达1.04.该研究表明利用三维光谱指数建模为高光谱遥感对表层土壤含水率的快速有效监测提供了一条新途径.     

不同施肥水平对夏玉米土壤呼吸的影响研究

通过试验探究不同施肥水平下夏玉米土壤呼吸速率的变化,试验于2017年6-9月在国家节水灌溉工程技术研究中心(北京)大兴试验研究基地开展,采用密闭静态箱法监测夏玉米农田土壤呼吸,并分析了夏玉米生育期土壤呼吸速率变化特征及其对土壤表层温湿度的响应机制。结果表明夏玉米农田各施肥处理土壤呼吸速率日均变化呈先增高后降低的变化趋势,峰值大致出现在15∶00,最低值大致出现在6∶00;且增加施肥量,土壤呼吸速率也随之增加。土壤表层(0～10 cm)温度、含水率与夏玉米农田土壤呼吸速率相关性均呈极显著水平;二者分别可解释土壤呼吸速率季节变化的23.1%～69.9%与15.3%～50.8%,各施肥处理的Q_(10)值依次为1.73、2.20、2.29,随着施肥量的提高而增加;建立土壤表层温度、含水率与土壤呼吸速率的联合模拟方程有更好的模拟效果。     

基于无人机热红外的水分胁迫指数与土壤含水率关系研究

为了实时快速监测作物根系活动层的土壤含水率,利用低空无人机搭载的热红外相机获取经4种水分处理的棉花花铃期一天中5个时刻的冠层温度,并连续观测5 d,应用水分胁迫指数(CWSI)的理论模式、简化模式、定义模式计算得到3种CWSI,与棉花根系不同土壤深度含水率建立模型。研究表明:3种胁迫指数与土壤含水率具有幂函数关系,其中理论模式与土壤含水率的相关性最佳,定义模式次之,简化模式最差;在一天中不同监测时间点上,3种CWSI的监测精度在13∶00最高,9∶00和17∶00最差;在监测深度上,3种胁迫指数与0～60 cm处的土壤含水率关系最为紧密,0～30 cm次之,0～15 cm最差。该研究可大面积获取作物根系层土壤含水率,提高作物根系层土壤含水率的反演精度。     

低空无人机多光谱遥感数据的土壤含水率反演

以杨凌地区黏壤土为研究对象,用无人机搭载多光谱相机采集土壤6个波段的光谱信息,探索一种快速监测土壤含水率的方法。试验通过相关系数法筛选光谱对于不同深度土壤水分的敏感波段,然后使用单一敏感波段处的光谱数据建立不同的一元回归模型并分析其定量关系。试验结果表明,一元二次回归模型的拟合效果最好,一元对数回归模型次之。其中,对于表层(约1 cm)土壤含水率的反演,模型拟合度均在0.81以上,预测相关系数均在0.92以上,预测均方根误差均在0.10以内,因此通过采集黏壤土反射率来推算表层土壤含水率是可行的。但随着深度增加,模型拟合效果急剧变差。该研究为利用无人机多光谱遥感对表层土壤含水率的快速、准确监测提供了一条新途径。     

黄绵土风干过程中土壤含水率的光谱预测

以2014年两次在陕西省乾县田间采集的129个黄绵土土壤样本为研究对象,建立土壤含水率定量反演模型。在土壤风干过程中测量光谱反射率及含水率,分析土壤含水率与光谱反射率之间的关系,并利用一元线性及指数回归建立土壤含水率光谱预测模型。结果表明在400~1 340、1 460~1 790、1 960~2 390 nm波长范围内,与含水率相关性最大的反射率对应的波长分别为570、1 460、1 960 nm;吸收深度最大的波长位于490、1 460、1 960 nm。土壤光谱特征指标与含水率之间的线性相关关系优于指数相关关系。以特征波长1 980 nm(C1980)、1 980 nm的吸收深度(D1980)和1 480 nm的吸收深度(D1480)为自变量建立的线性模型为土壤含水率预测的最优模型,校正和验证的决定系数R2大于0.92,相对预测偏差(RPD)大于2.5,均方根误差(RMSE)小于2.5%。研究表明利用自然土样,在风干过程中进行土壤含水率光谱快速预测是完全可行的,从而为遥感实时、快速监测土壤水分含量及大面积土壤水分反演提供了参考。     

