基于EPG分析无翅型和有翅型柑橘蚜虫的取食行为

为明确无翅型、有翅型柑橘蚜虫取食行为的差异,采用EPG技术对褐色橘蚜Toxoptera citricida(Kirkaldy)和棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover的有翅型、无翅型成蚜在柑橘苗上的取食行为进行测定。结果表明,褐色橘蚜无翅型和有翅型的EPG均记录到7种取食波形,依次为非刺探波np、路径波A、B和C、电位下降波pd、韧皮部取食波E1和E2;棉蚜无翅型和有翅型的EPG记录到9种取食波形,除上述7种外,还包括木质部主动吸食波G和口针阻碍波F。褐色橘蚜有翅型和无翅型的np波持续时间为25.73 min和8.39 min,二者间差异显著;棉蚜有翅型的np波持续时间、刺探次数、C波次数分别为27.34 min、19.16次、20.21次,显著高于无翅型,而刺探总持续时间为332.66 min,显著低于无翅型。棉蚜的C波次数及总持续时间、刺探次数、pd波次数及总持续时间均显著高于褐色橘蚜,而E2波总持续时间及平均持续时间均显著小于褐色橘蚜。表明棉蚜无翅型比有翅型在柑橘上更容易取食,影响有翅型蚜虫取食的抗性因子可能位于柑橘表面;褐色橘蚜比棉蚜对柑橘的适应性更强。     

基于EPG技术的棉蚜抗性指标筛选

本文以研究不同抗性水平的棉花材料上棉蚜的取食行为及与其生长发育的关系，筛选可作为棉花抗蚜鉴定指标的刺探电位图谱（Electrical penetration graph，EPG）参数为目的。采用生物测定的方法比较了棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的生长发育参数，利用EPG技术对不同抗性水平棉花上棉蚜的取食行为进行分析，并对生长发育参数与主要的EPG参数进行相关性分析。棉蚜室内生测结果表明，棉蚜在4种高抗品种（辽5632-642、TYJ-98-6、锦454和中G5）上的存活率、产仔数、内禀增长率均较中抗和高感品种低。EPG监测结果显示，在高抗品种上，Np波总次数与总时间均显著高于其他品种，第1次刺探时间靠后且持续时间长，C波和E2波总时间较短，F波和E1波总时间长且次数多；在中抗品种中棉所49（CCRI 49）、中棉所79（CCRI 79）和雷克斯（光叶）上，F波总次数和总时间均较低；在中抗品种非洲E-40和高感品种辽棉6号上，Np波总次数与总时间均低于其他品种，C波总时间与E2波总时间长。结果表明抗性棉花材料对棉蚜生长发育有不利的影响，Np波总次数、E1波总次数、第1次刺探出现时间等5个EPG参数与棉花的抗性存在显著相关性。可见，Np波总次数、E1波总次数、第1次刺探出现时间等EPG参数可初步作为棉花对蚜虫是否具有抗性的鉴定指标，研究结果为棉花抗蚜性鉴定方法提供重要的理论依据和技术支撑。     

基于EPG技术分析苜蓿品种对苜蓿蚜的抗性

为明确6个苜蓿品种对苜蓿蚜Aphis craccivora的抗性差异机理,观察苜蓿蚜在不同苜蓿品种植株上的取食选择行为,利用刺吸电位（electrical penetration graph,EPG）技术判定取食过程中所出现的波形,并筛选适宜参数作为对不同苜蓿品种抗蚜性的评价指标。结果表明,苜蓿蚜在取食苜蓿时呈现出Np、Pd、A、B、C、E1、E2和F波共8种波形。苜蓿的抗虫位点主要存在于苜蓿植株的表皮、叶肉和韧皮部,当苜蓿蚜开始取食时,中苜2号的抗虫位点在叶表面,但抗性较弱,第1次刺探的发生时间迟,为16.00 min,E2波的总持续时间长,为26.99 min;赛迪7的抗虫位点集中在叶肉和韧皮部且抗性强,E2波的持续时间短,为5.00 min;金皇后的抗虫位点出现在第1个E2波之后,第1次E2波后的E1波个数为7.78个,即韧皮部的抗性最强。苜蓿蚜在不同苜蓿品种上的取食行为各异,且不同品种的抗虫位点和抗虫机制不同。聚类分析结果显示,6个苜蓿品种对苜蓿蚜的抗性存在差异,其中赛迪7的抗性最强,中苜2号的抗性较弱。     