干旱区绿洲植被高光谱与浅层土壤含水率拟合研究

水资源一直是制约我国西北干旱区农业发展的关键因素。以新疆渭库绿洲为研究区域,选取41个土壤含水率与干旱区绿洲植被实测高光谱样本,以植被指数为桥梁,采用支持向量机回归(SVR)方法,建立干旱区绿洲土壤含水率与植被指数之间的拟合方程模型,并与多元回归(MLSR)、偏最小二乘回归(PLS)2种模型进行对比。实验结果表明:不同模型的精度各异,拟合效果由优到劣为:改进的SVR模型、PLS模型、MLSR模型,其中基于干旱区绿洲实测的植被光谱数据改进的SVR模型对土壤含水率具有较好的拟合效果,通过最优参数的定值与最优测试集的抽取,R2高达0.891 6,RMSE仅为2.004,在干旱区绿洲的土壤含水率拟合中获得比较高的预测精度。而MLSR模型与PLS模型,R~2分别为0.630 0、0.654 9,RMSE分别为3.001与2.749。研究结果表明,因地制宜开展合理的土壤含水率反演模型规则制定是提高干旱区绿洲土壤浅层含水率监测精度的有效手段,也可为干旱区农业作物生长提供更精准的数据积累。     

基于无人机多光谱遥感的玉米根域土壤含水率研究

及时获取农田作物根域土壤墒情是实现精准灌溉的基础和关键。以内蒙古自治区达拉特旗昭君镇试验站大田玉米为研究对象,利用无人机遥感系统,分别在玉米营养生长期(Vegetative stage,V期)、生殖期(Reproductive stage,R期)和成熟期(Maturation stage,M期)获得7次玉米冠层多光谱正射影像,并同步采集玉米根域不同深度土壤含水率(Soil moisture content,SMC);然后,采用灰色关联法对提取的多种植被指数(Vegetation index,VI)进行筛选,选取与土壤含水率敏感的植被指数;最后,分别采用多元混合线性回归(Cubist)、反向传播神经网络(Back propagation neural network,BPNN)和支持向量机回归(Support vector machine regression,SVR)等机器学习方法,构建不同生育期的敏感植被指数与土壤含水率的关系模型。结果表明,3种机器学习方法中SVR模型在各生育期的建模与预测精度均最优,BPNN模型次之,Cubist模型最差;其中SVR模型在M期效果最优,其建模集和验证集R~2分别为0. 851和0. 875,均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)均为0. 7%,标准均方根误差(Normalized root mean square error,nRMSE)分别为8. 17%和8. 32%,R期效果最差,其建模集和验证集R~2分别为0. 619和0. 517。     

基于分光测色原理的土壤水分快速测定方法研究

土壤含水率测定是现代农业的基础.为了验证利用土壤光谱特征快速测定土壤含水率的可行性和适用性,采用分光测色仪获取5种土壤在不同含水率条件下的三颜色L、a、b值,分析不同土壤在含水率改变时土壤颜色值的变化规律,并进行相关性及回归分析和验证.结果表明:①土壤颜色L、a、b值与其含水率之间具有一定的相关性.随土壤含水率升高,L...     

黄土耕作农田地表土壤(0～2cm)容重的多元非线性预报模型

为给黄土高原区地表土壤容重参数的获取提供技术支撑,以山西省15个试验点的年度跟踪监测样本为依据,在用灰色关联理论对输入变量进行灰色排序,并对函数进行显著性检验和精度检验的基础上,采用多元非线性方法,建立了以地表(0~2 cm)土壤基本理化参数和累积接收水量为输入变量,以地表(0~2 cm)土壤容重为输出变量的多元土壤传递函数。研究表明:地表(0~2 cm)土壤容重与地表(0~2 cm)土壤基本理化参数和累积接收水量等输入变量间的关联度程度很好;以地表土壤黏粒含量、粉粒含量、累积接收水量、有机质含量、体积含水率和全盐量作为输入变量对地表土壤容重进行多元非线性预报是可行的。建模样本和检验样本相对误差的平均值分别为5.24%和5.88%,预测精度完全在可接受范围。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。