柑橘三种蚜虫取食行为的EPG分析

为探究柑橘3种蚜虫取食行为差异,利用刺吸电位图谱(electrical penetration graph,EPG)技术对褐色橘蚜Toxoptera citricida(Kirkaldy)、棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover和绣线橘蚜Aphis citricola van der Goot在椪柑上的取食行为进行了测定。结果表明:3种蚜虫均产生8种取食波形,依次为非刺探波(np波)、路径波(A、B、C波)、电位下降波(pd波)、韧皮部分泌唾液波(El波)、韧皮部被动吸食波(E2波)以及木质部主动吸食波(G波)。棉蚜开始取食的第1次刺探时间最早,绣线橘蚜刺探的次数最多,且C波时间最长。褐色橘蚜pd波出现的次数最少,棉蚜次之,绣线橘蚜最多,显著高于褐色橘蚜。与其它2种蚜虫相比,绣线橘蚜于木质部主动吸食汁液(G波)时间最长,有G波的个体比例最高。3种蚜虫E1波次数和总持续时间差异均不显著,但褐色橘蚜E2波的持续时间217.01±27.56 min显著长于棉蚜142.49±27.85 min和绣线橘蚜116.64±20.05 min。初步推断3种蚜虫对柑橘衰退病毒的传毒效率与E2波有关。     

几种生化物质与西瓜抗蚜性的相关性

为了初步探讨西瓜抗蚜性的营养与次生代谢物质防御效应,采用分光光度法测定并分析了几种生化物质与西瓜抗蚜性的相关性。结果表明,抗性品种黑皮、绿美人、黑美人和惠兰的游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和可溶性氮含量分别为2.22~2.27、0.23~0.26和1.88~3.03 mg/g,显著低于感性品种金美人、小玲、甜美人和花绿的3.24~3.83、0.67~0.87和5.26~5.82 mg/g;抗性品种的糖/氮比为5.38~7.94,显著高于感性品种;抗、感品种间可溶性糖和维生素C(Vc)含量无显著差异;瓜蚜为害4 d后的抗性品种叶组织中的总酚和单宁酸含量显著增加,感性品种显著降低;丙二醛含量增加幅度显著高于抗性品种。研究表明,西瓜品种抗蚜性与糖/氮比及总酚、单宁酸含量均呈显著正相关,与可溶性氮、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸及丙二醛含量均呈显著负相关,但与可溶性糖和Vc含量无显著相关性。     

菊杀混剂对桃蚜抗性发展的影响研究

从大田采桃蚜［Ｍｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ（ｓｕｌｚｅｒ）］，在室内饲养若干代后分成对照种群（ＣＫ），氰戊菊酯种群（Ｆｅ），杀螟硫磷种群（Ｓｕ）和菊杀种群（Ｆｓ）等四个种群。除对照种群接受清水喷洒外，其它种群分别用氰戊菊酯、杀螟松、菊杀混剂进行室内平行汰选培育。经过１４次汰选后，对照种群对以上三种药液的敏感性几乎没有什么变化；而Ｆｅ种群对氰戊菊酯的抗性提高了近５３倍；Ｓｕ种群对杀螟硫磷的抗性提高了１１倍；Ｆｓ种群对菊杀混剂的抗性只提高了３倍多一点，远低于各单剂的抗性发展水平，这表明菊杀混剂具有显著的延缓桃蚜抗性的作用。     

2种蚜虫取食诱导棉花对棉长管蚜与棉蚜取食行为的影响

为研究棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossypii 与棉蚜 Aphis gossypii 对蚜虫取食诱导棉花的取食适应性, 揭示取食诱导下两种蚜虫的取食竞争机制, 采用刺探电位图谱技术(electrical penetration graph, EPG)测定在健康棉花、棉长管蚜或棉蚜诱导的棉花上取食6 h的棉长管蚜和棉蚜的16个重要参数, 比较两种蚜虫的取食行为。研究发现:1) 取食健康棉花时, 棉蚜在木质部(G波)的取食持续总时间长于棉长管蚜，棉蚜在木质部的取食能力大于棉长管蚜，但二者在韧皮部的取食能力相差不大。2) 取食棉长管蚜诱导的棉花时, 棉蚜取食韧皮部(E2波)持续的总时间为(2 531.33±60.86)s, 显著大于棉长管蚜E2波持续总时间［(2 196.00±98.91)s］;取食棉蚜诱导的棉花时, 棉蚜取食韧皮部、木质部持续的总时间显著长于棉长管蚜(P＜0.05), 说明棉蚜对于棉蚜诱导棉花的取食耐受性大于棉长管蚜。棉蚜对两种蚜虫取食诱导棉花的适应性更强, 更易在竞争中取得优势。棉长管蚜与棉蚜取食棉长管蚜或棉蚜诱导棉花的F波持续总时间长于健康棉花, 说明经取食诱导的棉花具有一定的抗虫性。     

桃蚜对5种新烟碱类杀虫剂及氟啶虫胺腈抗性的快速检测方法

采用玻璃管药膜法,建立了以吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺5种新烟碱类杀虫剂及氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜室内敏感品系(SN)的LC90值作为区分剂量,测定桃蚜对6种杀虫剂敏感性变化的方法,并与浸叶法测得的抗性水平进行了相关性分析,验证了利用区分剂量快速测定桃蚜田间种群对6种杀虫剂抗性水平的准确性。结果表明:6种杀虫剂对桃蚜室内敏感品系的LC90值分别为150.01、1 170.81、54.19、951.34、245.98及133.60 ng/cm2。在此区分剂量下,河南省驻马店地区桃蚜种群(ZM)的死亡率在82%~96%之间;河北省玉田地区甘蓝桃蚜种群(GL)的死亡率在35%~82%之间,桃树桃蚜种群(TS)死亡率在3%~30%之间。分析表明,在选定的区分剂量下,桃蚜田间种群的死亡率与其对杀虫剂的抗性水平呈负相关,相关系数在0.818 8~0.999 9之间。同时,通过相关性方程计算得到的江苏省南京地区桃蚜种群(NJ)对6种杀虫剂的理论抗性水平与实际检测所得抗性水平结果接近。因此,以玻璃管药膜法确定的吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺及氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜室内敏感品系的LC90值作为区分剂量,通过测定桃蚜田间种群的死亡率,可以快速表征田间种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性变化,从而对其抗性水平进行初步评估。     

棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的取食行为及相对取食量的研究

应用电动穿刺记录技术(EPG)对棉蚜在不同棉花品种上的取食行为进行了测定,结果记录到棉蚜的6种取食行为基本波型。棉花的多毛、红叶性状及抗、感水平对棉蚜的取食都有显著的影响。与CK非洲E40相比,多毛可以显著降低棉蚜的取食周期E2,并可显著延长第1非取食周期和增加蚜虫口针的刺探频率。棉蚜在多毛品种上的取食周期占总时间的6.0％,仅为CK品种的1/2。棉蚜在红叶棉上取食周期E2占总时间的百分率(10％)要显著低于黄叶棉品种(15％)(P<0.01)。而棉蚜在抗、感品种间的取食周期E2及取食前期波型C的周期差异也达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。用同位素液闪技术测定了棉蚜在抗、感品种上的相对取食量,结果显示棉蚜在抗蚜品种上相对取食量也明显低于感蚜品种,并且随着取食周期的增长,抗、感品种之间比值差异更大。     

小麦叶片营养物质与抗麦长管蚜的相关性分析

为了阐明小麦叶片营养物质与小麦抗蚜性之间的关系,观察了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(F.)在不同小麦品种上的选择趋性,测定其相对日均体重增长率,并采用Branford法和高效液相色谱技术分别测定了不同品种小麦叶片总蛋白、韧皮部中游离氨基酸以及可溶性糖的含量。结果表明,麦长管蚜显著趋向于铭贤169、西农889与西农1376;在铭贤169、西农889和西农1376上的成蚜相对日均体重增长率显著大于中四-有芒、小偃22;西农889叶片的总蛋白含量最高,为2 822.04μg/mL,小偃22叶片韧皮部的可溶性糖含量最高,铭贤169和西农889叶片韧皮部的游离氨基酸总含量相对较高,分别为1 424.3、1 301.1 nmol·L~(-1)·g~(-1)DW;各游离氨基酸在相对抗蚜品种中四-有芒和小偃22中的绝对含量与其抗蚜性无相关性。研究表明,中四-有芒、小偃22对麦长管蚜具有较强的抗性,植物营养在小麦抗蚜性中起到一定作用。     

Seasonal abundance and spatial distribution of the predator<Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrolophus costalis</Emphasis> and its prey<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myzus persicae</Emphasis> on tobacco

Field studies were conducted to assess the population and the spatial dynamics of the predatory bugMacrolophus costalis Fieber (Hemiptera: Miridae) and of its prey, the aphidMyzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea), on tobacco. From an untreated tobacco field in Tithorea (central Greece), tobacco leaves were collected from the upper and the lower half of the plants from June until September, in 1999 and 2000. The numbers ofM. costalis andM. persicae individuals per leaf were counted. Most aphids were observed during July and August (early and mid season), with densities dropping markedly in September. In contrast,M. costalis population densities increased late in the season (September). Significantly higher numbers of aphids were found on the upper half of the plants than on the lower half. In contrast, significantly moreM. costalis individuals were observed on the lower half. Iwao’s Regression Analysis was used in order to characterize the spatial pattern of the two species. According to this model, in both sampling seasons, aphids andM. costalis nymphs displayed an aggregated spatial pattern, whileM. costalis adults were found to be randomly distributed among sampling units. Although moreM. costalis individuals were recorded on leaves with relatively high aphid densities, this species did not react numerically to changes in prey density. In addition, a significant number of bugs were found on leaves with low aphid densities or no aphids at all. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 18, 2002.     

Susceptibility of standard clones and European field populations of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), to the novel anthranilic diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole

BACKGROUND: Parthenogenetic clones of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were tested with the anthranilic diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole (i.e. DuPont^? Cyazypyr^?) in systemic‐uptake bioassays to investigate potential for cross‐resistance conferred by mechanisms of insecticide resistance to organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids and, in the case of M. persicae, reduced sensitivity to neonicotinoids. These data were compared with the response of field samples of M. persicae and A. gossypii collected from around Europe. RESULTS: Cyantraniliprole was not cross‐resisted by any of the known insecticide resistance mechanisms present in M. persicae or A. gossypii. The compound was equally active against resistant and susceptible aphid strains. The responses of the M. persicae field samples were very consistent with a maximum response ratio of 2.9 compared with a standard laboratory clone. The responses of the A. gossypii field samples were more variable, although a majority of the responses were not statistically different. CONCLUSION: Cyantraniliprole is currently the only anthranilic diamide (IRAC MoA 28) insecticide targeting aphid species such as M. persicae and A. gossypii. There is no evidence to suggest that the performance of this compound is affected by commonly occurring mechanisms that confer resistance to other insecticide chemistries. Cyantraniliprole is therefore a valuable tool for managing insecticide resistance in these globally important pests. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Feeding behavior of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphis gossypii</Emphasis> on resistant accessions of different melon genotypes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis melo</Emphasis>)

The feeding behavior of the melon aphidAphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) was monitored using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique on different melon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes showing resistance to the aphid. The aphid-resistant genotypes used were PI-161375 and PI-414723, sources of theVat andAgr genes, respectively. TGR-1551, a newC. melo accession from Zimbabwe, was also tested. Our goal was to localize the tissues where the resistance factors are expressed and to determine if the resistance mechanisms operating in the three aphid-resistant accessions were the same. Our results indicated that the three selected lines have resistant factors located at the epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissues. However, the behavior ofA. gossypii on TGR-1551 was different from the two other resistant accessions, as indicated by a longer phloem salivation phase (E1 phase). Many of the E1 phases observed for aphids feeding on TGR-1551 were not followed by phloem ingestion (E2 phase). These results suggest that TGR-1551 has a resistance mechanism that preventsA. gossypii from initiating ingestion from the phloem. Preference tests under free choice conditions also showed that aphids rejected accessions TGR-1551 or PI-414723 faster than PI-161375. Our results support the hypothesis thatAgr andVat are coding for different kinds of resistance strategies. Comparisons of aphid life history parameters also indicated that TGR-1551 is a very promising new source to breed for resistance againstA. gossypii. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 16, 2002.     

Comparison ofPotato Virus Y andPlum Pox Virus transmission by two aphid species in relation to their probing behavior

Two different aphid species,Myzus persicae (Sulzer) andHyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (Homoptera: Aphididae), were used to analyze their ability to transmit two different potyviruses,Potato virus Y (PVY) andPlum pox virus (PPV), to pepper (Capsicum annuum) andNicotiana benthamiana plants, respectively. In parallel experiments,M. persicae consistently transmitted both viruses with high efficiency, whereasH. pruni always failed to transmit either virus. This is in contrast to previous reports describingH. pruni as a vector of these potyviruses. Different aphid probing behavior among individual aphids of each species was obtained in electrical penetration graph (EPG) experiments performed on pepper plants. This suggested thatH. pruni did not transmit these potyviruses due to behavioral differences during probing that impeded virus acquisition and/or inoculation. It was found thatM. persicae usually makes its first probe within the first 2 min, whereasH. pruni individuals remained for more than 10 min on the plant before starting to probe. Furthermore,M. persicae individuals displayed their first intracellular puncture during the first minute of probing whereasH. pruni needed ∼ 15 min to penetrate the cell plasmalemma with their stylets. In addition, intracellular stylet punctures occurred very frequently forM. persicae but was a rare event, never exceeding a single one, forH. pruni. The relevance of these findings for the epidemiological spread of potyviruses by different aphid species is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 14, 2006.     

黄瓜花叶病毒和马铃薯Y病毒混合侵染烟株对烟蚜取食行为的影响

为探究黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)、马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)混合侵染烟株对烟蚜取食行为的影响,利用刺探电位图谱(electrical penetration graph,EPG)技术记录了烟蚜在健康烟株与CMV、PVY混合侵染后不同发病级别烟株上的取食波形。结果显示:烟蚜在健康烟株上的刺探次数最少,在感病烟株上的C波总持续时间均显著长于健康烟株;第1次到达韧皮部前的刺探次数,健康植株上仅为4.00次,3级感病烟株上的为健康烟株上的2倍;在健康烟株上E2波总持续时间为120.65 min,极显著大于2级和3级感病烟株;刺探过程中,感病烟株上的pd波出现次数均高于健康烟株,且pd波II-1和II-3亚波的持续时间也显著高于健康烟株。研究表明,CMV、PVY混合侵染烟株可降低寄主对烟蚜的适合度,且能促进烟蚜对病毒的传播。     

金龟子绿僵菌对苜蓿生长的影响及对苜蓿抗蚜性的诱导作用

为明确金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae在促进植物生长和提高植物抗性方面的作用,以金龟子绿僵菌拌土种植紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa,于室内测定植株的生长参数、苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphis trifolii的取食选择性及其发育历期和繁殖力。结果表明,金龟子绿僵菌处理后7 d,植株株高比对照显著增加了0.87 cm;处理后14 d,植株分枝数为3.88个,根长为54.67 mm,均显著高于对照。株龄14 d的植株接入苜蓿斑蚜,至株龄28 d时,金龟子绿僵菌处理的植株株高、分枝数和根长均较对照显著增加;同时生物量、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量也有不同程度的升高。选择性试验结果显示,24 h内选择并驻留在金龟子绿僵菌处理植株叶片上的苜蓿斑蚜数量较对照显著减少28.57%。以金龟子绿僵菌处理的植株叶片饲喂苜蓿斑蚜,1～4龄若虫的发育均有所减缓,各龄若虫的发育历期均较对照叶片饲喂的各龄若虫有所延长,而成虫寿命较以对照叶片饲喂时显著缩短了30.09%,总生命历期显著缩短了18.83%。表明金龟子绿僵菌促进了紫花苜蓿植株的生长,同时增强了植株对苜蓿斑蚜的耐害性、排趋性与...     

不同寄主植物上烟蚜DNA多态性的RAPD-PCR分析

用ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ技术研究了桃树,油菜和烟草上烟蚜的ＤＮＡ多态性。结果表明,用相似性指数和Ｎｅｉ的遗传距离及聚类分析对本研究筛选的三个引物ＯＰＸ－０４,ＰＯＸ－０６和ＯＰＸ－１９的扩增结果进行比较,除ＯＰＸ－０６的Ｄ值聚类可将各寄主植物上的烟蚜分开外,其余均可将样本分为两类,即来自桃树的烟蚜和来自油菜,烟草上的烟虾。     

Virus transmission by aphids in potato crops

This paper reviews the contribution of vector activity and plant age to virus spread in potato crops. Determining which aphid species are vectors is particularly important for timing haulm destruction to minimize tuber infection by potato virus Y (PVY). Alate aphids of more than 30 species transmit PVY, and aphids such asRhopalosiphum padi, that migrate in large numbers before flights of the more efficient vector,Myzus persicae, appear to be important vectors. Differences in methodology, aphid biotypes and virus strains prevent direct comparisons between estimates of vector efficiencies obtained for aphids in different countries in north western Europe. M. persicae is also the most efficient vector of potato leafroll virus (PLRV), but some clones ofMacrosiphum euphorbiae transmit PLRV efficiently toNicotiana clevelandii and potato test plants. The removal of infected plants early in the season prevents the spread of PLRV in cool regions with limited vector activity. The proportion of aphids acquiring PLRV from infected potato plants decreases with plant age, and healthy potato plants are more resistant to infection later in the season. Severe symptoms of secondary leafroll developed on progeny plants of cv. Maris Piper derived from mother plants inoculated with PLRV in June or July of the previous year. Progeny plants derived from mother plants inoculated in August showed only mild symptoms, but the concentration of PLRV in these plants was as high as that in the plants with severe symptoms.